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E-raamat: Power System Engineering - Planning, Design and Operation of Power Systems and Equipment 2e: Planning, Design, and Operation of Power Systems and Equipment 2nd Edition [Wiley Online]

(Freelance Engineer and Consultant), (University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany)
  • Formaat: 400 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Jun-2014
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527679065
  • ISBN-13: 9783527679065
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 153,31 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Power System Engineering - Planning, Design and Operation of Power Systems and Equipment 2e: Planning, Design, and Operation of Power Systems and Equipment 2nd EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 400 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Jun-2014
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527679065
  • ISBN-13: 9783527679065
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527679065
With its focus on the requirements and procedures of tendering and project contracting, this book enables the reader to adapt the basics of power systems and equipment design to special tasks and engineering projects, e.g. the integration of renewable energy sources.
Foreword, 2nd Edition xiii
Foreword, 1st Edition xv
1 Introduction
7(4)
1.1 Reliability, Security, Economy
7
1.2 Legal, Political and Social Restrictions
2(2)
1.3 Needs for Power System Planning
4(1)
1.4 Basic, Development and Project Planning
5(2)
1.4.1 Basic Planning
5(2)
1.4.2 System Development Planning
7(1)
1.4.3 Project Planning
7(1)
1.5 Instruments for Power System Planning
7(3)
1.6 Further Tasks of Power System Engineering
10(1)
2 Power System Load
11(16)
2.1 General
11(61)
2.2 Load Forecast with Load Increase Factors
72
2.3 Load Forecast with Economic Characteristic Data
13(1)
2.4 Load Forecast with Estimated Values
14(60)
2.5 Load Forecast with Specific Loads and Degrees of Electrification
74(3)
2.6 Load Forecast with Standardized Load Curves
77
2.7 Typical Time Course of Power System Load
20(3)
2.8 Smart Grid and Smart Domestic Appliances
23(4)
3 Planning Principles and Planning Criteria
27(14)
3.1 Planning Principles
27(3)
3.2 Basics of Planning
30(4)
3.3 Planning Criteria
34(7)
3.3.1 Voltage Band According to IEC 60038
34(1)
3.3.2 Voltage Criteria
35(1)
3.3.2.1 Low-Voltage Systems
35(1)
3.3.2.2 Medium Voltage Systems
36(1)
3.3.2.3 High and Extra High Voltage Systems
36(1)
3.3.3 Loading Criteria
37(1)
3.3.4 Stability Criteria
38(3)
4 Economic Consideration and Loss Evaluation
41(8)
4.1 Present Value and Annuity Method
41(1)
4.2 Evaluation of Losses
42(7)
4.2.1 Energy Losses
43(1)
4.2.2 Power Losses
44(5)
5 Topologies of Electrical Power Systems
49(24)
5.1 Development of Power Systems
49(2)
5.2 Recommended Voltage Levels
51(1)
5.3 Topology of Power Systems
52(19)
5.3.1 Radial Systems
52(2)
5.3.2 Ring-Main Systems
54(1)
5.3.2.1 Ring-Main System-Simple Topology
54(2)
5.3.2.2 Ring-Main System with Remote Station (Without Supply)
56(1)
5.3.2.3 Ring-Main System with Reserve Line
57(3)
5.3.2.4 Ring-Main System with Feeding Remote Station
60(1)
5.3.2.5 Ring-Main System as Tuple System
61(1)
5.3.2.6 Ring-Main System with Cross-Link
62(1)
5.3.2.7 Ring-Main System with Base Station
63(1)
5.3.2.8 Special-Spare Cable System
64(1)
5.3.2.9 Double-T Connection
65(1)
5.3.3 Meshed Systems at HV and MV Levels
66(1)
5.3.3.1 HV Transmission Systems
66(2)
5.3.3.2 Meshed MV Systems
68(1)
5.3.4 Meshed Systems at the LV Level
69(1)
5.3.4.1 Meshed System Supplied Station-by-Station
69(1)
5.3.4.2 Single-Line Supply
69(1)
5.3.4.3 Multiple-Line Supply
69(2)
5.4 Special Operating Considerations
71(2)
6 Arrangement in Gridstations and Substations
73(12)
6.1 Busbar Arrangements
73(5)
6.1.1 General
73(1)
6.1.2 Single Busbar without Separation
73(2)
6.1.3 Single Busbar with Sectionalizer
75(1)
6.1.4 Special H-Arrangement
75(1)
6.1.5 Double Busbar Arrangement
76(1)
6.1.6 Double Busbar with Reserve Busbar
77(1)
6.2 Arrangement in Switchyards
78(7)
6.2.1 Breakers and Switches
78(1)
6.2.2 Incoming and Outgoing Feeders
79(1)
6.2.3 Current Transformers
79(3)
6.2.4 Voltage Transformers
82(3)
7 Transformers
85(30)
7.1 General
85(1)
7.2 Utilization and Construction of Transformers
85(5)
7.2.1 Utilization of Transformers
85(2)
7.2.2 Oil-Immersed Transformers and Dry-Type Transformers
87(3)
7.2.3 Characteristic Data of Transformers
90(1)
7.3 Operation of Transformers
90(2)
7.3.1 Voltage Drop
90(2)
7.3.2 Permissible Loading of Transformer Neutral
92(1)
7.4 Thermal Permissible Loading
92(17)
7.4.1 Temperature Models
92(7)
7.4.2 Maximum Permissible Loading of Oil-Immersed Transformers
99(1)
7.4.2.1 General
99(3)
7.4.2.2 Continuous Loading
102(1)
7.4.2.3 Normal Cyclic Load
102(2)
7.4.2.4 Long-Time and Short-Time Emergency Operation
104(2)
7.4.3 Maximal Permissible Loading of Dry-Type Transformers
106(3)
7.5 Economical Operation of Transformers
109(1)
7.6 Short-Circuit Strength
110(5)
8 Cable Systems
115(26)
8.1 General
115(1)
8.2 Construction Details
116(2)
8.3 Electrical Parameters of Cables
118(2)
8.4 Losses and Permissible Current
120(11)
8.4.1 General
120(2)
8.4.2 Calculation of Losses
122(2)
8.4.3 Soil Characteristics
124(3)
8.4.4 Thermal Resistances of Cables
127(1)
8.4.5 Calculation according to VDE 0276-1000
128(2)
8.4.6 Determination of Maximal Permissible Loading by Computer Programs
130(1)
8.5 Planning and Design of Cable Routes and Trenches
131(5)
8.5.1 Coordination with Other Cables and Pipes
131(2)
8.5.2 Effect of Thermally Unfavorable Areas
133(1)
8.5.3 Influence of Other Parameters
134(2)
8.6 Short-Circuit Withstand Capability
136(5)
8.6.1 General
736
8.6.2 Rating of Cable Screens
138(3)
9 Overhead Lines
141(24)
9.1 General
141(1)
9.2 Permissible Loading (Thermal) Current
141(8)
9.2.1 Design Limits
141(1)
9.2.2 Losses
142(2)
9.2.3 Heating by Solar Radiation
144(2)
9.2.4 Heat Dissipation by Radiation and Convection
146(3)
9.2.5 Examples for Permissible Thermal Loading
149(1)
9.3 Electric Field Strength
149(3)
9.4 Sag, Tensions and Minimum Distances
152(3)
9.4.1 Minimal Length of Insulation
152(2)
9.4.2 Conductor Sag and Span Length
154(1)
9.5 Short-Circuit Thermal Withstand Strength
155(2)
9.6 Right-of-Way (ROW) and Tower Arrangement
157(3)
9.7 Cost Estimates
160(2)
9.8 High-Temperature Conductors
162(3)
9.8.1 General
162(1)
9.8.2 Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced (TACSR)
162(1)
9.8.3 Zirconium Alloy Conductor Invar Steel Reinforced (ZACIR)
163(1)
9.8.4 Gap Thermal Resistant Aluminum Alloy Steel Reinforced (GTACSR)
163(1)
9.8.5 Annealed Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS)
164(1)
9.8.6 Aluminum Conductor Composite Core (ACCC)
164(1)
9.8.7 Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced (ACCR)
164(1)
10 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
165(16)
10.1 Basics of Transmission of Power through Lines
165(4)
10.2 Parallel Compensation of Lines
169(2)
10.3 Serial Compensation of Lines
171(1)
10.4 Phase-Shifting Equipment
172(2)
10.5 Improvement of Stability
174(3)
10.6 Basics of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
177(1)
10.7 HVDC-Transmission (High-Voltage-Direct-Current)
178(3)
10.7.1 General
178(1)
10.7.2 Converter Stations and Related Equipment
179(1)
10.7.3 Breakers, Reactors, Electrodes and other Equipment
179(2)
11 Load-Flow and Short-Circuit Current Calculation
181(32)
11.1 Load-Flow Calculation
181(2)
11.2 Calculation of Short-Circuit Currents
183(10)
11.2.1 General
183(4)
11.2.2 Initial Short-Circuit Current (AC)
187(1)
11.2.3 Peak Short-Circuit Current
187(3)
11.2.3.1 Uniform or Smallest R/X Ratio (Method A)
190(1)
11.2.3.2 R/X Ratio of the Short-Circuit Impedance at the Short-Circuit Location (Method B)
190(1)
11.2.3.3 Equivalent Frequency ƒc (Method C)
190(1)
11.2.4 Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current
190(1)
11.2.5 Steady-State Short-Circuit Current
191(1)
11.2.6 Influence of Synchronous and Asynchronous Motors
191(2)
11.3 Short-Circuit Withstand Capability
193(2)
11.4 Limitation of Short-Circuit Currents
195(18)
11.4.1 General
195(1)
11.4.2 Measures in Power Systems
196(1)
11.4.2.1 Selection of Nominal System Voltage
196(1)
11.4.2.2 Operation as Separate Subsystems
197(1)
11.4.2.3 Distribution of Feeding Locations
198(2)
11.4.2.4 Coupling of Power System at Busbars with Low Short-Circuit Level
200(1)
11.4.2.5 Restructuring of the Power System
201(1)
11.4.3 Measures in Installations and Switchgear Arrangement
201(1)
11.4.3.1 Multiple Busbar Operation
201(1)
11.4.3.2 Busbar Sectionalizer in Single-Busbar Switchgear
202(1)
11.4.3.3 Short-Circuit Current Limiting Equipment
202(5)
11.4.4 Measures Concerning Equipment
207(1)
11.4.4.1 Impedance Voltage of Transformers
207(1)
11.4.4.2 Short-Circuit Limiting Reactor
207(1)
11.4.4.3 Earthing Impedances
208(1)
11.4.4.4 Increased Subtransient Reactance of Generators
209(4)
12 Connection of "Green-Energy" Generation to Power Systems
213(36)
12.1 General
213(3)
12.2 Conditions for System Connection
216(16)
12.2.1 General
216(2)
12.2.2 Calculation of Power System Impedance at Point of Common Coupling
218(10)
12.2.2.1 Structure of Power System
228
12.2.2.2 Parallel Resonances in Electrical Power Systems
219(3)
12.2.2.3 Typical Resonances in Power Systems
222(2)
12.2.3 Short-Circuit Currents and Protective Devices
224(1)
12.2.4 Voltage Control and Reactive Power Supply under Steady-State Conditions
225(1)
12.2.4.1 Generation Connected to Low-Voltage Systems
225(1)
12.2.4.2 Generation Connected to Medium-Voltage Systems
225(1)
12.2.4.3 Generation Connected to High-Voltage Systems (Un/=110kV)
226(2)
12.2.4.4 Generation Connected to Extra-High-Voltage Systems (Un≥110kV)
228(2)
12.2.5 Frequency Control and Active Power Reduction
230(2)
12.3 Fault-Ride-Through (FRT) Conditions and Dynamic Voltage Control
232(3)
12.3.1 Types of Generation Units
232(1)
12.3.2 Conditions for Generation Units of Type 1
232(2)
12.3.3 Conditions for Units of Type 2
234(1)
12.4 Assessment of System Perturbations of Generation Plants
235(14)
12.4.1 General
235(1)
12.4.2 Voltage Increase
236(1)
12.4.3 Rapid Voltage Change due to Switching Operations
237(2)
12.4.4 Flicker Caused by Switching
239(1)
12.4.5 Flicker at Normal Operating Conditions
240(2)
12.4.6 Harmonic and Interharmonic Currents and Voltages
242(1)
12.4.6.1 LV and MV System
242(2)
12.4.6.2 Generation Connected to HV and EHV System
244(2)
12.4.6.3 Superposition of Harmonics and Interharmonics
246(1)
12.4.7 Asymmetry and Voltage Unbalance
247(1)
12.4.8 Commutation Dips
247(1)
12.4.9 Effects on Ripple-Control and Line-Carrier Systems
247(2)
13 Protection of Equipment and Power System Installations
249(22)
13.1 Faults and Disturbances
249(1)
13.2 Criteria for Operation of Protection Devices
250(2)
13.3 General Structure of Protective Systems; Transducers
252(2)
13.4 Protection of Equipment
254(1)
13.5 Protection of Lines (Overhead Lines and Cables)
255(10)
13.5.1 General
255(1)
13.5.2 Overcurrent Protection
256(2)
13.5.3 Distance (Impedance) Protection
258(5)
13.5.4 Differential Protection of Lines
263(1)
13.5.5 Ground-Fault Protection
263(2)
13.6 Protection of Transformers
265(3)
13.6.1 General
265(1)
13.6.2 Differential Protection
265(1)
13.6.3 Overcurrent Protection, Distance Protection, Ground-Fault Protection
266(1)
13.6.4 Buchholz Protection
267(1)
13.7 Protection of Busbars
268(1)
13.7.1 Current Criteria for Busbar Protection
268(1)
13.7.2 Impedance Criteria for Busbar Protection
269(1)
13.8 Protection of Other Equipment
269(1)
13.9 Reference List of IEC-Symbols and ANSI-Code-Numbers
269(2)
14 Overvoltages and Insulation Coordination
271(24)
14.1 General; Definitions
271(2)
14.2 Procedure of Insulation Coordination
273(1)
14.3 Determination of the Representative Overvoltages
274(10)
14.3.1 Continuous Power-Frequency Voltage and Temporary Overvoltages
274(1)
14.3.2 Slow-Front Overvoltages
275(2)
14.3.3 Fast-Front Overvoltages
277(1)
14.3.3.1 General
277(1)
14.3.3.2 Simplified Approach
277(1)
14.3.3.3 Detailed Calculation; Parameters of Lightning Current
278(3)
14.3.3.4 Direct Strokes to the Phase Conductor
281(3)
14.4 Determination of the Coordination Withstand Voltage and the Required Withstand Voltage
284(2)
14.5 Selection of the Rated Voltage
286(3)
14.6 Application Example
289(6)
15 Influence of Neutral Earthing on Single-Phase Short-Circuit Currents
295(30)
15.1 General
295(1)
15.2 Power System with Low-Impedance Earthing
296(4)
15.3 Power System Having Earthing with Current Limitation
300(2)
15.4 Power System with Isolated Neutral
302(5)
15.5 Power System with Resonance Earthing (Petersen Coil)
307(12)
15.5.1 General
307(4)
15.5.2 Calculation of Displacement Voltage
311(3)
15.5.3 Tuning of the Petersen Coil
314(2)
15.5.4 Residual Current Compensation
316(2)
15.5.4.1 Residual Current Compensation by Shifting of the Neutral-Point Displacement Voltage
318(1)
15.5.4.2 Residual Current Compensation by Injection of Current into the Neutral
318(1)
15.6 Earthing of Neutrals on HV Side and LV Side of Transformers
319(6)
16 Tendering and Contracting
325(32)
16.1 General (Project Definition)
325(2)
16.2 Terms of Reference (TOR)
327(2)
16.2.1 Background
327(1)
16.2.2 Objective
327(1)
16.2.3 Scope of Engineering Activities
328(1)
16.3 Project Funding
329(1)
16.4 Form of Tendering
329(2)
16.4.1 International Tendering
330(1)
16.4.2 Prequalification
330(1)
16.4.3 Short Listing
331(1)
16.5 Planning and Design
331(2)
16.6 Tender Structure
333(11)
16.6.1 General
333(1)
16.6.2 Tender Set-Up
334(1)
16.6.2.1 General, Common Sections
334(2)
16.6.2.2 Sections Specific to Each Lot or Package
336(1)
16.6.3 General Technical Specifications
336(1)
16.6.3.1 General Rules and Provisions Related to the Design
337(1)
16.6.3.2 High-Voltage Metal-Clad SF6-Insulated Switchgear
337(2)
16.6.3.3 Medium-Voltage Switchgear
339(1)
16.6.3.4 Control, Supervision and Protection
340(1)
16.6.3.5 Overhead Lines
340(2)
16.6.3.6 Power and Auxiliary Cable
342(1)
16.6.3.7 Telecommunication System
342(1)
16.6.3.8 Transformers and Reactors
342(1)
16.6.3.9 Auxiliary Equipment
343(1)
16.6.3.10 Civil Works for Substations
344(1)
16.7 Scope of Work and Supply
344(2)
16.7.1 General
344(1)
16.7.2 380kV Switchgear
344(1)
16.7.3 123kV Switchgear
345(1)
16.7.4 Transformers and Reactors
345(1)
16.7.5 Telecommunication System
346(1)
16.8 Technical Data Sheets
346(2)
16.9 Tendering Period and Evaluation of Tender
348(5)
16.9.1 Tendering Period
348(5)
16.9.2 Bid Evaluation
353(1)
16.10 Contracting
353(4)
Appendix 357(8)
References 365(6)
Index 371
Juergen Schlabbach holds a professorship in power system engineering and renewable energies at the University of Applied Sciences in Bielefeld, Germany. He studied at the Technical University of Darmstadt, where he received his Ph.D. on the topic of digital protection of power systems in 1982. For ten years, he worked in a consulting firm in the field of power system planning, disturbance analysis and design of FACTS. During several years in Arabian and Asian countries he advised local utilities in design, planning and operation of power systems and in organizational matters. Professor Schlabbach's areas of expertise are power system planning, grid connection of renewable energy, EMC and operational training. He also works as independent consulting engineer.

Karl-Heinz Rofalski has been working for more than thirty years as consulting engineer in a world-wide operating German consulting firm in the field of power transmission and distribution. He held the position of project director and manager and gained special knowledge and experience in network planning, design, procedures of tendering and contracting, project monitoring, overall project management in many power projects including assignments in various countries in Africa, the Arab regions and South-East Asia. After graduating from the engineering academy in Kassel/Germany he worked for AEG, one of the manufacturers of electrical equipment, for eight years, and became acquainted with electrical engineering standards and technology. Since 2001 he is active as freelance engineer and independent consultant.
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