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Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics 2nd Revised edition [Hardback]

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(University of Maryland, College Park)
  • Format: Hardback, 866 pages, height x width x depth: 262x183x50 mm, weight: 1800 g
  • Series: Cambridge Aerospace Series
  • Pub. Date: 15-Dec-2016
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1107013356
  • ISBN-13: 9781107013353
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Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics 2nd Revised editionLarger Image
  • Format: Hardback, 866 pages, height x width x depth: 262x183x50 mm, weight: 1800 g
  • Series: Cambridge Aerospace Series
  • Pub. Date: 15-Dec-2016
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1107013356
  • ISBN-13: 9781107013353
Other books in subject:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781107013353.html
This text provides a thorough, modern treatment of the aerodynamic principles of helicopters and other rotating-wing vertical lift aircraft. It covers basic topics of aerodynamic analysis, helicopter performance and design, and advanced topics, including airfoil flows and unsteady aerodynamics. Every chapter includes numerous illustrations, a bibliography, and homework problems.

Written by an internationally recognized teacher and researcher, this book provides a thorough, modern treatment of the aerodynamic principles of helicopters and other rotating-wing vertical lift aircraft such as tilt rotors and autogiros. The text begins with a unique technical history of helicopter flight, and then covers basic methods of rotor aerodynamic analysis, and related issues associated with the performance of the helicopter and its aerodynamic design. It goes on to cover more advanced topics in helicopter aerodynamics, including airfoil flows, unsteady aerodynamics, dynamic stall, and rotor wakes, and rotor-airframe aerodynamic interactions, with final chapters on autogiros and advanced methods of helicopter aerodynamic analysis. Extensively illustrated throughout, each chapter includes a set of homework problems. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students, practising engineers, and researchers will welcome this thoroughly revised and updated text on rotating-wing aerodynamics.

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This book is a modern treatment of aerodynamic principles of helicopters and rotating-wing vertical lift aircraft.
Preface to the Second Edition xix
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
List of Main Symbols xxxi
1 Introduction: A History of Helicopter Flight 1(54)
1.1 Rising Vertically
1(4)
1.2 Producing Thrust
1.3 Key Technical Problems in Attaining Vertical Flight
5(1)
1.4 Early Thinking
6(5)
1.5 The Hoppers
11(6)
1.6 The First Hoverers
17(3)
1.7 Not Quite a Helicopter
20(3)
1.8 Engines: A Key Enabling Technology
23(2)
1.9 On the Verge of Success
25(3)
1.10 The First Successes
28(5)
1.11 Toward Mass Production
33(7)
1.12 Maturing Technology
40(7)
1.13 Compounds, Tilt-Wings, and Tilt-Rotors
47(2)
1.14
Chapter Review
49(1)
1.15 Questions
50(1)
Bibliography
51(4)
2 Fundamentals of Rotor Aerodynamics 55(60)
2.1 Introduction
55(3)
2.2 Momentum Theory Analysis in Hovering Flight
58(7)
2.2.1 Flow Near a Hovering Rotor
59(1)
2.2.2 Conservation Laws of Aerodynamics
60(1)
2.2.3 Application to a Hovering Rotor
61(4)
2.3 Disk Loading and Power Loading
65(1)
2.4 Induced Inflow Ratio
66(1)
2.5 Thrust and Power Coefficients
66(2)
2.6 Comparison of Theory with Measured Rotor Performance
68(1)
2.7 Nonideal Effects on Rotor Performance
68(2)
2.8 Figure of Merit
70(4)
2.9 Estimating Nonideal Effects from Rotor Measurements
74(1)
2.10 Induced Tip Loss
74(3)
2.11 Rotor Solidity and Blade Loading Coefficient
77(3)
2.12 Power Loading
80(1)
2.13 Momentum Analysis in Axial Climb and Descent
81(12)
2.13.1 Axial Climb
81(2)
2.13.2 Axial Descent
83(3)
2.13.3 Region between Hover and Windmill State
86(1)
2.13.4 Power Required in Axial Climbing and Descending Flight
87(1)
2.13.5 Four Working States of the Rotor in Axial Flight
88(2)
2.13.6 Vortex Ring State
90(1)
2.13.7 Autorotation
91(2)
2.14 Momentum Analysis in Forward Flight
93(8)
2.14.1 Induced Velocity in Forward Flight
95(1)
2.14.2 Special Case, alpha = 0
96(1)
2.14.3 Numerical Solution to Inflow Equation
97(2)
2.14.4 General Form of the Inflow Equation
99(1)
2.14.5 Validity of the Inflow Equation
99(1)
2.14.6 Rotor Power Requirements in Forward Flight
99(2)
2.15 Other Applications of the Momentum Theory
101(9)
2.15.1 Coaxial Rotor Systems
101(5)
2.15.2 Tandem Rotor Systems
106(4)
2.16
Chapter Review
110(1)
2.17 Questions
110(3)
Bibliography
113(2)
3 Blade Element Analysis 115(56)
3.1 Introduction
115(2)
3.2 Blade Element Analysis in Hover and Axial Flight
117(8)
3.2.1 Integrated Rotor Thrust and Power
119(1)
3.2.2 Thrust Approximations
119(3)
3.2.3 Torque-Power Approximations
122(1)
3.2.4 Tip-Loss Factor
122(3)
3.3 Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT)
125(27)
3.3.1 Assumed Radial Distributions of Inflow on the Blades
126(1)
3.3.2 Radial Inflow Equation
127(1)
3.3.3 Ideal Twist
128(2)
3.3.4 BEMT: Numerical Solution
130(1)
3.3.5 Distributions of Inflow and Airloads
131(3)
3.3.6 Effects of Swirl Velocity
134(1)
3.3.7 The Optimum Hovering Rotor
135(3)
3.3.8 Circulation Theory of Lift
138(1)
3.3.9 Power Estimates for the Rotor
139(2)
3.3.10 Prandtl's Tip-Loss Function
141(4)
3.3.11 Blade Design and Figure of Merit
145(1)
3.3.12 BEMT in Climbing Flight
146(2)
3.3.13 Further Comparisons of BEMT with Experiment
148(2)
3.3.14 Compressibility Corrections to Rotor Performance
150(2)
3.4 Equivalent Blade Chords and Weighted Solidity
152(4)
3.4.1 Mean Wing Chords
152(1)
3.4.2 Thrust Weighted Solidity
153(1)
3.4.3 Power-Torque Weighted Solidity
153(1)
3.4.4 Weighted Solidity of the Optimum Rotor
154(1)
3.4.5 Weighted Solidities of Tapered Blades
154(1)
3.4.6 Mean Lift Coefficient
155(1)
3.5 Blade Element Analysis in Forward Flight
156(10)
3.5.1 Determining Blade Forces
156(2)
3.5.2 Definition of the Approximate Induced Velocity Field
158(8)
3.6
Chapter Review
166(1)
3.7 Questions
167(2)
Bibliography
169(2)
4 Rotating Blade Motion 171(41)
4.1 Introduction
171(1)
4.2 Types of Rotors
172(2)
4.3 Equilibrium about the Flapping Hinge
174(2)
4.4 Equilibrium about the Lead-Lag Hinge
176(2)
4.5 Equation of Motion for a Flapping Blade
178(5)
4.6 Physical Description of Blade Flapping
183(3)
4.6.1 Coning Angle
183(1)
4.6.2 Longitudinal Flapping Angle
183(2)
4.6.3 Lateral Flapping Angle
185(1)
4.6.4 Higher Harmonics of Blade Flapping
185(1)
4.7 Dynamics of Blade Flapping with a Hinge Offset
186(2)
4.8 Blade Feathering and the Swashplate
188(2)
4.9 Review of Rotor Reference Axes
190(4)
4.10 Dynamics of a Lagging Blade with a Hinge Offset
194(2)
4.11 Coupled Flap-Lag Motion
196(2)
4.12 Coupled Pitch-Flap Motion
198(1)
4.13 Other Types of Rotors
199(3)
4.13.1 Teetering Rotor
199(1)
4.13.2 Semi-Rigid or Hingeless Rotors
200(2)
4.14 Introduction to Rotor Trim
202(7)
4.14.1 Equations for Free-Flight Trim
204(3)
4.14.2 Typical Trim Solution Procedure for Level Flight
207(2)
4.15
Chapter Review
209(1)
4.16 Questions
209(2)
Bibliography
211(1)
5 Helicopter Performance 212(65)
5.1 Introduction
212(1)
5.2 The International Standard Atmosphere
212(3)
5.3 Hovering and Axial Climb Performance
215(2)
5.4 Forward Flight Performance
217(11)
5.4.1 Induced Power
218(1)
5.4.2 Blade Profile Power
219(1)
5.4.3 Compressibility Losses and Tip Relief
220(3)
5.4.4 Reverse Flow
223(2)
5.4.5 Parasitic Power
225(1)
5.4.6 Climb Power
226(1)
5.4.7 Tail Rotor Power
226(1)
5.4.8 Total Power
227(1)
5.5 Performance Analysis
228(14)
5.5.1 Effect of Gross Weight
228(1)
5.5.2 Effect of Density Altitude
229(1)
5.5.3 Lift-to-Drag Ratios
229(1)
5.5.4 Climb Performance
230(1)
5.5.5 Engine Fuel Consumption
231(2)
5.5.6 Speed for Minimum Power
233(2)
5.5.7 Speed for Maximum Range
235(2)
5.5.8 Range-Payload and Endurance-Payload Relations
237(1)
5.5.9 Maximum Altitude or Ceiling
238(1)
5.5.10 Factors Affecting Maximum Attainable Forward Speed
239(1)
5.5.11 Performance of Coaxial and Tandem Dual Rotor Systems
240(2)
5.6 Autorotational Performance
242(10)
5.6.1 Autorotation in Forward Flight
246(3)
5.6.2 Height-Velocity (H-V) Curve
249(2)
5.6.3 Autorotation Index
251(1)
5.7 Vortex Ring State (VRS)
252(5)
5.7.1 Quantification of VRS Effects
252(4)
5.7.2 Implications of VRS on Flight Boundary
256(1)
5.8 Ground Effect
257(6)
5.8.1 Hovering Flight Near the Ground
258(2)
5.8.2 Forward Flight Near the Ground
260(3)
5.9 Performance in Maneuvering Flight
263(6)
5.9.1 Steady Maneuvers
264(1)
5.9.2 Transient Maneuvers
265(4)
5.10 Factors Influencing Performance Degradation
269(2)
5.11
Chapter Review
271(1)
5.12 Questions
272(1)
Bibliography
273(4)
6 Aerodynamic Design of Helicopters 277(70)
6.1 Introduction
277(1)
6.2 Overall Design Requirements
277(2)
6.3 Conceptual and Preliminary Design Processes
279(1)
6.4 Design of the Main Rotor
280(21)
6.4.1 Rotor Diameter
281(2)
6.4.2 Tip Spped
283(2)
6.4.3 Rotor Solidity
285(3)
6.4.4 Number of Blades
288(2)
6.4.5 Blade Twist
290(2)
6.4.6 Blade Planform and Tip Shape
292(3)
6.4.7 Airfoil Sections
295(6)
6.5 Case Study: The BERP Rotor
301(3)
6.6 Fuselage Aerodynamic Design Issues
304(7)
6.6.1 Fuselage Drag
304(3)
6.6.2 Vertical Drag and Download Penalty
307(2)
6.6.3 Vertical Drag Recovery
309(1)
6.6.4 Fuselage Side-Force
310(1)
6.7 Empennage Design
311(2)
6.7.1 Horizontal Stabilizer
311(1)
6.7.2 Vertical Stabilizer
312(1)
6.8 Role of Wind Tunnels in Aerodynamic Design
313(1)
6.9 Design of Tail Rotors
314(7)
6.9.1 Physical Size
315(1)
6.9.2 Thrust Requirements
315(2)
6.9.3 Precessional Stall Issues
317(1)
6.9.4 "Pushers" versus "Tractors"
318(1)
6.9.5 Design Requirements
319(1)
6.9.6 Representative Tail Rotor Designs
320(1)
6.10 Other Anti-Torque Devices
321(4)
6.10.1 Fan-in-Fin
321(3)
6.10.2 NOTAR Design
324(1)
6.11 High-Speed Rotorcraft
325(5)
6.11.1 Compound Helicopters
325(2)
6.11.2 Tilt-Rotors
327(1)
6.11.3 Other High-Speed Concepts
328(2)
6.12 Smart Rotor Systems
330(1)
6.13 Human-Powered Helicopter
331(3)
6.14 Hovering Micro Air Vehicles
334(4)
6.15
Chapter Review
338(1)
6.16 Questions
338(2)
Bibliography
340(7)
7 Aerodynamics of Rotor Airfoils 347(76)
7.1 Introduction
347(1)
7.2 Helicopter Rotor Airfoil Requirements
348(2)
7.3 Reynolds Number and Mach Number Effects
350(10)
7.3.1 Reynolds Number
350(2)
7.3.2 Concept of the Boundary Layer
352(5)
7.3.3 Mach Number
357(2)
7.3.4 Model Rotor Similarity Parameters
359(1)
7.4 Airfoil Shape Definition
360(3)
7.5 Airfoil Pressure Distributions
363(5)
7.5.1 Pressure Coefficient
363(1)
7.5.2 Critical Pressure Coefficient
364(1)
7.5.3 Synthesis of Chordwise Pressure
365(1)
7.5.4 Measurements of Chordwise Pressure
366(2)
7.6 Aerodynamics of a Representative Airfoil Section
368(6)
7.6.1 Integration of Distributed Forces
368(2)
7.6.2 Pressure Integration
370(1)
7.6.3 Representative Force and Moment Results
371(3)
7.7 Pitching Moment and Related Issues
374(9)
7.7.1 Aerodynamic Center
375(2)
7.7.2 Center of Pressure
377(1)
7.7.3 Effect of Airfoil Shape on Pitching Moment
378(3)
7.7.4 Use of Trailing Edge Tabs
381(2)
7.7.5 Reflexed Airfoils
383(1)
7.8 Drag
383(2)
7.9 Maximum Lift and Stall Characteristics
385(13)
7.9.1 Effects of Reynolds Number
389(3)
7.9.2 Effects of Mach Number
392(6)
7.10 Advanced Rotor Airfoil Design
398(3)
7.11 Representing Static Airfoil Characteristics
401(8)
7.11.1 Linear Aerodynamic Models
401(2)
7.11.2 Nonlinear Aerodynamic Models
403(1)
7.11.3 Table Look-Up
403(1)
7.11.4 Direct Curve Fitting
403(1)
7.11.5 Beddoes Method
404(3)
7.11.6 High Angle of Attack Range
407(2)
7.12 Circulation Controlled Airfoils
409(2)
7.13 Very Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Characteristics
411(1)
7.14 Effects of Damage on Airfoil Performance
412(3)
7.15
Chapter Review
415(1)
7.16 Questions
416(2)
Bibliography
418(5)
8 Unsteady Airfoil Behavior 423(102)
8.1 Introduction
423(1)
8.2 Sources of Unsteady Aerodynamic Loading
424(1)
8.3 Concepts of the Blade Wake
424(3)
8.4 Reduced Frequency and Reduced Time
427(1)
8.5 Unsteady Attached Flow
428(1)
8.6 Principles of Quasi-Steady Thin-Airfoil Theory
429(2)
8.7 Theodorsen's Theory
431(10)
8.7.1 Pure Angle of Attack Oscillations
434(2)
8.7.2 Pure Plunging Oscillations
436(2)
8.7.3 Pitching Oscillations
438(3)
8.8 The Returning Wake: Loewy's Problem
441(1)
8.9 Sinusoidal Gust: Sears's Problem
442(4)
8.10 Indicial Response: Wagner's Problem
446(2)
8.11 Sharp-Edged Gust: Kussner's Problem
448(2)
8.12 Traveling Sharp-Edged Gust: Miles's Problem
450(3)
8.13 Time-Varying Incident Velocity
453(4)
8.14 General Application of the Indicial Response Method
457(8)
8.14.1 Recurrence Solution to the Duhamel Integral
459(4)
8.14.2 State-Space Solution for Arbitrary Motion
463(2)
8.15 Indicial Method for Subsonic Compressible Flow
465(18)
8.15.1 Approximations to the Indicial Response
467(2)
8.15.2 Indicial Lift from Angle of Attack
469(1)
8.15.3 Indicial Lift from Pitch Rate
470(1)
8.15.4 Determination of Indicial Function Coefficients
471(3)
8.15.5 Indicial Pitching Moment from Angle of Attack
474(1)
8.15.6 Indicial Pitching Moment from Pitch Rate
474(2)
8.15.7 Unsteady Axial Force and Airfoil Drag
476(2)
8.15.8 State-Space Aerodynamic Model for Compressible Flow
478(2)
8.15.9 Comparison with Experiment
480(3)
8.16 Nonuniform Vertical Velocity Fields
483(9)
8.16.1 Exact Subsonic Linear Theory
483(1)
8.16.2 Approximations to the Sharp-Edged Gust Functions
484(3)
8.16.3 Response to an Arbitrary Vertical Gust
487(1)
8.16.4 Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) Problem
488(2)
8.16.5 Convecting Vertical Gusts in Subsonic Flow
490(2)
8.17 Time-Varying Incident Mach Number
492(1)
8.18 Unsteady Aerodynamics of Flaps
492(10)
8.18.1 Incompressible Flow Theory
493(4)
8.18.2 Subsonic Flow Theory
497(3)
8.18.3 Comparison with Measurements
500(2)
8.19 Principles of Noise Produced by Unsteady Forces
502(14)
8.19.1 Retarded Time and Source Time
504(1)
8.19.2 Wave Tracing
505(1)
8.19.3 Compactness
506(1)
8.19.4 Trace or Phase Mach Number
507(1)
8.19.5 Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkins Equation
508(2)
8.19.6 BVI Acoustic Model Problem
510(3)
8.19.7 Comparison of Aeroacoustic Methods
513(2)
8.19.8 Methods of Rotor Noise Reduction
515(1)
8.20
Chapter Review
516(1)
8.21 Questions
517(2)
Bibliography
519(6)
9 Dynamic Stall 525(42)
9.1 Introduction
525(2)
9.2 Flow Morphology of Dynamic Stall
527(2)
9.3 Dynamic Stall in the Rotor Environment
529(2)
9.4 Effects of Forcing Conditions on Dynamic Stall
531(4)
9.5 Modeling of Dynamic Stall
535(10)
9.5.1 Semi-Empirical Models of Dynamic Stall
536(5)
9.5.2 Capabilities of Dynamic Stall Modeling
541(2)
9.5.3 Future Modeling Goals with Semi-Empirical Models
543(2)
9.6 Torsional Damping
545(2)
9.7 Effects of Sweep Angle on Dynamic Stall
547(4)
9.8 Effect of Airfoil Shape on Dynamic Stall
551(2)
9.9 Three-Dimensional Effects on Dynamic Stall
553(3)
9.10 Time-Varying Velocity Effects on Dynamic Stall
556(1)
9.11 Prediction of In-Flight Airloads
557(2)
9.12 Stall Control
559(1)
9.13
Chapter Review
560(1)
9.14 Questions
561(1)
Bibliography
562(5)
10 Rotor Wakes and Blade Tip Vortices 567(88)
10.1 Introduction
567(1)
10.2 Flow Visualization Techniques
568(4)
10.2.1 Natural Condensation Effects
568(1)
10.2.2 Smoke Flow Visualization
569(1)
10.2.3 Density Gradient Methods
570(2)
10.3 Characteristics of the Rotor Wake in Hover
572(3)
10.3.1 General Features
572(1)
10.3.2 Wake Geometry in Hover
573(2)
10.4 Characteristics of the Rotor Wake in Forward Flight
575(7)
10.4.1 Wake Boundaries
577(1)
10.4.2 Blade-Vortex Interactions (BVIs)
578(4)
10.5 Other Characteristics of Rotor Wakes
582(2)
10.5.1 Periodicity versus Aperiodicity
582(1)
10.5.2 Vortex Perturbations and Instabilities
582(2)
10.6 Detailed Structure of the Tip Vortices
584(14)
10.6.1 Velocity Field
585(1)
10.6.2 Models for the Tip Vortex
586(6)
10.6.3 Vorticity Diffusion Effects and Vortex Core Growth
592(2)
10.6.4 Correlation of Rotor Tip Vortex Data
594(1)
10.6.5 Flow Rotation Effects on Turbulence Inside Vortices
595(3)
10.7 Vortex Models of the Rotor Wake
598(29)
10.7.1 Biot-Savart Law
599(2)
10.7.2 Vortex Segmentation
601(1)
10.7.3 Governing Equations for the Convecting Vortex Wake
602(2)
10.7.4 Prescribed Wake Models for Hovering Flight
604(3)
10.7.5 Prescribed Vortex Wake Models for Forward Flight
607(7)
10.7.6 Free-Vortex Wake Analyses
614(13)
10.8 Aperiodic Wake Developments
627(8)
10.8.1 Wake Stability Analysis
627(3)
10.8.2 Flow Visualization of Transient Wake Problems
630(1)
10.8.3 Dynamic Inflow
631(2)
10.8.4 Time-Marching Free-Vortex Wakes
633(1)
10.8.5 Simulation of Carpenter & Friedovich Problem
633(2)
10.9 General Dynamic Inflow Models
635(3)
10.10 Descending Flight and the Vortex Ring State
638(2)
10.11 Wake Developments in Maneuvering Flight
640(5)
10.12
Chapter Review
645(1)
10.13 Questions
646(1)
Bibliography
647(8)
11 Rotor-Airframe Interactional Aerodynamics 655(37)
11.1 Introduction
655(2)
11.2 Rotor-Fuselage Interactions
657(19)
11.2.1 Effects of the Fuselage on Rotor Performance
658(4)
11.2.2 Time-Averaged Effects on the Airframe
662(4)
11.2.3 Unsteady Rotor-Fuselage Interactions
666(7)
11.2.4 Fuselage Side-Forces
673(1)
11.2.5 Modeling of Rotor-Fuselage Interactions
674(2)
11.3 Rotor-Empennage Interactions
676(6)
11.3.1 Airloads on the Horizontal Tail
679(1)
11.3.2 Modeling of Rotor-Empennage Interactions
680(2)
11.4 Rotor-Tail Rotor Interactions
682(3)
11.5
Chapter Review
685(1)
11.6 Questions
686(1)
Bibliography
687(5)
12 Autogiros and Gyroplanes 692(31)
12.1 Introduction
692(1)
12.2 The Curious Phenomenon of Autorotation
693(1)
12.3 Review of Autorotational Physics
694(5)
12.4 Rolling Rotors: The Dilemma of Asymmetric Lift
699(1)
12.5 Innovation of the Flapping and Lagging Hinges
700(1)
12.6 Prerotating the Rotor
701(1)
12.7 Autogiro Theory Meets Practice
702(2)
12.8 Vertical Flight Performance of the Autogiro
704(1)
12.9 Forward Flight Performance of the Autogiro
705(3)
12.10 Comparison of Autogiro Performance with the Helicopter
708(1)
12.11 Airfoils for Autogiros
709(1)
12.12 NACA Research on Autogiros
710(2)
12.13 Giving Better Control: Orientable Rotors
712(1)
12.14 Improving Performance: Jump and Towering Takeoffs
713(2)
12.15 Ground and Air Resonance
715(1)
12.16 Helicopters Eclipse Autogiros
716(1)
12.17 Renaissance of the Autogiro?
717(2)
12.18
Chapter Review
719(1)
12.19 Questions
720(1)
Bibliography
720(3)
13 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 723(48)
13.1 Introduction
723(1)
13.2 History of Wind Turbine Development
724(2)
13.3 Power in the Wind
726(1)
13.4 Momentum Theory Analysis for a Wind Turbine
727(4)
13.4.1 Power and Thrust Coefficients for a Wind Turbine
729(1)
13.4.2 Theoretical Maximum Efficiency
730(1)
13.5 Representative Power Curve for a Wind Turbine
731(2)
13.6 Elementary Wind Models
733(2)
13.7 Blade Element Model for the Wind Turbine
735(3)
13.8 Blade Element Momentum Theory for a Wind Turbine
738(9)
13.8.1 Effect of Number of Blades
742(1)
13.8.2 Effect of Viscous Drag
742(1)
13.8.3 Tip-Loss Effects
743(2)
13.8.4 Tip Losses and Other Viscous Losses
745(2)
13.8.5 Effects of Stall
747(1)
13.9 Airfoils for Wind Turbines
747(3)
13.10 Yawed Flow Operation
750(1)
13.11 Vortex Wake Considerations
751(6)
13.12 Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects on Wind Turbines
757(6)
13.12.1 Tower Shadow
760(1)
13.12.2 Dynamic Stall and Stall Delay
761(2)
13.13 Advanced Aerodynamic Modeling Requirements
763(1)
13.14
Chapter Review
764(1)
13.15 Questions
765(2)
Bibliography
767(4)
14 Computational Methods for Helicopter Aerodynamics 771(44)
14.1 Introduction
771(1)
14.2 Fundamental Governing Equations of Aerodynamics
772(5)
14.2.1 Navier-Stokes Equations
773(3)
14.2.2 Euler Equations
776(1)
14.3 Vorticity Transport Equations
777(2)
14.4 Vortex Methods
779(1)
14.5 Boundary Layer Equations
780(3)
14.6 Potential Equations
783(1)
14.7 Surface Singularity Methods
783(3)
14.8 Thin Airfoil Theory
786(1)
14.9 Lifting-Line Blade Model
787(3)
14.10 Applications of Advanced Computational Methods
790(15)
14.10.1 Unsteady Airfoil Performance
790(4)
14.10.2 Tip Vortex Formation
794(3)
14.10.3 CFD Modeling of the Rotor Wake
797(1)
14.10.4 Airframe Flows
798(3)
14.10.5 Vibrations and Acoustics
801(2)
14.10.6 Ground Effect
803(1)
14.10.7 Vortex Ring State
803(2)
14.11 Comprehensive Rotor Analyses
805(3)
14.12
Chapter Review
808(1)
14.13 Questions
809(1)
Bibliography
810(5)
Appendix 815(2)
Index 817
J. Gordon Leishman is the Minta Martin Chair of Engineering and Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is a former aerodynamicist at Westland Helicopters and has written extensively on topics in helicopter aerodynamics. Leishman is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and a Technical Fellow of the American Helicopter Society. He is Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of the American Helicopter Society. He is also the author of The Helicopter: Thinking Forward, Looking Back (2007).