Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

E-raamat: Process and Plant Safety - Applying Computational Fluid Dynamics: Applying Computational Fluid Dynamics [Wiley Online]

Edited by (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany)
  • Formaat: 406 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Apr-2012
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527645721
  • ISBN-13: 9783527645725
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 185,03 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Process and Plant Safety - Applying Computational Fluid Dynamics: Applying Computational Fluid DynamicsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 406 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Apr-2012
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527645721
  • ISBN-13: 9783527645725
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527645725
Edited by Schmidt (process and plant safety, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany), this text reviews possible applications and limitations of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling in the area of safety engineering. Topics addressed by the text's 21 contributed chapters include: status and potentials of CFD in safety analyses using the example of nuclear power, sizing and operation of high pressure safety valves, CFD modeling for optimizing the function of low-pressure valves, CFD simulation of large hydrocarbon and peroxide pool fires, modeling fire scenarios and smoke migration in structures, the ECOFTAC Knowledge Base Wiki as an aid for validating CFD models, validation of CFD models for the prediction of gas dispersion in urban and industrial environments, dynamic modeling of disturbances in distillation columns, dynamic process simulation for the evaluation of upset conditions in chemical plants in the process industry, and the relevance of initial and boundary conditions in treating the consequences of accidents. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The safe operation of plants is of paramount importance in the chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. Best practice in
process and plant safety allows both the prevention of hazards and the mitigation of consequences. Safety Technology is continuously advancing to new levels and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is already successfully established as a tool to ensure the safe operation of industrial plants.
With CFD tools, a great amount of knowledge can be gained as both the necessary safety measures and the economic operation of plants can
be simultaneously determined. Young academics, safety experts and safety managers in all parts of the industry will henceforth be forced to
responsibly judge these new results from a safety perspective. This is the main challenge for the future of safety technology.
This book serves as a guide to elaborating and determining the principles, assumptions, strengths, limitations and application areas of
utilizing CFD in process and plant safety, and safety management. The book offers recommendations relating to guidelines, procedures, frameworks and technology for creating a higher level of safety for chemical and petrochemical plants. It includes modeling aids and concrete examples of industrial safety measures for hazard prevention.
Preface xix
List of Contributors
xxi
1 Computational Fluid Dynamics: the future in safety technology!
1(4)
Jurgen Schmidt
2 Organized by ProcessNet: Tutzing Symposion 2011 CFD -- its Future in Safety Technology'
5(4)
Norbert Pfeil
2.1 ProcessNet -- an Initiative of DECHEMA and VDI-GVC
5(2)
2.1.1 The ProcessNet Safety Engineering Section
6(1)
2.2 A Long Discussed Question: Can Safety Engineers Rely on Numerical Methods?
7(2)
3 CFD and Holistic Methods for Explosive Safety and Risk Analysis
9(22)
Arno Klomfass
Klaus Thoma
3.1 Introduction
9(2)
3.2 Deterministic and Probabilistic Design Tasks
11(1)
3.3 CFD Applications on Explosions and Blast Waves
12(10)
3.4 Engineering Methods: The TNT Equivalent
22(3)
3.5 QRA for Explosive Safety
25(2)
3.6 Summary and Outlook
27(4)
References
28(3)
Part One CFD Today -- Opportunities and Limits if Applied to Safety Techology
31(38)
4 Status and Potentials of CFD in Safety Analyses Using the Example of Nuclear Power
33(36)
Horst-Michael Prasser
4.1 Introduction
33(1)
4.2 Safety and Safety Analysis of Light Water Reactors
33(3)
4.3 Role and Status of Fluid Dynamics Modeling
36(1)
4.4 Expected Benefits of CFD in Nuclear Reactor Safety
37(3)
4.5 Challenges
40(2)
4.6 Examples of Applications
42(11)
4.6.1 Deboration Transients in Pressurized Water Reactors
42(5)
4.6.2 Thermal Fatigue Due to Turbulent Mixing
47(2)
4.6.3 Pressurized Thermal Shock
49(4)
4.7 Beyond-Design-Based Accidents
53(16)
4.7.1 Hydrogen Transport, Accumulation, and Removal
53(6)
4.7.2 Aerosol Behavior
59(1)
4.7.3 Core Melting Behavior
60(6)
References
66(3)
Part Two Computer or Experimental Design?
69(52)
5 Sizing and Operation of High-Pressure Safety Valves
71(24)
Jurgen Schmidt
Wolfgang Peschel
5.1 Introduction
71(1)
5.2 Phenomenological Description of the Flow through a Safety Valve
71(1)
5.3 Nozzle/Discharge Coefficient Sizing Procedure
72(10)
5.3.1 Valve Sizing According to ISO 4126-1
73(1)
5.3.2 Limits of the Standard Valve Sizing Procedure
74(1)
5.3.3 Valve Sizing Method for Real Gas Applications
74(3)
5.3.4 Numerical Sizing of Safety Valves for Real Gas Flow
77(1)
5.3.5 Equation of State, Real Gas Factor, and Isentropic Coefficient for Real Gases
78(2)
5.3.6 Comparison of the Nozzle Flow/Discharge Coefficient Models
80(2)
5.4 Sizing of Safety Valves Applying CFD
82(8)
5.4.1 High Pressure Test Facility and Experimental Results
82(4)
5.4.2 Numerical Model and Discretization
86(1)
5.4.3 Numerical Results
87(3)
5.5 Summary
90(5)
References
93(2)
6 Water Hammer Induced by Fast-Acting Valves -- Experimental Studies, 1D Modeling, and Demands for Possible Future CFX Calculations
95(18)
Andreas Dudlik
Robert Frohlich
6.1 Introduction
95(2)
6.2 Multi-Phase Flow Test Facility
97(2)
6.3 Extension of Pilot Plant Pipework PPP for Software Validation
99(1)
6.4 Experimental Set-Up
99(1)
6.5 Experimental Results
100(3)
6.5.1 Experimental Results -- Thermohydraulics
100(3)
6.6 2 Case Studies of Possible Future Application of CFX
103(3)
6.6.1 1D Modeling of Kaplan Turbine Failure
105(1)
6.6.2 Simulation Results -- Closing Time 10 s, Linear
105(1)
6.7 Possible Chances and Difficulties in the Use of CFX for Water Hammer Calculations
106(3)
6.7.1 Benchmark Test for Influence of Numerical Diffusion in Water Hammer Calculations
107(2)
6.8 CFD -- The Future of Safety Technology?
109(4)
References
110(3)
7 CFD-Modeling for Optimizing the Function of Low-Pressure Valves
113(8)
Frank Helmsen
Tobias Kirchner
References
119(2)
Part Three Fire and Explosions -- are CFD Simulations Really Profitable?
121(58)
8 Consequences of Pool Fires to LNG Ship Cargo tanks
123(16)
Benjamin Scholz
Gerd-Michael Wuersig
8.1 Introduction
123(2)
8.2 Evaluation of Heat Transfer
125(3)
8.2.1 Simplified Steady-State Model (One-Dimensional)
125(1)
8.2.2 Different Phases of Deterioration
126(1)
8.2.3 Possibility of Film Boiling
127(1)
8.2.4 Burning Insulation
128(1)
8.3 CFD-Calculations
128(8)
8.3.1 Buckling Check of the Weather Cover
129(1)
8.3.2 Checking the CFD Model
129(2)
8.3.3 Temperature Evaluation of Weather Cover/Insulation
131(1)
8.3.3.1 Temperature Distribution inside the Insulation
131(1)
8.3.3.2 Hold Space Temperature Distribution During Incident
132(1)
8.3.4 Results of CFD Calculation in Relation to Duration of Pool Fire Burning According to the Sandia Report
133(3)
8.3.5 CFD -- the Future in Safety Technology?
136(1)
8.4 Conclusions
136(3)
References
137(2)
9 CFD Simulation of Large Hydrocarbon and Peroxide Pool Fires
139(20)
Axel Schonbucher
Stefan Schalike
Iris Vela
Klaus-Dieter Wehrstedt
9.1 Introduction
139(1)
9.2 Governing Equations
139(1)
9.3 Turbulence Modeling
140(1)
9.4 Combustion Modeling
141(1)
9.5 Radiation Modeling
142(2)
9.6 CFD Simulation
144(1)
9.7 Results and Discussion
145(9)
9.7.1 Flame Temperature
145(2)
9.7.2 Surface Emissive Power (SEP)
147(2)
9.7.3 Irradiance
149(1)
9.7.4 Critical Thermal Distances
150(4)
9.8 Conclusions
154(1)
9.9 CFD -- The Future of Safety Technology?
154(5)
References
155(4)
10 Modeling Fire Scenarios and Smoke Migration in Structures
159(20)
Ulrich Krause
Frederik Rabe
Christian Knaust
10.1 Introduction
159(2)
10.2 Hierarchy of Fire Models
161(1)
10.3 Balance Equations for Mass, Momentum, and Heat Transfer (CFD Models)
162(2)
10.4 Zone Models
164(1)
10.5 Plume Models
164(2)
10.6 Computational Examples
166(9)
10.6.1 Isothermal Turbulent Flow through a Room with Three Openings
166(2)
10.6.2 Buoyant Non-Reacting Flow over a Heated Surface
168(2)
10.6.3 Simulation of an Incipient Fire in a Trailer House
170(4)
10.6.4 Simulation of Smoke Migration
174(1)
10.7 Conclusions
175(1)
10.8 CFD -- The Future of Safety Technology?
175(4)
References
177(2)
Part Four CFD Tomorrow -- The Way to CFD as a Standard Tool in Safety Technology
179(80)
11 The ERCOFTAC Knowledge Base Wiki -- An Aid for Validating CFD Models
181(8)
Wolfgang Rodi
11.1 Introduction
181(1)
11.2 Structure of the Knowledge Base Wiki
182(2)
11.2.1 Application Challenges (AC)
182(1)
11.2.2 Underlying Flow Regimes (UFR)
183(1)
11.3 Content of the Knowledge Base
184(1)
11.4 Interaction with Users
185(1)
11.5 Concluding Remarks
185(4)
12 CFD at its Limits: Scaling Issues, Uncertain Data, and the User's Role
189(24)
Matthias Munch
Rupert Klein
12.1 Numerics and Under-Resolved Simulations
190(6)
12.1.1 Numerical Discretizations and Under-Resolution
190(1)
12.1.2 Turbulence Modeling
191(1)
12.1.2.1 Reynolds-Averaged Navier--Stokes (RANS) Models
192(2)
12.1.2.2 Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Models
194(2)
12.2 Uncertainties
196(3)
12.2.1 Dependency of Flow Simulations on Uncertain Parameters: Basic Remarks
196(2)
12.2.2 Polynomial Chaos and Other Spectral Expansion Techniques
198(1)
12.3 Theory and Practice
199(9)
12.3.1 Reliability of CFD Program Results
200(1)
12.3.1.1 Verification and Validation
200(1)
12.3.1.2 The User's Influence
200(1)
12.3.2 Examples
201(1)
12.3.2.1 User's Choice of Submodels
201(1)
12.3.2.2 Influence of a Model's Limits of Applicability
202(4)
12.3.2.3 The Influence of Grid Dependency
206(1)
12.3.2.4 Influence of Boundary Conditions
207(1)
12.4 Conclusions
208(5)
References
210(3)
13 Validation of CFD Models for the Prediction of Gas Dispersion in Urban and Industrial Environments
213(20)
Michael Schatzmann
Bernd Leitl
13.1 Introduction
213(1)
13.2 Types of CFD Models
214(1)
13.3 Validation Data
215(12)
13.3.1 Validation Data Requirements
215(3)
13.3.2 Analysis of Data from an Urban Monitoring Station
218(9)
13.4 Wind Tunnel Experiments
227(2)
13.5 Summary
229(4)
References
231(2)
14 CFD Methods in Safety Technology -- Useful Tools or Useless Toys?
233(26)
Henning Bockhorn
14.1 Introduction
233(1)
14.2 Characteristic Properties of Combustion Systems
234(13)
14.2.1 Ignition of Flammable Mixtures
234(3)
14.2.2 Ignition Delay Times
237(2)
14.2.3 Laminar Flame Velocities
239(3)
14.2.4 Turbulent Flame Velocities
242(5)
14.3 Practical Problems
247(9)
14.3.1 Mixing of Fuels with Air in Jet-In-Cross-Flow Set-ups
247(4)
14.3.2 Chemical Reactors for High-Temperature Reactions
251(5)
14.4 Outlook
256(3)
References
257(2)
Part Five Dynamic Systems -- Are 1D Models Sufficient?
259(72)
15 Dynamic Modeling of Disturbances in Distillation Columns
261(14)
Daniel Staak
Aristides Morillo
Gunter Wozny
15.1 Introduction
261(1)
15.2 Dynamic Simulation Model
262(6)
15.2.1 Column Stage
263(1)
15.2.1.1 Balance Equations
264(1)
15.2.1.2 Phase Equilibrium
265(1)
15.2.1.3 Incoming Vapor Flow
265(1)
15.2.1.4 Outgoing Liquid Flow
265(1)
15.2.1.5 Additional Equations
266(1)
15.2.2 Relief Device
266(2)
15.3 Case Study
268(1)
15.4 CFD-The Future of Safety Technology?
269(3)
15.5 Nomenclature
272(3)
References
274(1)
16 Dynamic Process Simulation for the Evaluation of Upset Conditions in Chemical Plants in the Process Industry
275(20)
16.1 Introduction
275(2)
16.1.1 Dynamic Process Simulation for Process Safety
276(1)
16.2 Application of Dynamic Process Simulation
277(16)
16.2.1 Rectification Systems
277(1)
16.2.1.1 General
277(1)
16.2.1.2 Verification of the Dynamic Process Simulation
278(6)
16.2.1.3 Process Safety-Related Application of a Dynamic Process Simulator
284(4)
16.2.2 Hydrogen Plant
288(1)
16.2.2.1 General
288(1)
16.2.2.2 Model Building and Verification of the Dynamic Process Simulation
289(4)
16.3 Conclusion
293(1)
16.4 Dynamic Process Simulation -- The Future of Safety Technology?
293(2)
17 The Process Safety Toolbox -- The Importance of Method Selection for Safety-Relevant Calculations
295(18)
Andy Jones
17.1 Introduction -- The Process Safety Toolbox
295(1)
17.2 Flow through Nitrogen Piping During Distillation Column Pressurization
296(5)
17.2.1 Initial Design Based on Steady-State Assumptions
296(1)
17.2.2 Damage to Column Internals
297(1)
17.2.3 Dynamic Model of Nitrogen Flow Rates and Column Pressurization
297(4)
17.3 Tube Failure in a Wiped-Film Evaporator
301(5)
17.3.1 Tube Failure -- A Potentially Dangerous Overpressurization Scenario
301(2)
17.3.2 Required Relieving Rate Based on Steam Flow -- An Unsafe Assumption
303(1)
17.3.3 Required Relieving Rate Based on Water Flow -- An Expensive Assumption
303(1)
17.3.4 Dynamic Simulation of Wiped-Film Evaporator -- An Optimal Solution
304(2)
17.4 Phenol-Formaldehyde Uncontrolled Exothermic Reaction
306(2)
17.4.1 Assumptions Regarding Single-Phase Venting
306(1)
17.4.2 Will Two-Phase Venting Occur?
306(1)
17.4.3 Effect of Disengagement Behavior on Required Relieving Rate and Area
307(1)
17.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics -- Is It Ever Necessary?
308(1)
17.5.1 Design of Storage Tanks for Thermally Sensitive Liquids
308(1)
17.5.2 Dispersion of Sprayed Droplets during Application of a Surface Coating
308(1)
17.5.3 Dispersion of Heat and Chemical Substances
309(1)
17.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics -- The Future of Safety Technology?
309(4)
References
311(2)
18 CFD for Reconstruction of the Buncefield Incident
313(18)
Simon E. Gant
G.T. Atkinson
18.1 Introduction
313(1)
18.2 Observations from the CCTV Records
314(4)
18.2.1 Progress of the Mist
314(3)
18.2.2 Wind Speed
317(1)
18.2.3 Final Extent of the Mist
317(1)
18.2.4 What Was the Visible Mist?
318(1)
18.3 CFD Modeling of the Vapor Cloud Dispersion
318(10)
18.3.1 Initial Model Tests
318(1)
18.3.2 Vapor Source Term
319(1)
18.3.3 CFD Model Description
320(1)
18.3.4 Sensitivity Tests
320(1)
18.3.4.1 Grid Resolution
321(1)
18.3.4.2 Turbulence
321(1)
18.3.4.3 Ground Topology
322(1)
18.3.4.4 Hedges and Obstacles
323(1)
18.3.4.5 Ground Surface Roughness
324(1)
18.3.4.6 Summary of Sensitivity Tests
325(1)
18.3.5 Final Dispersion Simulations
325(3)
18.4 Conclusions
328(1)
18.5 CFD: The Future of Safety Technology?
328(3)
References
329(2)
Part Six Contributions for Discussion
331(42)
19 Do We Really Want to Calculate the Wrong Problem as Exactly as Possible? The Relevance of Initial and Boundary Conditions in Treating the Consequences of Accidents
333(16)
Ulrich Hauptmanns
19.1 Introduction
333(1)
19.2 Models
334(5)
19.2.1 Leaks
334(1)
19.2.1.1 Leak Size
334(1)
19.2.1.2 Geometry of the Aperture
335(1)
19.2.2 Discharge of a Gas
335(1)
19.2.2.1 Filling Ratio
336(1)
19.2.2.2 Duration of Release
336(1)
19.2.2.3 Ambient Temperature and Pressure
336(1)
19.2.3 Atmospheric Dispersion
337(1)
19.2.3.1 Wind Speed
337(1)
19.2.3.2 Eddy Coefficient
337(1)
19.2.4 Health Effects
338(1)
19.3 Case Study
339(6)
19.3.1 Deterministic Calculations
339(1)
19.3.2 Sensitivity Studies
339(3)
19.3.3 Probabilistic Calculations
342(3)
19.4 Conclusions
345(4)
References
346(3)
20 Can Software Ever be Safe?
349(20)
Frank Schiller
Tina Mattes
20.1 Introduction
349(1)
20.2 Basics
350(4)
20.2.1 Definitions
350(1)
20.2.2 General Strategies
351(1)
20.2.2.1 Perfect Systems
351(1)
20.2.2.2 Fault-Tolerant Systems
352(1)
20.2.2.3 Error-Tolerant Systems
353(1)
20.2.2.4 Fail-Safe Systems
354(1)
20.3 Software Errors and Error Handling
354(12)
20.3.1 Software Development Errors
355(1)
20.3.1.1 Errors in Software Development
355(1)
20.3.1.2 Process Models for Software Development
355(3)
20.3.2 Errors and Methods concerning Errors in Source Code
358(1)
20.3.2.1 Errors in Source Code
358(4)
20.3.2.2 Methods for Preventing Software Errors
362(4)
20.4 Potential Future Approaches
366(1)
20.5 CFD - The Future of Safety Technology?
367(2)
References
367(2)
21 CFD Modeling: Are Experiments Superfluous?
369(4)
B. Jorgensen
D. Moncalvo
References
371(2)
Index 373
Jürgen Schmidt has worked as a safety expert for more than 25 years at Hoechst AG, Frankfurt and BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Since 2002 he lectures in Process and Plant Safety at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. Prof. Schmidt studied Process Engineering at the University Bochum, Germany, and at the Texas A&M University, USA. His main fi elds of interest are smart safety concepts (combining safety and economics), two-phase gas/liquid flow, safety devices and cyclone separators, high pressure fluid flow and condensation in natural gas pipelines. He has published more than 100 scientifi c articles in these areas. Prof. Schmidt is member of the steering committee of ProcessNet?s Safety Engineering Section (a group of Dechema) in Germany and chairs the working group 'Safe Design of Chemical Plants'. Currently he leads ISO's standardization working party for 'Flashing liquids in safety devices'. In addition he is member of the board in the European DIERS User Group. He has received numerous awards from the Industry and the European Process Safety Centre.
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783527645725_pe.html