| About the Author |
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ix | |
| Preface |
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xi | |
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1 Technical Progress and Its Consequences |
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1 | (24) |
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1.1 Technical Progress in Relay Protection |
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12 | (2) |
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1.2 Microprocessors -- The Basis of the Contemporary Stage of Technical Progress |
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14 | (1) |
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1.3 Smart Grid -- A Dangerous Vector of `Technical Progress' in Power Engineering |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4 Dangerous Trends in the Development of Relay Protection Equipment |
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16 | (9) |
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22 | (3) |
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2 Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Threats |
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25 | (40) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 A Brief Historical Background |
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25 | (1) |
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2.3 The First Reliable Information on HEMP as Well as Protection Methods in the Field of Electrical Power Engineering |
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26 | (1) |
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2.4 The Actual Situation with Respect to the Protection of Power Electrical Systems from HEMP and other Types of Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Threats |
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27 | (3) |
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2.5 Medium and Short-Range Missile Systems -- Potential Sources of Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Threats that Anti-Missile Defence Systems Are Powerless to Defend Against |
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30 | (4) |
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2.6 What is Needed to Actually Defend the Country Against an `Electromagnetic Armageddon'? |
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34 | (1) |
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2.7 The Classification and Specifics of High Power Electromagnetic Threats |
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35 | (18) |
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2.8 The Effect of HPEM on Microprocessor-based Relay Protection Systems |
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53 | (3) |
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2.9 The Principle Technical Standards in the HEMP Field |
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56 | (9) |
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59 | (6) |
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3 Methods and Techniques of Protecting DPR from EMP |
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65 | (6) |
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3.1 The Sensitivity of DPR to Electromagnetic Threats |
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65 | (3) |
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3.2 Methods of Protection from HEMP |
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68 | (3) |
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69 | (2) |
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4 Passive Methods and Techniques of Protecting DPR from EMP |
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71 | (42) |
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71 | (1) |
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4.2 The Earthing of Sensitive Electronic Apparatus |
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72 | (8) |
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80 | (14) |
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80 | (7) |
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4.3.2 LC Section-based Filters |
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87 | (7) |
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4.4 Non-linear Overvoltage Limiters |
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94 | (5) |
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4.5 Shielding of the Control Cables |
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99 | (6) |
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4.6 Design Changes to DPR |
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105 | (4) |
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4.6.1 Analogue Input Points |
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105 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Discrete Input Points |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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4.7 Construction Materials |
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109 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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5 Active Methods and Techniques of Protecting DPR from EMP |
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113 | (36) |
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5.1 A New Principle in the Active Protection of DPR |
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113 | (9) |
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5.2 Current and Voltage Sensors with Regulated Pickup Threshold based on Reed Switches |
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122 | (6) |
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5.3 Technical and Economic Aspects Affecting the Active Methods of Protecting DPR |
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128 | (13) |
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5.4 Protecting the Circuit Breaker Remote Control System |
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141 | (8) |
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146 | (3) |
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6 Testing the DPR Immunity to HPEM |
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149 | (28) |
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6.1 An Analysis of Sources of HPEM |
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149 | (4) |
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6.2 The Parameters of Testing DPR for Immunity to HEMP |
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153 | (1) |
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6.3 The Parameters for Testing Immunity to Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) |
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154 | (1) |
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6.4 Testing Equipment for Testing Immunity to HPEM |
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155 | (11) |
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6.5 Use of the Performance Criteria During Testing of Electronic Apparatus for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) |
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166 | (1) |
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6.6 The Idiosyncrasies of using Performance Criteria during Testing of Microprocessor Based Relay Protection Devices for their Immunity to HPEM |
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167 | (1) |
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6.7 A critique of the Method of Testing of the DPR Used in [ 6.16] |
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168 | (2) |
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6.8 An Analysis of the Results of the Second Independent Test of a DPR of the Same Type |
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170 | (3) |
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6.9 Conclusions and Recommendations for Testing Microprocessor Based Protective Relays |
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173 | (4) |
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174 | (3) |
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7 Administrative and Technical Measures to Protect DPR from EMP |
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177 | (28) |
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7.1 Problems with the Standardization of DPR |
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177 | (12) |
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7.1.1 Who Coordinates the Process of Standardization in the Field of Relay Protection? |
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177 | (2) |
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7.1.2 The Fundamental Principles of the Standardization of DPR |
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179 | (10) |
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7.2 The Fundamental Principles for the Standardization of DPR Testing |
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189 | (6) |
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7.2.1 A New Look at the Problem |
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190 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Modern Testing Systems to Test Protective Relays |
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192 | (1) |
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7.2.3 The Problems with Modern Protective Relay Testing Systems |
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193 | (1) |
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7.2.4 A Proposed Solution to the Problem |
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194 | (1) |
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7.3 Establishment of Reserves of Electronic Equipment Replacement Modules as a Way to Improve the Survivability of the Power System |
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195 | (10) |
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7.3.1 Optimizing the Capacity of Reserves of Replacement Modules |
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195 | (1) |
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7.3.2 The Problem of Storing SPTA Reserves |
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196 | (6) |
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202 | (3) |
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8 Protecting High-Power Electrical Equipment from EMP |
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205 | (12) |
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8.1 The Magneto-Hydrodynamic Effect of HEMP |
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205 | (2) |
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8.2 The Influence of the E3 HEMP Component on High-Power Electrical Equipment |
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207 | (1) |
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8.3 Protection of High-Power Equipment from the Impact of Geo-Magnetically Induced Currents (GIC) |
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208 | (9) |
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216 | (1) |
| Appendix: EMP and its Impact on the Power System |
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217 | (6) |
| Index |
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223 | |
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