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E-raamat: Protective Relaying: Theory and Applications 2nd edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(ABB Power T&D Company, Inc., Coral Springs, Florida, USA)
  • Formaat: 428 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Sep-2003
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9780429223426
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Protective Relaying: Theory and Applications 2nd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 428 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Sep-2003
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9780429223426
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429223426
Targeting the latest microprocessor technologies for more sophisticated applications in the field of power system short circuit detection, this revised and updated source imparts fundamental concepts and breakthrough science for the isolation of faulty equipment and minimization of damage in power system apparatus. The Second Edition clearly describes key procedures, devices, and elements crucial to the protection and control of power system function and stability. It includes chapters and expertise from the most knowledgeable experts in the field of protective relaying, and describes microprocessor techniques and troubleshooting strategies in clear and straightforward language.
Preface iii
1 Introduction and General Philosophies 1(10)
Revised by W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
1(1)
2 Classification of Relays
1(1)
2.1 Analog/Digital/Numerical
2(1)
3 Protective Relaying Systems and Their Design
2(2)
3.1 Design Criteria
3(1)
3.2 Factors Influencing Relay Performance
4(1)
3.3 Zones of Protection
4(1)
4 Applying Protective Relays
4(2)
4.1 System Configuration
5(1)
4.2 Existing System Protection and Procedures
5(1)
4.3 Degree of Protection Required
5(1)
4.4 Fault Study
5(1)
4.5 Maximum Loads, Transformer Data, and Impedances
6(1)
5 Relays and Application Data
6(3)
5.1 Switchboard Relays
6(1)
5.2 Rack-Mounted Relays
7(2)
6 Circuit-Breaker Control
9(1)
7 Comparison of Symbols
9(2)
2 Technical Tools of the Relay Engineer: Phasors, Polarity, and Symmetrical Components 11(32)
Revised by W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
11(1)
2 Phasors
11(4)
2.1 Circuit Diagram Notation for Current and Flux
11(1)
2.2 Circuit Diagram Notation for Voltage
12(1)
2.3 Phasor Notation
12(1)
2.4 Phasor Diagram Notation
13(2)
2.5 Phase Rotation vs. Phasor Rotation
15(1)
3 Polarity in Relay Circuits
15(3)
3.1 Polarity of Transformers
15(1)
3.2 Polarity of Protective Relays
15(1)
3.3 Characteristics of Directional Relays
16(1)
3.4 Connections of Directional Units to Three-Phase Power Systems
17(1)
4 Faults on Power Systems
18(3)
4.1 Fault Types and Causes
18(2)
4.2 Characteristics of Faults
20(1)
5 Symmetrical Components
21(21)
5.1 Basic Concepts
21(2)
5.2 System Neutral
23(1)
5.3 Sequences in a Three-Phase Power System
23(1)
5.4 Sequence Impedances
24(2)
5.5 Sequence Networks
26(1)
5.6 Sequence Network Connections and Voltages
27(1)
5.7 Network Connections for Fault and General Unbalances
28(1)
5.8 Sequence Network Reduction
29(3)
5.9 Example of Fault Calculation on a Loop-Type Power System
32(5)
5.10 Phase Shifts Through Transformer Banks
37(2)
5.11 Fault Evaluations
39(3)
6 Symmetrical Components and Relaying
42(1)
3 Basic Relay Units 43(28)
Revised by W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
43(1)
2 Electromechanical Units
43(4)
2.1 Magnetic Attraction Units
43(2)
2.2 Magnetic Induction Units
45(2)
2.3 D'Arsonval Units
47(1)
2.4 Thermal Units
47(1)
3 Sequence Networks
47(3)
3.1 Zero Sequence Networks
47(1)
3.2 Composite Sequence Current Networks
48(1)
3.3 Sequence Voltage Networks
49(1)
4 Solid-State Units
50(4)
4.1 Semiconductor Components
50(2)
4.2 Solid-State Logic Units
52(1)
4.3 Principal Logic Units
52(2)
5 Basic Logic Circuits
54(9)
5.1 Fault-Sensing Data Processing Units
54(5)
5.2 Amplification Units
59(1)
5.3 Auxiliary Units
59(4)
6 Integrated Circuits
63(7)
6.1 Operational Amplifier
63(2)
6.2 Basic Operational Amplifier Units
65(3)
6.3 Relay Applications of Operational Amplifier
68(2)
7 Microprocessor Architecture
70(1)
4 Protection Against Transients and Surges 71
W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
71(2)
1.1 Electrostatic Induction
71(1)
1.2 Electromagnetic Induction
72(1)
1.3 Differential- and Common-Mode Classifications
72(1)
2 Transients Originating in the High-Voltage System
73(1)
2.1 Capacitor Switching
73(1)
2.2 Bus Deenergization
73(1)
2.3 Transmission Line Switching
74
2.4 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CCVT) Switching
14(60)
2.5 Other Transient Sources
74(1)
3 Transients Originating in the Low-Voltage System
74(1)
3.1 Direct Current Coil Interruption
74(1)
3.2 Direct Current Circuit Energization
75(1)
3.3 Current Transformer Saturation
75(1)
3.4 Grounding of Battery Circuit
75(1)
4 Protective Measures
75(6)
4.1 Separation
75(2)
4.2 Suppression at the Source
77(1)
4.3 Suppression by Shielding
77(1)
4.4 Suppression by Twisting
77(1)
4.5 Radial Routing of Control Cables
78(1)
4.6 Buffers
78(1)
4.7 Optical Isolators
78(1)
4.8 Increased Energy Requirement
79(2)
5 Instrument Transformers for Relaying 81(14)
W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
81(1)
2 Current Transformers
81(1)
2.1 Saturation
81(1)
2.2 Effect of do Component
82(1)
3 Equivalent Circuit
82(1)
4 Estimation of Current Transformer Performance
82(5)
4.1 Formula Method
83(1)
4.2 Excitation Curve Method
83(2)
4.3 ANSI Standard: Current Transformer Accuracy Classes
85(2)
5 European Practice
87(1)
5.1 TPX
88(1)
5.2 TPY
88(1)
5.3 TPZ
88(1)
6 Direct Current Saturation
88(1)
7 Residual Flux
89(2)
8 MOCT
91(1)
9 Voltage Transformers and Coupling Capacitance Voltage Transformers
91(2)
9.1 Equivalent Circuit of a Voltage Transformer
91(1)
9.2 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers
92(1)
9.3 MOVT/EOVT
93(1)
10 Neutral Inversion
93(2)
6 Microprocessor Relaying Fundamentals 95(10)
W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
95(2)
2 Sampling Problems
97(1)
3 Aliasing
97(1)
4 How to Overcome Aliasing
98(1)
4.1 Antialiasing Filters
98(1)
4.2 Nonsynchronous Sampling
98(1)
5 Choice of Measurement Principle
99(4)
5.1 rms Calculation
100(1)
5.2 Digital Filters
100(1)
5.3 Fourier-Notch Filter
100(1)
5.4 Another Digital Filter
101(1)
5.5 dc Offset Compensation
101(1)
5.6 Symmetrical Component Filter
102(1)
5.7 Leading-Phase Identification
102(1)
5.8 Fault Detectors
102(1)
6 Self Testing
103(1)
6.1 Dead-Man Timer
103(1)
6.2 Analog Test
103(1)
6.3 Check-Sum
103(1)
6.4 RAM Test
103(1)
6.5 Nonvolatile Memory Test
103(1)
7 Conclusions
104(1)
7 System Grounding and Protective Relaying 105(12)
Revised by W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
105(1)
2 Ungrounded Systems
105(3)
2.1 Ground Faults on Ungrounded Systems
105
2.2 Ground Fault Detection on Ungrounded Systems
101(7)
3 Reactance Grounding
108(2)
3.1 High-Reactance Grounding
108(1)
3.2 Resonant Grounding (Ground Fault Neutralizer)
109(1)
3.3 Low-Reactance Grounding
109(1)
4 Resistance Grounding
110(2)
4.1 Low-Resistance Grounding
110(1)
4.2 High-Resistance Grounding
111(1)
5 Sensitive Ground Relaying
112(2)
5.1 Ground Overcurrent Relay with Conventional Current Transformers
112(1)
5.2 Ground Product Relay with Conventional Current Transformers
113(1)
5.3 Ground Overcurrent Relay with Zero Sequence Current Transformers
114(1)
6 Ground Fault Protection for Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
114(3)
6.1 Unigrounded Four-Wire Systems
114(1)
6.2 Multigrounded Four-Wire Systems
115(2)
8 Generator Protection 117(28)
Revised by C. L. Downs
1 Introduction
117(1)
2 Choice of Technology
117(1)
3 Phase Fault Detection
117(3)
3.1 Percentage Differential Relays (Device 87)
118(1)
3.2 High Impedance Differential Relays (Device 81)
119(1)
3.3 Machine Connections
119(1)
3.4 Split-Phase
119(1)
4 Stator Ground Fault Protection
120(3)
4.1 Unit-Connected Schemes
120(1)
4.2 95% Ground Relays
120(1)
4.3 Neutral-to-Ground Fault Detection (Device 87N3)
121(1)
4.4 100% Winding Protection
122(1)
5 Backup Protection
123(3)
5.1 Unbalanced Faults
123(1)
5.2 Balanced Faults
124(2)
6 Overload Protection
126(1)
6.1 RTD Schemes (Device 49)
126(1)
6.2 Thermal Replicas (Device 49)
126(1)
7 Volts per Hertz Protection
126(1)
8 Overspeed Protection
126(1)
9 Loss-of-Excitation Protection
127(3)
9.1 Causes of Machine Loss of Field
127(1)
9.2 Hazard
127(1)
9.3 Loss-of-Field Relays
128(1)
9.4 KLF and KLF-1 Curves
129(1)
9.5 Two-Zone KLF Scheme
129(1)
10 Protection Against Generator Motoring
130(2)
10.1 Steam Turbines
131(1)
10.2 Diesel Engines
131(1)
10.3 Gas Turbines
131(1)
10.4 Hydraulic Turbines
131(1)
11 Inadvertent Energization
132(2)
12 Field Ground Detection
134(2)
12.1 Brush-Type Machine
135(1)
12.2 Brushless Machines
136(1)
12.3 Injection Scheme for Field Ground Detection
136(1)
13 Alternating-Current Overvoltage Protection for Hydroelectric Generators
136(1)
14 Generator Protection at Reduced Frequencies
136(2)
15 Off Frequency Operation
138(1)
16 Recommended Protection
139(1)
17 Out-of-Step Protection
139(1)
18 Bus Transfer Systems for Station Auxiliaries
139(4)
18.1 Fast Transfer
139(1)
18.2 Choice of Fast Transfer Scheme
140(2)
18.3 Slow Transfer
142(1)
19 Microprocessor-Based Generator Protection
143(2)
9 Motor Protection 145(18)
Revised by C. L. Downs
1 Introduction
145(2)
1.1 General Requirements
145(1)
1.2 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit
146(1)
1.3 Motor Thermal Capability Curves
146(1)
2 Phase-Fault Protection
147(1)
3 Ground-Fault Protection
147(2)
4 Locked-Rotor Protection
149(4)
5 Overload Protection
153(1)
6 Thermal Relays
153(2)
6.1 RTD-Input-Type Relays
154(1)
6.2 Thermal Replica Relays
154(1)
7 Low-Voltage Protection
155(1)
8 Phase-Rotation Protection
155(1)
9 Negative Sequence Voltage Protection
155(1)
10 Phase-Unbalance Protection
156(1)
11 Negative Sequence Current Relays
157(1)
12 Jam Protection
157(1)
13 Load Loss Protection
157(1)
14 Out-of-Step Protection
158(1)
15 Loss of Excitation
158(1)
16 Typical Application Combinations
159(4)
10 Transformer and Reactor Protection 163(50)
Revised by J. J. McGowan
1 Introduction
163(1)
2 Magnetizing Inrush
163(3)
2.1 Initial Inrush
163(2)
2.2 Recovery Inrush
165(1)
2.3 Sympathetic Inrush
165(1)
3 Differential Relaying for Transformer Protection
166(7)
3.1 Differential Relays for Transformer Protection
166(5)
3.2 General Guidelines for Transformer Differential Relaying Application
171(2)
4 Sample Checks for Applying Transformer Differential Relays
173(7)
4.1 Checks for Two-Winding Banks
173(5)
4.2 Checks for Multiwinding Banks
178(2)
4.3 Modern Microprocessor Relay
180(1)
5 Typical Application of Transformer Protection
180(13)
5.1 Differential Scheme with Harmonic Restraint Relay Supervision
180(2)
5.2 Ground Source on Delta Side
182(1)
5.3 Three-Phase Banks of Single-Phase Units
183(1)
5.4 Differential Protection of a Generator-Transformer Unit
183(1)
5.5 Overexcitation Protection of a Generator-Transformer Unit
184(1)
5.6 Sudden-Pressure Relay (SPR)
185(1)
5.7 Overcurrent and Backup Protection
185(7)
5.8 Distance Relaying for Backup Protection
192(1)
5.9 Overcurrent Relay with HRU Supplement
192(1)
6 Typical Protective Schemes for Industrial and Commercial Power Transformers
193(4)
7 Remote Tripping of Transformer Bank
197(1)
8 Protection of Phase-Angle Regulators and Voltage Regulators
197(5)
9 Zig-Zag Transformer Protection
202(1)
10 Protection of Shunt Reactors
203(10)
10.1 Shunt Reactor Applications
203(2)
10.2 Rate-of-Rise-of-Pressure Protection
205(1)
10.3 Overcurrent Protection
205(1)
10.4 Differential Protection
206(1)
10.5 Reactors on Delta System
207(2)
10.6 Turn-to-Turn Faults
209(4)
11 Station-Bus Protection 213(16)
Revised by Solveig Ward
1 Introduction
213(3)
1.1 Current Transformer Saturation Problem and Its Solutions on Bus Protection
213(2)
1.2 Information Required for the Preparation of a Bus Protective Scheme
215(1)
1.3 Normal Practices on Bus Protection
215(1)
2 Bus Differential Relaying with Overcurrent Relays
216(1)
2.1 Overcurrent Differential Protection
216(1)
2.2 Improved Overcurrent Differential Protection
216(1)
3 Multirestraint Differential System
217(2)
4 High Impedance Differential System
219(3)
4.1 Factors that Relate to the Relay Setting
221(1)
4.2 Factors that Relate to the High-Voltage Problem
221(1)
4.3 Setting Example for the KAB Bus Protection
222(1)
5 Differential Comparator Relays
222(1)
6 Protecting a Bus that Includes a Transformer Bank
223(1)
7 Protecting a Double-Bus Single-Breaker with Bus Tie Arrangement
224(2)
8 Other Bus Protective Schemes
226(3)
8.1 Partial Differential Relaying
226(1)
8.2 Directional Comparison Relaying
227(1)
8.3 Fault Bus (Ground-Fault Protection Only)
227(2)
12 Line and Circuit Protection 229(94)
Revised by Elmo Price
1 Introduction
229(2)
1.1 Classification of Electric Power Lines
229(1)
1.2 Techniques for Line Protection
229(1)
1.3 Selecting a Protective System
229(1)
1.4 Relays for Phase- and Ground-Fault Protection
230(1)
1.5 Multiterminal and Tapped Lines and Weak Feed
230(1)
2 Overcurrent Phase- and Ground-Fault Protection
231(8)
2.1 Fault Detection
231(1)
2.2 Time Overcurrent Protection
232(5)
2.3 Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection
237(1)
2.4 Overcurrent Ground-Fault Protection
238(1)
3 Directional Overcurrent Phase- and Ground-Fault Protection
239(8)
3.1 Criteria for Phase Directional Overcurrent Relay Applications
239(1)
3.2 Criteria for Ground Directional Overcurrent Relay Applications
239(1)
3.3 Directional Ground-Relay Polarization
239(4)
3.4 Mutual Induction and Ground-Relay Directional Sensing
243(1)
3.5 Applications of Negative Sequence Directional Units for Ground Relays
244(1)
3.6 Selection of Directional Overcurrent Phase and Ground Relays
244(3)
4 Distance Phase and Ground Protection
247(20)
4.1 Fundamentals of Distance Relaying
247(3)
4.2 Phase-Distance Relays
250(4)
4.3 Ground-Distance Relays
254(3)
4.4 Effect of Line Length
257(3)
4.5 The Infeed Effect on Distance-Relay Application
260(1)
4.6 The Outfeed Effect on Distance-Relay Applications
261(1)
4.7 Effect of Tapped Transformer Bank on Relay Application
261(1)
4.8 Distance Relays with Transformer Banks at the Terminal
262(3)
4.9 Fault Resistance and Ground-Distance Relays
265(1)
4.10 Zero Sequence Mutual Impedance and Ground-Distance Relays
265(2)
5 Loop-System Protection
267(3)
5.1 Single-Source Loop-Circuit Protection
267(2)
5.2 Multiple-Source Loop Protection
269(1)
6 Short-Line Protection
270(3)
6.1 Definition of Short Line
270(1)
6.2 Problem Associated with Short-Line Protection
270(1)
6.3 Current-Only Scheme for Short-Line Protection
270(1)
6.4 Distance Relay for Short-Line Protection
270(3)
7 Series-Capacitor Compensated-Line Protection
273(3)
7.1 A Series-Capacitor Compensated Line
273(1)
7.2 Relaying Quantities Under Fault Conditions
273(2)
7.3 Distance Protection Behavior
275(1)
7.4 Practical Considerations
276(1)
8 Distribution Feeder Protection
276(5)
8.1 Relay Coordination with Reclosers and Sectionalizers on a Feeder
277(1)
8.2 Coordinating with Low-Voltage Breaker and Fuse
277(4)
Appendix A: Equation (12-2)
281(1)
Appendix B: Impedance Unit Characteristics
281(25)
B.1 Introduction
281(3)
B.2 Basic Application Example of a Phase Comparator
284(1)
B.3 Basic Application Example of a Magnitude Comparator
285(1)
B.4 Practical Comparator Applications in Distance Relaying
285(9)
B.5 Reverse Characteristics of an Impedance Unit
294(4)
B.6 Response of Distance Units to Different Types of Faults
298(4)
B.7 The Influence of Current Distribution Factors and Load Flow
302(3)
B.8 Derived Characteristics
305(1)
B.9 Apparent Impedance
305(1)
B.10 Summary
306(1)
Appendix C: Infeed Effect on Ground-Distance Relays
306(2)
C.1 Infeed Effect on Type KDXG, LDAR, and MDAR Ground-Distance Relays
306(1)
C.2 Infeed Effect on Type SDG and LDG Ground-Distance Relays
307(1)
Appendix D: Coordination in Multiple-Loop Systems
308(15)
D.1 System Information
308(1)
D.2 Relay Type Selection
308(1)
D.3 Relay Setting and Coordination
309(14)
13 Backup Protection 323(16)
Revised by E. D. Price
1 Introduction
323(1)
2 Remote vs. Local Backup
323(4)
2.1 Remote Backup
323(1)
2.2 Local Backup and Breaker Failure
324(2)
2.3 Applications Requiring Remote Backup with Breaker-Failure Protection
326(1)
3 Breaker-Failure Relaying Applications
327(2)
3.1 Single-Line/Single-Breaker Buses
327(1)
3.2 Breaker-and-a-Half and Ring Buses
328(1)
4 Traditional Breaker-Failure Scheme
329(3)
4.1 Timing Characteristics of the Traditional Breaker-Failure Scheme
329(1)
4.2 Traditional Breaker-Failure Relay Characteristics
330(1)
4.3 Microprocessor Relays
331(1)
5 An Improved Breaker-Failure Scheme
332(4)
5.1 Problems in the Traditional Breaker-Failure Scheme
332(1)
5.2 The Improved Breaker-Failure Scheme
333(1)
5.3 Type SBF-1 Relay
334(2)
6 Open Conductor and Breaker Pole Disagreement Protection
336(1)
7 Special Breaker-Failure Scheme for Single-Pole Trip-System Application
337(2)
14 System Stability and Out-of-Step Relaying 339(14)
W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
339(1)
2 Steady-State Stability
339(1)
3 Transient Stability
340(1)
4 Relay Quantities During Swings
341(2)
5 Effect of Out-of-Step Conditions
343(2)
5.1 Distance Relays
343(1)
5.2 Directional Comparison Systems
344(1)
5.3 Phase-Comparison or Pilot-Wire Systems
344(1)
5.4 Underreaching Transfer-Trip Schemes
344(1)
5.5 Circuit Breakers
344(1)
5.6 Overcurrent Relays
344(1)
5.7 Reclosing
344(1)
6 Out-of-Step Relaying
345(1)
6.1 Generator Out-of-Step Relaying
345(1)
6.2 Transmission-Line Out-of-Step Relaying
346(1)
7 Philosophies of Out-of-Step Relaying
346(1)
7.1 Utility Practice
347(1)
8 Types of Out-of-Step Schemes
347(1)
8.1 Concentric Circle Scheme
347(1)
8.2 Blinder Scheme
348(1)
9 Relays for Out-of-Step Systems
348(3)
9.1 Electromechanical Types
348(1)
9.2 Solid-State Types
349(2)
10 Selection of an Out-of-Step Relay System
351(2)
15 Voltage Stability 353(12)
L. Wang
1 Introduction
353(4)
1.1 Small-Disturbance Instability
353(2)
1.2 Large-Disturbance Instability
355(1)
1.3 Voltage Instability Incidents
356(1)
2 Voltage Instability Indices
357(5)
2.1 Indices Based on Current Operating Condition
357(3)
2.2 Indices Based on Stressed System Conditions
360(2)
2.3 Summary
362(1)
3 Voltage Instability Protection
362(3)
3.1 Reactive Power Control
362(1)
3.2 Load Tap Changer Blocking Schemes
362(1)
3.3 Load Shedding
362(3)
16 Reclosing and Synchronizing 365(16)
Revised by S. Ward
1 Introduction
365(1)
2 Reclosing Precautions
365(1)
3 Reclosing System Considerations
366(2)
3.1 One-Shot vs. Multiple-Shot Reclosing Relays
366(1)
3.2 Selective Reclosing
366(1)
3.3 Deionizing Times for Three-Pole Reclosing
366(1)
3.4 Synchronism Check
366(1)
3.5 Live-Line/Dead-Bus, Live-Bus/Dead-Line Control
367(1)
3.6 Instantaneous-Trip Lockout
367(1)
3.7 Intermediate Lockout
367(1)
3.8 Compatibility with Supervisory Control
367(1)
3.9 Inhibit Control
368(1)
3.10 Breaker Supervision Functions
368(1)
3.11 Factors Governing Application of Reclosing
368(1)
4 Considerations for Applications of Instantaneous Reclosing
368(1)
4.1 Feeders with No-Fault-Power Back-Feed and Minimum Motor Load
369(1)
4.2 Single Ties to Industrial Plants with Local Generation
369(1)
4.3 Lines with Sources at Both Ends
369(1)
5 Reclosing Relays and Their Operation
369(8)
5.1 Review of Breaker Operation
369(1)
5.2 Single-Shot Reclosing Relays
369(2)
5.3 Multishot Reclosing Relays
371(6)
6 Synchronism Check
377(2)
6.1 Phasing Voltage Synchronism Check Characteristic
377(1)
6.2 Angular Synchronism Check Characteristic
378(1)
7 Dead-Line or Dead-Bus Reclosing
379(1)
8 Automatic Synchronizing
379(2)
17 Load-Shedding and Frequency Relaying 381(14)
Revised by W. A. Elmore
1 Introduction
381(1)
2 Rate of Frequency Decline
381(2)
3 Load-Shedding
383(1)
4 Frequency Relays
384(1)
4.1 KF Induction-Cylinder Underfrequency Relay
384(1)
4.2 Digital Frequency Relays
385(1)
4.3 Microprocessor-Based Frequency Relay
385(1)
5 Formulating a Load-Shedding Scheme
385(4)
5.1 Maximum Anticipated Overload
385(1)
5.2 Number of Load-Shedding Steps
386(1)
5.3 Size of the Load Shed at Each Step
386(1)
5.4 Frequency Settings
387(1)
5.5 Time Delay
388(1)
5.6 Location of the Frequency Relays
388(1)
6 Special Considerations for Industrial Systems
389(1)
7 Restoring Service
390(1)
8 Other Frequency Relay Applications
391(4)
Bibliography 395(4)
Index 399


Walter A. Elmore (ABB Power T&D Company, Inc., Coral Springs, Florida, USA)
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