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E-raamat: Psychology of False Confessions: Forty Years of Science and Practice [Wiley Online]

(Institute of Psychiatry, London)
  • Wiley Online
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Provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the development of the science behind the psychology of false confessions

Four decades ago, little was known or understood about false confessions and the reasons behind them. So much has changed since then due in part to the diligent work done by Gisli H. Gudjonsson. This eye-opening book by the Icelandic/British clinical forensic psychologist, who in the mid 1970s had worked as detective in Reykjavik, offers a complete and current analysis of how the study of the psychology of false confessions came about, including the relevant theories and empirical/experimental evidence base. It also provides a reflective review of the gradual development of the science and how it can be applied to real life cases.

Based on Gudjonsson’s personal account of the biggest murder investigations in Iceland’s history, as well as other landmark cases, The Psychology of False Confessions: Forty Years of Science and Practice takes readers inside the minds of those who sit on both sides of the interrogation table to examine why confessions to crimes occur even when the confessor is innocent. Presented in three parts, the book covers how the science of studying false confessions emerged and grew to become a regular field of practice. It then goes deep into the investigation of the mid-1970s assumed murders of two men in Iceland and the people held responsible for them. It finishes with an in-depth psychological analysis of the confessions of the six people convicted.

  • Written by an expert extensively involved in the development of the science and its application to real life cases
  • Covers the most sensational murder cases in Iceland’s history
  • Deep analysis of the ‘Reykjavik Confessions’ adds crucial evidence to understanding how and why coerced-internalized false confessions occur, and their detrimental and lasting effects on memory

The Psychology of False Confessions: Forty Years of Science and Practice is an important source book for students, academics, criminologists, and clinical, forensic, and social psychologists and psychiatrists.

About the Author xv
Series Preface xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
Icelandic Names xxvii
Introduction 1(8)
A Brief Review of my Cases on Disputed Confessions (1980-2016)
3(1)
The Structure and Content of the Book
4(2)
The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases
6(3)
Part I: The Emerging Science and Practice 9(130)
1 An Era of Enquiry and Development
11(16)
My Early Research on Lie Detection
13(5)
The Sunday Times Experiment
18(2)
British Psychological Society Committees on Lie Detection
20(2)
Onward and Upward
22(2)
Conclusions
24(3)
2 The Impact of Real-Life Cases on Legal Changes, Police Practice, and Science
27(24)
The Confait Case
28(3)
The Guildford Four
31(4)
The Birmingham Six
35(2)
The Tottenham Three (Engin Raghip)
37(1)
The Case of Judith Ward
38(1)
The Cardiff Three (Stephen Miller)
39(6)
The PEACE Model of Interviewing
45(3)
Summary and Conclusions
48(3)
3 Interrogative Suggestibility
51(12)
The Experimental Approach
52(2)
The Individual Differences Approach
54(5)
The Gudjonsson and Clark Model
59(2)
Conclusions
61(2)
4 The Psychology of False Confessions: The Theories
63(24)
Definitions of False Confession
64(1)
An Early Conceptual Framework
64(2)
The Kassin and Wrightsman Threefold Classification
66(2)
Critique of the Kassin-Wrightsman Classification
68(5)
Key Components That Elicit and Facilitate the Internalization Process
73(1)
Memory Distrust Syndrome
74(3)
The Five Sequential Steps
77(4)
Immediate Versus Delayed Suggestibility
81(1)
A Heuristic Model of Internalized False Confessions
82(3)
Conclusions
85(2)
5 The Development of the Science: The Evidence Base
87(52)
Brief Summary of Theoretical Developments
88(9)
Landmark Early Studies on Police Interrogation
97(2)
False Confessions in Miscarriages of Justice Research
99(4)
Rate of Interrogation, Base Rate of Guilt, and False Confessions
103(5)
Type of Offence Falsely Confessed To
108(2)
Reasons Given for the False Confession
110(3)
'I'd Know a False Confession if I Saw One'
113(1)
Risk Factors
114(3)
Situational Risk Factors
117(7)
Personal Risk Factors
124(10)
The Psychological Effects of Interrogation
134(1)
Conclusions
134(5)
Part II: The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases 139(190)
6 Icelandic Society in the 1970s
141(18)
Brief History and Landscape
141(3)
The Constitution and Government
144(1)
The Police
145(3)
The Courts
148(1)
Prisons
149(1)
Drug Abuse Problems and Smuggling
150(2)
Media Frenzy
152(1)
Homicide in Iceland
153(4)
Conclusions
157(2)
7 The Keflavik Investigation and the First Confession
159(18)
The Investigation and Principal Characters
160(2)
The Disappearance of Geirfinnur Einarsson
162(1)
The Keflavik Investigation Into Geirfinnur's Disappearance
163(7)
The First Confession to Geirfinnur's Disappearance
170(4)
Conclusions
174(3)
8 The Confessions in the Gudmundur Einarsson Case
177(34)
The Post and Telecommunication Fraud
178(4)
The Disappearance of Gudmundur Einarsson
182(2)
The Gudmundur Einarsson Investigation
184(2)
The Confessions to Gudmundur Einarsson's Murder
186(19)
Thematic Analysis of the Successive Accounts
205(3)
The Supreme Court's Version of the Facts in the Gudmundur Einarsson Case
208(1)
Conclusions
208(3)
9 The Confessions in the Geirfinnur Einarsson Case
211(42)
The Prosecution Request for the Keflavik Papers
212(5)
Confessions Obtained by the Reykjavik Team
217(8)
The Reykjavik Task Force
225(4)
Key Task Force Statements
229(5)
Gudjon's Arrest and Subsequent Interrogations
234(4)
Thematic Analysis of the Successive Accounts
238(2)
The Keflavik Slipway Re-enactment
240(1)
The Overlap with Gudmundur Agnarsson's 'False' Confession
241(2)
The Press Conference: The Official Version of What Happened
243(4)
The Convictions
247(2)
Conclusions
249(4)
10 Misguiding Force
253(16)
Karl Schutz's Professional Background
254(1)
The Spiegel Investigation
254(1)
The Murder of Four Soldiers in Lebach
255(1)
The Baader-Meinhof Group
256(2)
Appointed to the Case
258(2)
Camera Shy
260(1)
The Cartoons and Legal Action
261(1)
The 'Indian Technique'
262(1)
Schutz's Foreword to his Book Kleinstadtmorder: Spur 1081
262(2)
The Der Spiegel 1979 Article
264(2)
Personal Impression of Karl Schutz
266(1)
Conclusions
266(3)
11 The Return of the Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases
269(10)
Helga Arnardottir's Telephone Call and the Diaries
269(2)
Meeting With Helga and Kristin
271(1)
The Content of the Diaries
272(4)
The Filming
276(1)
A Call From the Minister of the Interior
276(1)
Conclusions
277(2)
12 The Findings From the Working Group, Special Prosecutor, and Icelandic Court Cases Review Commission
279(50)
The Working Group
282(5)
The General Findings of the Working Group
287(2)
The Findings From the Psychological Evaluation
289(2)
The Testimony in the Reykjavik District Court
291(7)
The Findings of the Icelandic Court Cases Review Commission
298(27)
Ragnar Adalsteinsson's Letter to the Special Prosecutor
325(1)
Conclusions
326(3)
Part III: A Psychological Analysis of the Confessions of the Six Convicted Persons 329(108)
13 Did Saevar Ciesielski Have Undiagnosed ADHD?
331(24)
Salient Points
331(1)
Saevar's Interrogation
332(1)
Retractions
333(1)
Karl Schutz's View of Saevar
334(1)
Saevar's Speech Before the District Court
335(1)
Breidavik
335(2)
Breidavik's Public Enquiry
337(1)
Yes, Saevar Did Have Undiagnosed ADHD
338(2)
Evidence Supportive of ADHD During
Childhood and Adolescence
340(4)
The Pretrial Psychological/Psychiatric Evaluation
344(1)
The Impact of Saevar's ADHD on His Functioning During the Cases
345(2)
Was Saevar Coerced to Implicate Innocent People?
347(2)
The 'Real-Life' Lie Detector Test
349(3)
Conclusions
352(3)
14 Erla Bolladottir - A Vulnerable Young Woman
355(20)
Salient Points
355(3)
The Relationship with Saevar
358(2)
Erla's Interrogation
360(4)
Erla's Attempts to Retract Her Confessions
364(1)
The Pretrial Psychiatric Evaluation
364(2)
Karl Schutz's View of Erla
366(1)
Erla's Interview for the Working Group
367(1)
Models of Erla's Confessions
368(3)
Conclusions
371(4)
15 Kristjan Vidarsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession
375(10)
Salient Points
375(1)
Kristjan's Interrogation and Confinement
376(1)
Kristjan's Mental State in Solitary Confinement
377(1)
Retractions
378(1)
Karl Schutz's View of Kristjan
379(1)
The Pretrial Evaluation
379(1)
Kristjan's Interview for the Working Group
380(1)
A Heuristic Model of Kristjan's Confession
381(2)
Conclusions
383(2)
16 Tryggvi Leifsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession
385(20)
Salient Points
385(1)
History of False Confession?
386(1)
Evidence for Memory Distrust Syndrome
387(1)
Tryggvi's interrogation and confession
387(6)
Tryggvi's Diaries
393(1)
Did Tryggvi Have ADHD?
394(1)
A Heuristic Model of Tryggvi's Confession
395(3)
Conclusions
398(2)
An interview with Tryggvi's widow and daughter
400(5)
17 Gudjon Skarphedinsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession
405(20)
Salient Points
405(1)
Deterioration in Mental State
406(1)
The Arrest and Custody
407(3)
Karl Schatz's Perception of Gudj6n
410(1)
The 'Lie Detection'
410(5)
Gudjon's Diary
415(5)
A Heuristic Model of Gudjan's Confession
420(2)
After Release From Prison
422(1)
Conclusions
423(2)
18 Albert Skaftason's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession
425(12)
Salient Points
425(2)
Albert's Interrogation
427(1)
Memory Enhancement
428(1)
Albert's Account of Events, and His Personality
429(3)
A Heuristic Model of Albert's Confession
432(3)
Conclusions
435(2)
Conclusions 437(28)
Science and Practice - The Beginning
437(2)
The Development of the Science
439(7)
The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases
446(16)
Lessons Learned
462(3)
Appendix 1 465(6)
Appendix 2 471(6)
References 477(22)
Author Index 499(6)
Subject Index 505
GISLI H. GUDJONSSON, CBE, PHD, is an Emeritus Professor of Forensic Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, and a Professor of Psychology at Reykjavik University. He is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society and a registered practitioner (clinical and forensic) with the Health Care Professions Council (HCPC).