| About the Author |
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xv | |
| Series Preface |
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xvii | |
| Preface |
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xxi | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
| Icelandic Names |
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xxvii | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (8) |
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A Brief Review of my Cases on Disputed Confessions (1980-2016) |
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3 | (1) |
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The Structure and Content of the Book |
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4 | (2) |
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The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases |
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6 | (3) |
| Part I: The Emerging Science and Practice |
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9 | (130) |
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1 An Era of Enquiry and Development |
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11 | (16) |
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My Early Research on Lie Detection |
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13 | (5) |
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The Sunday Times Experiment |
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18 | (2) |
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British Psychological Society Committees on Lie Detection |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (3) |
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2 The Impact of Real-Life Cases on Legal Changes, Police Practice, and Science |
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27 | (24) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (4) |
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35 | (2) |
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The Tottenham Three (Engin Raghip) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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The Cardiff Three (Stephen Miller) |
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39 | (6) |
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The PEACE Model of Interviewing |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (3) |
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3 Interrogative Suggestibility |
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51 | (12) |
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The Experimental Approach |
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52 | (2) |
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The Individual Differences Approach |
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54 | (5) |
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The Gudjonsson and Clark Model |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (2) |
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4 The Psychology of False Confessions: The Theories |
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63 | (24) |
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Definitions of False Confession |
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64 | (1) |
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An Early Conceptual Framework |
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64 | (2) |
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The Kassin and Wrightsman Threefold Classification |
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66 | (2) |
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Critique of the Kassin-Wrightsman Classification |
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68 | (5) |
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Key Components That Elicit and Facilitate the Internalization Process |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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The Five Sequential Steps |
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77 | (4) |
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Immediate Versus Delayed Suggestibility |
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81 | (1) |
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A Heuristic Model of Internalized False Confessions |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (2) |
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5 The Development of the Science: The Evidence Base |
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87 | (52) |
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Brief Summary of Theoretical Developments |
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88 | (9) |
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Landmark Early Studies on Police Interrogation |
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97 | (2) |
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False Confessions in Miscarriages of Justice Research |
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99 | (4) |
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Rate of Interrogation, Base Rate of Guilt, and False Confessions |
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103 | (5) |
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Type of Offence Falsely Confessed To |
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108 | (2) |
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Reasons Given for the False Confession |
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110 | (3) |
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'I'd Know a False Confession if I Saw One' |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (7) |
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124 | (10) |
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The Psychological Effects of Interrogation |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (5) |
| Part II: The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases |
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139 | (190) |
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6 Icelandic Society in the 1970s |
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141 | (18) |
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Brief History and Landscape |
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141 | (3) |
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The Constitution and Government |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Drug Abuse Problems and Smuggling |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (4) |
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157 | (2) |
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7 The Keflavik Investigation and the First Confession |
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159 | (18) |
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The Investigation and Principal Characters |
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160 | (2) |
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The Disappearance of Geirfinnur Einarsson |
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162 | (1) |
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The Keflavik Investigation Into Geirfinnur's Disappearance |
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163 | (7) |
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The First Confession to Geirfinnur's Disappearance |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (3) |
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8 The Confessions in the Gudmundur Einarsson Case |
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177 | (34) |
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The Post and Telecommunication Fraud |
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178 | (4) |
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The Disappearance of Gudmundur Einarsson |
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182 | (2) |
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The Gudmundur Einarsson Investigation |
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184 | (2) |
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The Confessions to Gudmundur Einarsson's Murder |
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186 | (19) |
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Thematic Analysis of the Successive Accounts |
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205 | (3) |
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The Supreme Court's Version of the Facts in the Gudmundur Einarsson Case |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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9 The Confessions in the Geirfinnur Einarsson Case |
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211 | (42) |
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The Prosecution Request for the Keflavik Papers |
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212 | (5) |
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Confessions Obtained by the Reykjavik Team |
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217 | (8) |
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225 | (4) |
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Key Task Force Statements |
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229 | (5) |
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Gudjon's Arrest and Subsequent Interrogations |
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234 | (4) |
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Thematic Analysis of the Successive Accounts |
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238 | (2) |
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The Keflavik Slipway Re-enactment |
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240 | (1) |
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The Overlap with Gudmundur Agnarsson's 'False' Confession |
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241 | (2) |
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The Press Conference: The Official Version of What Happened |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (4) |
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253 | (16) |
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Karl Schutz's Professional Background |
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254 | (1) |
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The Spiegel Investigation |
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254 | (1) |
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The Murder of Four Soldiers in Lebach |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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The Cartoons and Legal Action |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Schutz's Foreword to his Book Kleinstadtmorder: Spur 1081 |
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262 | (2) |
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The Der Spiegel 1979 Article |
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264 | (2) |
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Personal Impression of Karl Schutz |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
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11 The Return of the Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases |
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269 | (10) |
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Helga Arnardottir's Telephone Call and the Diaries |
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269 | (2) |
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Meeting With Helga and Kristin |
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271 | (1) |
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The Content of the Diaries |
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272 | (4) |
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276 | (1) |
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A Call From the Minister of the Interior |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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12 The Findings From the Working Group, Special Prosecutor, and Icelandic Court Cases Review Commission |
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279 | (50) |
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282 | (5) |
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The General Findings of the Working Group |
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287 | (2) |
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The Findings From the Psychological Evaluation |
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289 | (2) |
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The Testimony in the Reykjavik District Court |
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291 | (7) |
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The Findings of the Icelandic Court Cases Review Commission |
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298 | (27) |
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Ragnar Adalsteinsson's Letter to the Special Prosecutor |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (3) |
| Part III: A Psychological Analysis of the Confessions of the Six Convicted Persons |
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329 | (108) |
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13 Did Saevar Ciesielski Have Undiagnosed ADHD? |
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331 | (24) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Karl Schutz's View of Saevar |
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334 | (1) |
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Saevar's Speech Before the District Court |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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Breidavik's Public Enquiry |
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337 | (1) |
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Yes, Saevar Did Have Undiagnosed ADHD |
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338 | (2) |
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Evidence Supportive of ADHD During |
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Childhood and Adolescence |
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340 | (4) |
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The Pretrial Psychological/Psychiatric Evaluation |
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344 | (1) |
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The Impact of Saevar's ADHD on His Functioning During the Cases |
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345 | (2) |
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Was Saevar Coerced to Implicate Innocent People? |
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347 | (2) |
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The 'Real-Life' Lie Detector Test |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (3) |
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14 Erla Bolladottir - A Vulnerable Young Woman |
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355 | (20) |
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355 | (3) |
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The Relationship with Saevar |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (4) |
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Erla's Attempts to Retract Her Confessions |
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364 | (1) |
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The Pretrial Psychiatric Evaluation |
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364 | (2) |
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Karl Schutz's View of Erla |
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366 | (1) |
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Erla's Interview for the Working Group |
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367 | (1) |
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Models of Erla's Confessions |
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368 | (3) |
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371 | (4) |
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15 Kristjan Vidarsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession |
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375 | (10) |
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375 | (1) |
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Kristjan's Interrogation and Confinement |
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376 | (1) |
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Kristjan's Mental State in Solitary Confinement |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Karl Schutz's View of Kristjan |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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Kristjan's Interview for the Working Group |
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380 | (1) |
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A Heuristic Model of Kristjan's Confession |
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381 | (2) |
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383 | (2) |
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16 Tryggvi Leifsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession |
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385 | (20) |
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385 | (1) |
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History of False Confession? |
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386 | (1) |
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Evidence for Memory Distrust Syndrome |
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387 | (1) |
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Tryggvi's interrogation and confession |
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387 | (6) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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A Heuristic Model of Tryggvi's Confession |
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395 | (3) |
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398 | (2) |
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An interview with Tryggvi's widow and daughter |
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400 | (5) |
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17 Gudjon Skarphedinsson's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession |
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405 | (20) |
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405 | (1) |
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Deterioration in Mental State |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (3) |
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Karl Schatz's Perception of Gudj6n |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (5) |
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415 | (5) |
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A Heuristic Model of Gudjan's Confession |
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420 | (2) |
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After Release From Prison |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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18 Albert Skaftason's Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession |
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425 | (12) |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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Albert's Account of Events, and His Personality |
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429 | (3) |
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A Heuristic Model of Albert's Confession |
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432 | (3) |
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435 | (2) |
| Conclusions |
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437 | (28) |
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Science and Practice - The Beginning |
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437 | (2) |
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The Development of the Science |
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439 | (7) |
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The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases |
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446 | (16) |
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462 | (3) |
| Appendix 1 |
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465 | (6) |
| Appendix 2 |
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471 | (6) |
| References |
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477 | (22) |
| Author Index |
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499 | (6) |
| Subject Index |
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505 | |