| 1 Introduction |
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1 | (2) |
| 2 Brightening — a brief history |
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3 | (10) |
| 3 Bleaching agents, properties and generation |
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13 | (32) |
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3.1 Oxidizing agents, physical and chemical properties |
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14 | (17) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (6) |
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22 | (5) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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3.2 Reducing agents, physical and chemical properties |
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31 | (5) |
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31 | (3) |
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34 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Formamidine sulfinic acid (FAS) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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3.4 Supporting chemicals in bleaching |
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37 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Caustic soda, oxidized white liquor |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Chelating agents (sequestrants) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.4.5 Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.5 Risk and safety phrases |
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42 | (3) |
| 4 Bleaching of chemical Pulp |
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45 | (156) |
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4.1 Bleaching stages and sequences |
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45 | (8) |
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4.2 Oxygen delignification |
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53 | (15) |
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57 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Impact of poor washing |
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60 | (4) |
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4.2.3 Oxygen delignification of hardwood pulp |
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64 | (2) |
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4.2.4 Trouble shooting in oxygen delignification |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (5) |
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73 | (38) |
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4.4.1 Chlorine dioxide delignification |
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73 | (10) |
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4.4.2 Chlorine dioxide in bleaching |
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83 | (9) |
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4.4.3 Modified chlorine dioxide delignification of hardwood pulps |
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92 | (4) |
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4.4.4 Generation of halogenated organic compounds (AOX, VOX and OX) |
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96 | (11) |
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4.4.5 Bleach plant control in D stages |
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107 | (1) |
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4.4.6 Trouble shooting in D stages |
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107 | (4) |
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111 | (28) |
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4.5.1 Oxidative reinforced extraction |
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115 | (6) |
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4.5.2 Hydrogen peroxide in extraction |
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121 | (8) |
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4.5.3 Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in bleaching |
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129 | (4) |
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4.5.4 Other alkali sources in extraction |
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133 | (4) |
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4.5.5 Extraction stage control |
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137 | (1) |
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4.5.6 Trouble shooting in extraction |
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137 | (2) |
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4.6 Hydrogen peroxide bleaching |
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139 | (13) |
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4.6.1 Brown stock addition |
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139 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Brightening of unbleached pulp |
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139 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Second extraction stage peroxide application |
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141 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Final bleaching with peroxide, high density storage bleaching |
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142 | (5) |
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4.6.5 Catalyzed peroxide delignification/bleaching |
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147 | (2) |
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4.6.6 Corrosion of titanium by alkaline peroxide |
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149 | (1) |
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4.6.7 Trouble shooting in P stages |
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150 | (2) |
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4.7 Ozone in pulp delignification |
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152 | (6) |
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4.8 Exotic bleaching chemicals |
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158 | (11) |
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158 | (3) |
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4.8.2 Peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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4.9 TCF bleaching of pulp |
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169 | (12) |
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4.9.1 TCF bleaching of Kraft pulp |
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169 | (2) |
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4.9.2 ECF "light" bleaching of Kraft pulp |
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171 | (1) |
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4.9.3 TCF bleaching of sulfite pulp |
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172 | (9) |
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181 | (8) |
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4.11 Water consumption, effluent "free" processes |
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189 | (12) |
| 5 Stability of brightness |
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201 | (26) |
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5.1 Final bleaching with chlorine dioxide or peroxide |
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210 | (8) |
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5.2 Final bleaching with peracetic acid or ozone |
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218 | (4) |
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5.3 Brightness stability in TCF and ECF "light" bleaching |
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222 | (5) |
| 6 Bleaching of mechanical pulp |
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227 | (34) |
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230 | (2) |
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6.1.1 Bleaching with bisulfite |
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230 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Bleaching with dithionite |
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231 | (1) |
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6.2 Metals management, use of chelants (sequestering agents) |
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232 | (2) |
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6.3 Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide |
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234 | (1) |
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6.4 Conventional activation and stabilization |
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235 | (7) |
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6.5 Modified peroxide activation |
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242 | (10) |
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6.6 Technology of mechanical pulp bleaching |
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252 | (4) |
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6.7 Control strategy in bleaching |
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256 | (1) |
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6.8 Trouble shooting in mechanical pulp bleaching |
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256 | (5) |
| 7 Brightening of secondary fiber |
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261 | (16) |
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7.1 Recycling of paper and board |
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261 | (4) |
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7.2 Recycling for printing paper |
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265 | (7) |
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7.3 Recycling for production of tissue |
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272 | (1) |
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7.4 Recycling for production of board |
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273 | (1) |
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7.5 Trouble shooting in deinking plants |
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273 | (4) |
| 8 General aspects of pulp production |
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277 | (14) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (5) |
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8.3 Emissions to the atmosphere |
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283 | (2) |
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8.4 Emissions to the aquatic environment |
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285 | (3) |
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288 | (3) |
| 9 Bleaching of other material |
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291 | (6) |
| 10 Outlook |
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297 | (10) |
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10.1 Chemical pulp bleaching |
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297 | (5) |
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10.2 Mechanical pulp bleaching |
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302 | (1) |
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10.3 Wastepaper bleaching |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
| Biographical sketch |
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307 | (2) |
| Subject index |
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309 | |