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E-raamat: Pulp Bleaching Today [De Gruyter e-raamatud]

  • Formaat: 319 pages, 39 Tables, black and white; 196 Illustrations
  • Sari: Green Sciences
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Feb-2010
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110218244
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • De Gruyter e-raamatud
  • Hind: 179,94 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Formaat: 319 pages, 39 Tables, black and white; 196 Illustrations
  • Sari: Green Sciences
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Feb-2010
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110218244
Teised raamatud teemal:
This book describes the most effective application of chemicals in bleaching. It starts with a brief overview of the history of bleaching and then focuses on recent developments. The ban of chlorine from bleaching pulp has shifted bleaching to environmentally sound procedures. Elementary Chlorine Free bleaching (ECF bleaching) and Totally Chlorine Free bleaching (TCF bleaching) are explained. The potential of different bleaching chemicals is exemplified in detail with a special focus on what to do and what to avoid. Very recent knowledge about the sources of yellowing is utilized to explain the ideal strategy for the removal of chromophores and their precursors. Emphasis is placed on applicable bleaching, in clear contrast to sophisticated, complicated or simply expensive pseudo modern bleaching.

The target of this book is to explain the potential and the limitations of different chemicals and to demonstrate the necessity of comprehensive solutions for an environmentally sound use of the raw material wood, of chemicals, and of water in the production of pulp with top quality and yield.

This book

should educate students in the art of bleaching,

assist mill personal in their continuous effort for process optimization,

helps research and technology managers to successfully select their targets, and

be on hand as reference of the most recent bleaching technology

1 Introduction 1(2)
2 Brightening — a brief history 3(10)
3 Bleaching agents, properties and generation 13(32)
3.1 Oxidizing agents, physical and chemical properties
14(17)
3.1.1 Oxygen
14(2)
3.1.2 Chlorine dioxide
16(6)
3.1.3 Hydrogen peroxide
22(5)
3.1.4 Peracetic acid
27(3)
3.1.5 Ozone
30(1)
3.2 Reducing agents, physical and chemical properties
31(5)
3.2.1 Sodium dithionite
31(3)
3.2.2 Sulfur dioxide
34(1)
3.2.3 Formamidine sulfinic acid (FAS)
35(1)
3.3 Enzymes
36(1)
3.4 Supporting chemicals in bleaching
37(5)
3.4.1 Caustic soda, oxidized white liquor
37(2)
3.4.2 Sodium silicate
39(1)
3.4.3 Sulfuric acid
40(1)
3.4.4 Chelating agents (sequestrants)
41(1)
3.4.5 Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt)
42(1)
3.5 Risk and safety phrases
42(3)
4 Bleaching of chemical Pulp 45(156)
4.1 Bleaching stages and sequences
45(8)
4.2 Oxygen delignification
53(15)
4.2.1 Process conditions
57(3)
4.2.2 Impact of poor washing
60(4)
4.2.3 Oxygen delignification of hardwood pulp
64(2)
4.2.4 Trouble shooting in oxygen delignification
66(2)
4.3 Hot acid hydrolysis
68(5)
4.4 Chlorine dioxide
73(38)
4.4.1 Chlorine dioxide delignification
73(10)
4.4.2 Chlorine dioxide in bleaching
83(9)
4.4.3 Modified chlorine dioxide delignification of hardwood pulps
92(4)
4.4.4 Generation of halogenated organic compounds (AOX, VOX and OX)
96(11)
4.4.5 Bleach plant control in D stages
107(1)
4.4.6 Trouble shooting in D stages
107(4)
4.5 Alkaline extraction
111(28)
4.5.1 Oxidative reinforced extraction
115(6)
4.5.2 Hydrogen peroxide in extraction
121(8)
4.5.3 Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in bleaching
129(4)
4.5.4 Other alkali sources in extraction
133(4)
4.5.5 Extraction stage control
137(1)
4.5.6 Trouble shooting in extraction
137(2)
4.6 Hydrogen peroxide bleaching
139(13)
4.6.1 Brown stock addition
139(1)
4.6.2 Brightening of unbleached pulp
139(2)
4.6.3 Second extraction stage peroxide application
141(1)
4.6.4 Final bleaching with peroxide, high density storage bleaching
142(5)
4.6.5 Catalyzed peroxide delignification/bleaching
147(2)
4.6.6 Corrosion of titanium by alkaline peroxide
149(1)
4.6.7 Trouble shooting in P stages
150(2)
4.7 Ozone in pulp delignification
152(6)
4.8 Exotic bleaching chemicals
158(11)
4.8.1 Peracetic acid
158(3)
4.8.2 Peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid)
161(1)
4.8.3 Enzymes
162(2)
4.8.4 Chlorine
164(1)
4.8.5 Hypochlorite
165(1)
4.8.6 Polyoxometalates
166(3)
4.9 TCF bleaching of pulp
169(12)
4.9.1 TCF bleaching of Kraft pulp
169(2)
4.9.2 ECF "light" bleaching of Kraft pulp
171(1)
4.9.3 TCF bleaching of sulfite pulp
172(9)
4.10 Yield in bleaching
181(8)
4.11 Water consumption, effluent "free" processes
189(12)
5 Stability of brightness 201(26)
5.1 Final bleaching with chlorine dioxide or peroxide
210(8)
5.2 Final bleaching with peracetic acid or ozone
218(4)
5.3 Brightness stability in TCF and ECF "light" bleaching
222(5)
6 Bleaching of mechanical pulp 227(34)
6.1 Reductive bleaching
230(2)
6.1.1 Bleaching with bisulfite
230(1)
6.1.2 Bleaching with dithionite
231(1)
6.2 Metals management, use of chelants (sequestering agents)
232(2)
6.3 Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide
234(1)
6.4 Conventional activation and stabilization
235(7)
6.5 Modified peroxide activation
242(10)
6.6 Technology of mechanical pulp bleaching
252(4)
6.7 Control strategy in bleaching
256(1)
6.8 Trouble shooting in mechanical pulp bleaching
256(5)
7 Brightening of secondary fiber 261(16)
7.1 Recycling of paper and board
261(4)
7.2 Recycling for printing paper
265(7)
7.3 Recycling for production of tissue
272(1)
7.4 Recycling for production of board
273(1)
7.5 Trouble shooting in deinking plants
273(4)
8 General aspects of pulp production 277(14)
8.1 Pulp strength
277(1)
8.2 Wood resources
278(5)
8.3 Emissions to the atmosphere
283(2)
8.4 Emissions to the aquatic environment
285(3)
8.5 Solid waste
288(3)
9 Bleaching of other material 291(6)
10 Outlook 297(10)
10.1 Chemical pulp bleaching
297(5)
10.2 Mechanical pulp bleaching
302(1)
10.3 Wastepaper bleaching
303(1)
10.4 Summary
304(3)
Biographical sketch 307(2)
Subject index 309
Ulrich Suess , Evonik Degussa GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany.