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E-raamat: Quaternary Environmental Change in the Tropics [Wiley Online]

Edited by (University of Nottingham), Edited by (University of Brighton)
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Quaternary Environmental Change in the TropicsSuurem pilt
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Despite the importance of the tropics in debates about climate change, there has not been a handy synthesis of the current understanding into how tropical environments as a whole have changed over the past 2.6 million years, that is, since the ice ages started and humans showed up. Geologists and other earth and environmental scientists summarize the literature for non-specialists. Their topics include contemporary climate and circulation of the tropics, tropical oceans, China and Southeast Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, modeling tropical environments during the Quaternary, and historical environmental change in the tropics. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The global climate changes that led to the expansion and contraction of high latitude ice sheets during the Quaternary period were associated with equally dramatic changes in tropical environments. These included shifts in vegetation zones, changes in the hydrology and ecology of lakes and rivers, and fluctuations in the size of mountain glaciers and sandy deserts. Until recently it was thought that such changes were triggered by fluctuations in the distribution of polar ice cover. Now there is increasing recognition that the tropics themselves have acted as drivers of global climate change over a range of timescales.

The aim of Quaternary Environmental Change in the Tropics is to provide a synthesis of the changes that occurred in tropical terrestrial and marine systems during the Pleistocene and Holocene, complementing data-derived reconstructions with output from state-of-the-art climate models. It is targeted at final-year undergraduate students and research specialists, but will provide an introduction to tropical Quaternary research for a variety of other readers.

List of contributors
xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
I Global contexts
1(44)
1 Introduction
3(31)
Sarah E. Metcalfe
David J. Nash
1.1 Why the tropics matter
3(5)
1.1.1 Defining the tropics
3(1)
1.1.2 Importance of the tropics
4(4)
1.2 Development of ideas
8(5)
1.2.1 Early ideas about tropical environmental change
8(1)
1.2.2 The twentieth century revolution
9(3)
1.2.3 Advances in modelling
12(1)
1.3 Establishment of the tropical climate system
13(4)
1.4 Drivers of tropical environmental change
17(3)
1.5 The tropics as drivers of change
20(4)
1.5.1 The tropics and greenhouse gas concentrations
20(2)
1.5.2 Impacts of low latitude volcanic eruptions
22(1)
1.5.3 Dust emissions from the tropics and subtropics
23(1)
1.6 Extra-tropical forcing
24(1)
1.7 Organisation of the volume
24(10)
Acknowledgements
25(1)
References
25(9)
2 Contemporary climate and circulation of the tropics
34(11)
Stefan Hastenrath
2.1 Introduction
34(1)
2.2 Diurnal and local processes
34(1)
2.3 Planetary context
35(1)
2.4 Regional circulation systems
36(3)
2.4.1 Jet streams
36(1)
2.4.2 Subtropical highs and trade winds
37(1)
2.4.3 Equatorial trough zone
37(1)
2.4.4 Monsoons
38(1)
2.4.5 Equatorial zonal circulations
38(1)
2.5 Climatic variability
39(3)
2.5.1 Southern Oscillation and El Nino
39(1)
2.5.2 Indian Monsoon
40(1)
2.5.3 Northeast Brazil
41(1)
2.5.4 Sahel
41(1)
2.5.5 Timescales of variability
42(1)
2.6 Concluding remarks
42(3)
References
42(3)
II Regional environmental change
45(268)
3 Tropical oceans
47(32)
Jan-Berend W. Stuut
Matthias Prange
Ute Merkel
Silke Steph
3.1 Tropical oceans in the global climate system
47(8)
3.1.1 Modern climatology
47(3)
3.1.2 El Nino-Southern Oscillation and its relatives
50(1)
3.1.3 Solar and volcanic radiative forcing of tropical oceans
51(2)
3.1.4 Tropical oceans and monsoons
53(1)
3.1.5 The tropical oceans as part of the global conveyor belt
53(2)
3.2 Reconstructing past ocean conditions
55(2)
3.2.1 Proxies for SST and SSS
55(2)
3.2.2 Reconstructing continental climate using marine archives
57(1)
3.3 Tropical oceans throughout the Quaternary
57(3)
3.3.1 Glacial-interglacial cycles
57(1)
3.3.2 Early Quaternary (the `41-kyr world')
57(1)
3.3.3 Mid-Pleistocene Transition
58(2)
3.3.4 Late Quaternary (the `100-kyr world')
60(1)
3.4 The past 20000 years
60(8)
3.4.1 The Last Glacial Maximum
60(1)
3.4.2 Glacial termination: an active role for the tropics?
61(4)
3.4.3 History of the equatorial Pacific and the state of ENSO
65(1)
3.4.4 The Holocene
66(2)
3.5 Outlook
68(11)
References
69(10)
4 Africa
79(72)
David J. Nash
Michael E. Meadows
4.1 Introduction
79(6)
4.2 Potential climate forcing factors
85(3)
4.3 Mediterranean North Africa
88(6)
4.3.1 Contemporary climate and sources of palaeoenvironmental information
88(1)
4.3.2 Longer records
88(1)
4.3.3 The Last Glacial Maximum
89(3)
4.3.4 The last glacial-interglacial transition
92(1)
4.3.5 The Holocene
93(1)
4.4 The Sahara and the Sahel
94(9)
4.4.1 Contemporary climate and sources of palaeoenvironmental information
94(1)
4.4.2 Longer records
95(1)
4.4.3 The Last Glacial Maximum
96(1)
4.4.4 The last glacial-interglacial transition
97(2)
4.4.5 The Holocene
99(4)
4.5 Equatorial Africa
103(10)
4.5.1 Contemporary climate and sources of palaeoenvironmental information
103(1)
4.5.2 Longer records
104(3)
4.5.3 The Last Glacial Maximum
107(2)
4.5.4 The last glacial-interglacial transition
109(1)
4.5.5 The Holocene
110(3)
4.6 Southern Africa
113(14)
4.6.1 Contemporary climate and sources of palaeoenvironmental information
113(1)
4.6.2 Longer records
113(5)
4.6.3 The Last Glacial Maximum
118(3)
4.6.4 The last glacial-interglacial transition
121(1)
4.6.5 The Holocene
122(5)
4.7 Synthesis
127(2)
4.8 Directions for future research
129(22)
References
129(22)
5 India, Arabia and adjacent regions
151(56)
Ashok K. Singhvi
Nilesh Bhatt
Ken W. Glennie
Pradeep Srivastava
5.1 Introduction
151(2)
5.2 Quaternary of India and Tibet
153(23)
5.2.1 Arid and semi-arid regions
154(1)
5.2.2 Aeolian sands
154(5)
5.2.3 Aeolian dust (loess deposits)
159(1)
5.2.4 Volcanic ash
159(2)
5.2.5 Lacustrine records
161(5)
5.2.6 Peat deposits
166(1)
5.2.7 Calcretes
167(1)
5.2.8 Coastal records
167(4)
5.2.9 Fluvial records
171(5)
5.2.10 Cave deposits
176(1)
5.3 Quaternary of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
176(1)
5.4 Quaternary of Arabia and the Middle East
177(15)
5.4.1 Fluvial (wadi) systems
179(1)
5.4.2 Lacustrine (and sabkha) records
180(2)
5.4.3 Cave deposits
182(1)
5.4.4 Aeolian sands
183(4)
5.4.5 Gypsum in dunes
187(1)
5.4.6 Late Quaternary Persian (Arabian) Gulf
188(1)
5.4.7 Dating aeolian sediment supply
189(2)
5.4.8 Climatic optimum and modern Arabian civilisation
191(1)
5.4.9 Summary of environmental changes in Arabia and the Middle East
191(1)
5.5 Conclusions
192(15)
Acknowledgements
196(1)
References
196(11)
6 China and Southeast Asia
207(29)
Dan Penny
6.1 The South and Southeast Asian region as a component of the Earth system
207(4)
6.2 Setting the stage for the Quaternary: environmental context and controls
211(3)
6.3 Regional syntheses
214(15)
6.3.1 China
214(7)
6.3.2 Indochina
221(4)
6.3.3 Sundaland and Wallacea
225(4)
6.4 The Asian tropics during the Quaternary: driver of planetary change?
229(7)
References
230(6)
7 Australia and the southwest Pacific
236(27)
Peter Kershaw
Sander van der Kaars
7.1 Introduction
236(4)
7.2 Northeastern Australia
240(5)
7.2.1 Orbital timescale
240(4)
7.2.2 Suborbital timescale
244(1)
7.2.3 Termination 1 and the Holocene
244(1)
7.3 Northern Australia
245(2)
7.3.1 Orbital timescale
245(1)
7.3.2 Termination 1 and the Holocene
246(1)
7.4 Northwestern Australia
247(2)
7.4.1 Orbital timescale
247(2)
7.4.2 Termination 1 and the Holocene
249(1)
7.5 Western Australia
249(2)
7.5.1 Orbital timescale
249(2)
7.5.2 Termination 1 and the Holocene
251(1)
7.6 Central Australia
251(2)
7.6.1 Orbital timescale
251(2)
7.6.2 Termination 1 and the Holocene
253(1)
7.7 Southwest Pacific Islands
253(1)
7.8 General discussion and conclusions
254(9)
7.8.1 Early Quaternary
254(1)
7.8.2 Late Quaternary cyclicity and abrupt events
255(1)
7.8.3 Late Quaternary climate alterations
256(2)
Acknowledgements
258(1)
References
258(5)
8 Latin America and the Caribbean
263(50)
Mark B. Bush
Sarah E. Metcalfe
8.1 Introduction
263(1)
8.2 Precursor to the Quaternary
264(3)
8.2.1 Climatic consequences of closure of the Isthmus of Panama
267(1)
8.2.2 Biotic consequences of closure of the Isthmus of Panama
267(1)
8.3 Climate mechanisms
267(4)
8.3.1 Modern climatology
267(3)
8.3.2 The forcing of Neotropical climates
270(1)
8.4 Long term climate forcings and cycles
271(3)
8.4.1 Eccentricity
271(1)
8.4.2 Precessional cycles and precipitation patterns
272(1)
8.4.3 Precession as a mixed signal
273(1)
8.5 Records of climate change
274(15)
8.5.1 Glacial advance and the LGM
274(2)
8.5.2 Glacial cooling
276(2)
8.5.3 Glacial-age precipitation
278(6)
8.5.4 The status of the refugial hypothesis of tropical diversity
284(2)
8.5.5 The last deglaciation
286(1)
8.5.6 The early-mid Holocene
287(2)
8.5.7 Late Holocene oscillations
289(1)
8.6 Other climate forcings
289(3)
8.6.1 Millennial-scale oscillations
289(2)
8.6.2 Solar cycles
291(1)
8.6.3 El Nino-Southern Oscillation
292(1)
8.7 El Nino records
292(4)
8.7.1 Archaeology
292(1)
8.7.2 Historical records
293(1)
8.7.3 Tree ring records
293(1)
8.7.4 Corals
294(1)
8.7.5 Sedimentary records
295(1)
8.8 Climate and societies
296(2)
8.8.1 Early agriculture
296(1)
8.8.2 Cultural collapse
297(1)
8.9 Conclusions
298(15)
Acknowledgements
301(1)
References
301(12)
III Global syntheses
313(99)
9 Modelling of tropical environments during the Quaternary
315(45)
Zhengyu Liu
Pascale Braconnot
9.1 Introduction
315(1)
9.2 Tropical climate in the Holocene: response to orbital forcing
316(17)
9.2.1 Orbital forcing
316(1)
9.2.2 Monsoon response
317(2)
9.2.3 SST response and oceanic feedback
319(5)
9.2.4 Precession forcing and obliquity forcing
324(6)
9.2.5 Ecosystem response and feedback
330(3)
9.3 Tropical climate at the LGM: the roles of GHGs and ice sheet forcing
333(6)
9.3.1 Greenhouse gases and ice sheet forcing
333(1)
9.3.2 Temperature response and climate sensitivity
333(5)
9.3.3 Monsoon and hydrological response
338(1)
9.3.4 Ecosystem response and feedbacks
339(1)
9.4 Tropical climate variability
339(10)
9.4.1 ENSO and ocean-atmosphere interaction
340(3)
9.4.2 Abrupt change of monsoon climate
343(1)
9.4.3 Tropical variability and its interaction with high-latitude variability
344(5)
9.5 Summary and further discussion
349(11)
9.5.1 Summary
349(1)
9.5.2 Other issues in Quaternary tropical climate modelling
350(1)
9.5.3 Climate models of intermediate complexity
350(1)
9.5.4 Perspective of Earth system modelling of past climate
351(1)
References
352(8)
10 Historical environmental change in the tropics
360(32)
Georgina H. Endfield
Robert B. Marks
10.1 Introduction
360(1)
10.2 Climate change and society in the tropics in the last 1000 years
361(14)
10.2.1 Climate variability and harvest history in China
365(5)
10.2.2 Climate and crisis in colonial Mexico
370(5)
10.3 Exploring anthropogenic impacts in the tropics
375(7)
10.3.1 Deforesting China
378(2)
10.3.2 Exploring pre- and post-conquest land use changes in central Mexico
380(2)
10.4 Recent and future environmental changes in the `vulnerable' tropics
382(10)
References
384(8)
11 Past environmental changes, future environmental challenges
392(20)
David J. Nash
Sarah E. Metcalfe
11.1 Patterns of tropical environmental change
392(9)
11.1.1 Last Interglacial
392(2)
11.1.2 Last Glacial Maximum
394(2)
11.1.3 The last deglaciation or last glacial-interglacial transition
396(2)
11.1.4 The Holocene
398(3)
11.2 Forcings
401(1)
11.3 Future change in the tropics
402(4)
11.3.1 Climate responses
402(2)
11.3.2 Water resources
404(2)
11.3.3 Biodiversity
406(1)
11.4 The tropics as drivers of change
406(2)
11.5 Conclusions
408(4)
References
409(3)
Index 412
Sarah Metcalfe is Professor of Earth and Environmental Dynamics at the University of Nottingham, UK.  She has published extensively on environmental change in Latin America, with a particular focus on Mexico.  Although primarily a palaeolimnologist, her approach is very much multi-proxy, including the use of historical and instrumental records to help to improve our understanding of recent change. David Nash is Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Brighton, UK. He is widely known for his publications on the reconstruction of historical climate changes in southern Africa, as well as his broader research into the contemporary and Quaternary geomorphology of dryland regions including the Kalahari, Atacama and southern Europe. His research uses methods ranging from scanning electron microscopy and thin-section analysis to the interpretation of historical documents.  
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