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E-raamat: Railway Geotechnics [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Hyground Engineering, Williamsburg, Massachusetts, USA), (Volpe Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), (Amtrak, Washington, DC, USA), (Transportation Technology Center, Inc., Pueblo, Colorado, USA)
  • Formaat: 574 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429183034
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Railway GeotechnicsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 574 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429183034
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Links Geotechnics with Railway Track Engineering and Railway Operation





Good railway track and railway operations depend on good geotechnics, in several different ways and at varying levels.





Railway Geotechnics

covers track, track substructure, load environment, materials, mechanics, design, construction, measurements, and management. Illustrated by case studies, with an emphasis on the geotechnical aspects of railway engineering, it discusses these topics from a historical perspective. It also presents the methodologies and best practices developed over the past 20 years. Written by Four Experienced Professionals

This book:



















Emphasizes the practical aspects and best practices for railway track and substructure





Contains guidelines for design, construction, and maintenance of railway track and substructure





Provides many examples and case studies











Railway Geotechnics

is written primarily for professionals and graduate students, and begins with the fundamentals and basic principles, leading in to practical applications. The authors bring considerable experience and expertise, with many years of research and development, academia, railway operations, and consulting.
Preface xvii
1 Track 1(34)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Historical perspective
3(8)
1.2.1 US railway expansion
3(6)
1.2.2 Development of modern mainline track substructure
9(2)
1.2.3 Future for track substructure
11(1)
1.3 Superstructure
11(2)
1.4 Substructure
13(7)
1.4.1 Ballast
14(2)
1.4.2 Subballast
16(1)
1.4.3 Subgrade (trackbed, formation)
17(2)
1.4.4 Slopes
19(1)
1.5 Substructure effects on track performance
20(4)
1.6 Alternative track structures
24(3)
1.7 Track transitions
27(3)
1.7.1 Bridge approach
27(1)
1.7.2 Ballasted track to slab track
28(1)
1.7.3 Special trackwork
29(1)
1.7.4 Grade crossing
30(1)
1.8 Track inspection and maintenance
30(4)
1.8.1 Inspection
30(1)
1.8.2 Maintenance
31(3)
1.8.3 Management
34(1)
1.9 Layout of the book
34(1)
2 Loading 35(36)
2.1 Static loading
35(3)
2.2 Cyclic loading
38(4)
2.3 Dynamic loading
42(16)
2.3.1 Dynamic load or impact load factor
42(1)
2.3.2 High-frequency forces
43(2)
2.3.3 General equations for calculating dynamic wheel-rail forces
45(1)
2.3.4 Modeling for dynamic wheel-rail forces
46(4)
2.3.5 Stiffness and damping parameters in track modeling
50(1)
2.3.6 Dynamic track modeling results
50(4)
2.3.7 Measured dynamic wheel-rail forces
54(2)
2.3.8 Critical speed of high-speed passenger trains
56(2)
2.4 Load transfer in track foundation
58(8)
2.4.1 Stresses and strains in track foundation
59(3)
2.4.2 Load transmission in track
62(2)
2.4.3 Strength properties
64(1)
2.4.4 Total stress, effective stress, and pore water pressure
65(1)
2.5 Moving load and principal stress rotation
66(5)
3 Substructure 71(56)
3.1 Ballast
71(32)
3.1.1 Ballast functions
72(1)
3.1.2 Parent rock characterization
73(1)
3.1.3 Aggregate characterization
73(10)
3.1.3.1 Grain size distribution
73(3)
3.1.3.2 Shape, angularity, texture
76(2)
3.1.3.3 Petrographic analysis
78(1)
3.1.3.4 Crushing and abrasion resistance
79(3)
3.1.3.5 Bulk-specific gravity, absorption, sulfate soundness
82(1)
3.1.3.6 Ballast aggregate specifications
82(1)
3.1.4 Ballast fouling
83(4)
3.1.5 Ballast layer behavior
87(12)
3.1.5.1 Ballast layer strength parameters
87(3)
3.1.5.2 Ballast stress-strain behavior
90(2)
3.1.5.3 Ballast deformation
92(1)
3.1.5.4 Ballast layer residual stress
93(2)
3.1.5.5 Ballast strength and deformation tests
95(4)
3.1.6 Ballast compaction
99(3)
3.1.7 Used ballast
102(1)
3.2 Subballast
103(5)
3.2.1 Subballast functions
104(1)
3.2.2 Subballast characterization
104(2)
3.2.3 Subballast performance
106(1)
3.2.4 Subballast drainage
106(1)
3.2.5 Separation
107(1)
3.3 Subgrade
108(9)
3.3.1 Subgrade functions
109(1)
3.3.2 Soil types
109(2)
3.3.3 Common problems
111(5)
3.3.4 Subgrade improvement methods
116(1)
3.4 Other substructure materials
117(7)
3.4.1 Ballast treatment methods
117(2)
3.4.2 Alternative subballast materials
119(1)
3.4.3 Hot mix asphalt
120(2)
3.4.4 Concrete and cementitious material
122(1)
3.4.5 Water
123(1)
3.5 Track transitions
124(3)
4 Mechanics 127(70)
4.1 Track and subgrade models
127(19)
4.1.1 BOEF model
127(2)
4.1.2 Track modulus
129(1)
4.1.3 Half-space model
130(1)
4.1.4 GEOTRACK
131(4)
4.1.5 Track modulus analysis using GEOTRACK
135(5)
4.1.6 Track modulus as a measure of track support
140(3)
4.1.7 KENTRACK
143(2)
4.1.8 Finite element model
145(1)
4.2 Resilient modulus
146(17)
4.2.1 Resilient modulus of granular materials
147(1)
4.2.2 Resilient modulus of fine-grained subgrade soils
148(4)
4.2.3 Influence of soil physical state on resilient modulus
152(4)
4.2.4 Li-Selig method for prediction of resilient modulus
156(3)
4.2.5 Examples of prediction using Li-Selig method
159(4)
4.3 Cumulative plastic deformation
163(34)
4.3.1 Cumulative plastic deformation of ballast
164(4)
4.3.2 Cumulative plastic deformation of subballast
168(1)
4.3.3 Cumulative plastic deformation for fine-grained soils
169(14)
4.3.3.1 Soil critical state
169(1)
4.3.3.2 Prediction model
170(4)
4.3.3.3 Li-Selig model for cumulative plastic deformation
174(9)
4.3.4 Effects of traffic, ballast, and subgrade conditions on total settlement
183(3)
4.3.5 Track settlement and roughness
186(1)
4.3.6 Track settlement at bridge approaches
187(11)
4.3.6.1 Ballast layer deformation
188(1)
4.3.6.2 Subgrade layer deformation
189(3)
4.3.6.3 Field investigation and modeling results
192(5)
5 Design 197(68)
5.1 Ballasted track
198(29)
5.1.1 Background
198(1)
5.1.2 Design methods for granular layer thickness
199(5)
5.1.2.1 AREMA equations
199(1)
5.1.2.2 Raymond method
200(1)
5.1.2.3 British Rail method
201(1)
5.1.2.4 Li-Selig method
202(2)
5.1.3 Development of Li-Selig method
204(9)
5.1.3.1 Subgrade failure criteria
204(3)
5.1.3.2 Effect of granular layer on subgrade stress
207(3)
5.1.3.3 Design chart development
210(3)
5.1.4 Application of Li-Selig method
213(9)
5.1.4.1 Design traffic
213(3)
5.1.4.2 Material properties
216(1)
5.1.4.3 Design criteria
217(1)
5.1.4.4 Design procedure 1
217(2)
5.1.4.5 Design procedure 2
219(3)
5.1.5 Comparisons with test results
222(3)
5.1.5.1 Low track modulus test track
222(1)
5.1.5.2 Mix passenger and freight revenue service sites
223(2)
5.1.6 Initial granular layer construction thickness
225(2)
5.2 Asphalt track
227(15)
5.2.1 Asphalt track foundation
227(2)
5.2.2 Asphalt mix design
229(1)
5.2.3 Asphalt track foundation design
230(5)
5.2.4 Use of asphalt track for drainage
235(1)
5.2.5 Asphalt track foundation test under heavy axle loads
236(6)
5.3 Slab track foundation
242(10)
5.3.1 Overall requirements
242(1)
5.3.2 Failure modes and design criteria
243(1)
5.3.3 Design of concrete slab
244(1)
5.3.4 Subgrade and subbase
245(2)
5.3.5 Analysis of slab track foundation
247(1)
5.3.6 Slab track design based on subgrade deformation
247(5)
5.4 Track transition
252(13)
5.4.1 Design principles/best practices
252(2)
5.4.1.1 Bridge approach
252(1)
5.4.1.2 Slab track to ballasted track
253(1)
5.4.1.3 Special trackwork
253(1)
5.4.1.4 Grade crossing
254(1)
5.4.2 Examples of design and remediation
254(11)
5.4.2.1 Reduce stiffness and increase damping for track on bridge
254(5)
5.4.2.2 Consistent track strength/restraint
259(3)
5.4.2.3 Soil improvement
262(1)
5.4.2.4 Unnecessary stiffness transition from slab track to ballasted track
262(3)
6 Drainage 265(50)
6.1 Sources of water in the track
265(4)
6.1.1 Direct water
265(1)
6.1.2 Runoff water
266(1)
6.1.3 Ground water
266(1)
6.1.4 Capillary action of water in soil
267(2)
6.1.5 Longitudinal flow of water in track
269(1)
6.2 Water effects on track substructure
269(10)
6.2.1 Granular soil
269(3)
6.2.2 Cohesive soil
272(3)
6.2.3 Internal erosion/piping
275(1)
6.2.4 Erosion from surface water
276(1)
6.2.5 Frost heave
276(3)
6.3 Water principles for track
279(6)
6.3.1 Water flow through soil
279(3)
6.3.2 Surface water flow
282(3)
6.4 Drainage materials
285(8)
6.4.1 Pipes
285(1)
6.4.2 Graded aggregate
286(2)
6.4.3 Geosynthetics
288(3)
6.4.3.1 Geotextiles
288(1)
6.4.3.2 Geomembranes
289(1)
6.4.3.3 Geocomposites
290(1)
6.4.4 Hot mix asphalt
291(2)
6.5 External track drainage design
293(4)
6.5.1 Diverting water away from track
293(1)
6.5.2 Right-of-way mapping
293(1)
6.5.3 Ditch and slope
294(3)
6.6 Internal track drainage design
297(8)
6.6.1 Internal drainage flow nets
297(2)
6.6.2 Ballast and subballast layers
299(2)
6.6.3 Design approach
301(1)
6.6.4 Ballast pockets
302(3)
6.7 Drainage improvement and rehabilitation
305(10)
6.7.1 Ballast cleaning
306(4)
6.7.2 Subballast drainage
310(2)
6.7.3 Ditching and grading
312(3)
7 Slopes 315(44)
7.1 New slopes
315(8)
7.1.1 Site characterization
315(1)
7.1.2 Materials
316(1)
7.1.3 Embankment fills
317(5)
7.1.3.1 Foundation
318(1)
7.1.3.2 Embankment
318(1)
7.1.3.3 Steepened slopes
319(1)
7.1.3.4 Retaining structures
320(2)
7.1.4 Cut slopes
322(1)
7.2 Existing soil slopes
323(13)
7.2.1 Types of instability
325(1)
7.2.2 Field investigation
325(7)
7.2.2.1 Site reconnaissance
326(1)
7.2.2.2 Test borings
327(3)
7.2.2.3 Geotechnical instrumentation
330(2)
7.2.3 Examples of railway embankment instability
332(4)
7.3 Soil slope stability analysis
336(9)
7.3.1 Basic method of slices
336(3)
7.3.2 Example of method of slices
339(1)
7.3.3 Factor of safety
339(3)
7.3.4 Computer models
342(1)
7.3.5 Soil strength and stress condition
342(2)
7.3.6 Effects of train load
344(1)
7.4 Rock slopes
345(5)
7.4.1 Types of instability
346(1)
7.4.2 Investigation
346(1)
7.4.3 Basic mechanics of rock slope stability
347(1)
7.4.4 Rock slope stability analysis
348(2)
7.5 Slope monitoring and stabilization
350(9)
7.5.1 Monitoring
350(1)
7.5.2 Slope stabilization
351(8)
7.5.2.1 Drainage
351(1)
7.5.2.2 Structural restraint
351(1)
7.5.2.3 Buttress restraint
352(2)
7.5.2.4 Soil improvement
354(1)
7.5.2.5 Rock slope considerations
355(4)
8 Measurements 359(76)
8.1 Site investigations and characterization of track substructure conditions
359(13)
8.1.1 Desk study
360(1)
8.1.2 Field reconnaissance
361(2)
8.1.2.1 Soil types and strata
362(1)
8.1.2.2 Ground and surface water
362(1)
8.1.2.3 Soil strength and stiffness properties
362(1)
8.1.3 Mapping
363(4)
8.1.3.1 Ground-based LIDAR systems
366(1)
8.1.4 Cross-trenches
367(1)
8.1.5 Test borings
368(1)
8.1.6 In situ tests
369(3)
8.2 Ground penetrating radar
372(17)
8.2.1 GPR fundamentals
372(4)
8.2.2 GPR for track surveys
376(1)
8.2.3 Equipment
377(3)
8.2.4 Example GPR image results
380(2)
8.2.5 Track substructure condition measurements
382(7)
8.2.5.1 GPR measurement of fouled ballast
382(2)
8.2.5.2 GPR measurement of moisture
384(2)
8.2.5.3 GPR measurement of layers
386(3)
8.3 Track geometry
389(24)
8.3.1 Measurement fundamentals
389(4)
8.3.2 Vertical profile geometry measurement
393(2)
8.3.3 Measures of geometry variation
395(6)
8.3.3.1 Spatial correction to "line up" successive geometry data
395(1)
8.3.3.2 Standard deviation over fixed segment track length
395(3)
8.3.3.3 Running roughness
398(2)
8.3.3.4 Other measures of track roughness
400(1)
8.3.4 Track alignment control for high-speed rail
401(1)
8.3.5 Advances in analysis of track geometry data
402(3)
8.3.5.1 Analyzing track geometry space curve data
402(3)
8.3.6 Filtered space curve cyclic characteristics and vehicle dynamics
405(1)
8.3.7 Determining effectiveness of geometry correction from waveform analysis
406(3)
8.3.8 Performance-based track geometry inspection
409(4)
8.3.8.1 Objectives and background
409(1)
8.3.8.2 Vehicle performance measures
410(1)
8.3.8.3 Types of performance-based track geometry inspection systems
411(2)
8.3.8.4 Performance criteria
413(1)
8.4 Track deflection under load
413(22)
8.4.1 Track stiffness/deflection measurement techniques
414(8)
8.4.1.1 Track stiffness testing using track loading vehicle
415(2)
8.4.1.2 University of Nebraska track deflection measurement
417(2)
8.4.1.3 Rolling stiffness measurement vehicle-Banverket
419(1)
8.4.1.4 Falling weight deflectometer
420(1)
8.4.1.5 Spectral analysis of surface waves
421(1)
8.4.2 Vertical load-deflection behavior
422(4)
8.4.3 Lateral load-deflection behavior
426(4)
8.4.4 Track buckling and track panel shift
430(5)
9 Management 435(48)
9.1 Life-cycle cost considerations
435(9)
9.1.1 Designing track to minimize settlement versus allowing settlement and geometry corrections
437(2)
9.1.2 Track renewal with reconstruction versus limited renewal of track components
439(3)
9.1.2.1 Track laying machines and track subgrade renewal machines
440(2)
9.1.3 Cost considerations of ballast-less track (slab track)
442(2)
9.1.3.1 Top-down versus bottom-up slab track construction
443(1)
9.1.4 Vertical rail deflection to locate soft track support of new track
444(1)
9.2 Ballast life
444(5)
9.2.1 Influence of ballast depth on ballast life
448(1)
9.2.2 Influence of tamping degradation on ballast life
448(1)
9.3 Maintenance needs assessment
449(4)
9.3.1 Functional condition
449(1)
9.3.2 Structural condition
450(1)
9.3.3 Vertical rail deflection to locate soft support of existing track
450(2)
9.3.4 Assessment of track life and maintenance needs
452(1)
9.4 Maintenance methods and equipment
453(13)
9.4.1 Tamping
453(1)
9.4.2 Improved methods to correct track geometry error
454(6)
9.4.2.1 Design over-lift tamping
454(3)
9.4.2.2 Improved tamper control systems
457(1)
9.4.2.3 Stone blowing
458(2)
9.4.3 Ballast shoulder cleaning
460(1)
9.4.4 Ditching
460(1)
9.4.5 Ballast undercutting/cleaning
461(5)
9.4.6 Track vacuum
466(1)
9.5 Examples of management based on measurement
466(9)
9.5.1 Using track geometry data to determine tamping needs
466(1)
9.5.2 Poor ride quality: Due to track geometry error or the vehicle?
467(2)
9.5.3 Managing the dip at track transitions
469(4)
9.5.4 Managing undercutting: Selecting locations, track segment length, and their priority
473(2)
9.6 Subballast and subgrade improvement and rehabilitation
475(4)
9.6.1 Subballast improvement methods
475(1)
9.6.2 Subgrade stabilization methods
476(3)
9.6.2.1 Over-excavation and replacement
476(1)
9.6.2.2 Admixture stabilization
476(1)
9.6.2.3 Horizontal reinforcement
477(1)
9.6.2.4 Rammed-aggregate piers
477(1)
9.6.2.5 Compaction grouting
477(1)
9.6.2.6 Penetration grouting
478(1)
9.6.2.7 Soil mixing
478(1)
9.6.2.8 Slurry injection
478(1)
9.6.3 Control of expansive soil
479(1)
9.7 Observational method
479(4)
9.7.1 Examples of use
481(1)
9.7.2 Potential disadvantages of the observational method
482(1)
10 Case studies 483(34)
10.1 Diagnosis and remediation of a chronic subgrade problem
483(8)
10.1.1 Background and investigation (diagnosis)
483(2)
10.1.2 Substructure conditions
485(2)
10.1.3 Solution and implementation
487(2)
10.1.4 Monitoring
489(2)
10.2 Track design on old roadbed
491(8)
10.2.1 Investigation
491(2)
10.2.1.1 Use of GPR to assess old roadbed conditions
491(1)
10.2.1.2 Use of track geometry car data
492(1)
10.2.1.3 Use of mapping
493(1)
10.2.2 Granular layer thickness design
493(3)
10.2.2.1 Design method 1
494(1)
10.2.2.2 Design method 2
495(1)
10.2.3 Challenges encountered during design
496(3)
10.2.3.1 Unstable slopes
496(2)
10.2.3.2 Poor internal and external track drainage
498(1)
10.3 Track design-new roadbed
499(5)
10.3.1 Background
499(2)
10.3.2 Site description and soil conditions
501(1)
10.3.3 Track foundation design
502(2)
10.3.4 Construction control
504(1)
10.4 Slope instability
504(13)
10.4.1 Investigation SOS
10.4.2 Site conditions
508(2)
10.4.3 Potential solutions
510(5)
10.4.3.1 Flattening/buttressing
511(1)
10.4.3.2 Retaining wall with anchored tie backs
511(1)
10.4.3.3 Soil reinforcement
511(2)
10.4.3.4 Micropiles with cap beam
513(1)
10.4.3.5 Anchored blocks
514(1)
10.4.3.6 Soil dowels
515(1)
10.4.4 Extent of remediation
515(2)
Appendix 517(16)
References 533(22)
Index 555
Dr. Dingqing Li is executive director and senior scientist, Government Programs and Engineering Services, with the Transportation Technology Center, Inc, a subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads. He has more than 25 years of research, testing, modeling, consulting, and academic experience in railway engineering, and has published more than 200 technical papers and reports. Dr. Li received his Ph.D in civil engineering from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1994, and received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Central South University in China. Dr. Li is a registered professional engineer, and is a member of AREMA and ASCE.





Dr. James (Jim) Hyslip

is president of HyGround Engineering (Williamsburg, Massachusetts), where he provides consulting services in the areas of railway and geotechnical engineering. Dr. Hyslip has more than 25 years of experience in railroad engineering and geotechnical consulting, including positions as track supervisor (roadmaster) and engineer of soil mechanics at the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail). Additionally, he was a geotechnical engineer with GeoMechanics, Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Dr. Hyslip has engineering degrees from Bucknell University, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and is registered in the USA as a professional engineer.

Dr. Theodore (Ted) Sussmann

is a civil engineer with a focus on railroad geotechnical infrastructure engineering. He has 20 years of experience in characterizing track materials and structural response for safety and reliability evaluation, life-cycle cost assessment, and maintenance planning to support infrastructure sustainability. Dr. Sussmann teaches civil engineering at the University of Hartford, and has led track research at the Volpe Center. He was a research fellow at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he received his B.S.C.E. (Ma
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