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E-raamat: Railway Planning, Management, and Engineering 5th edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

V Profillidis

Formaat: 658 pages, 91 Tables, black and white; 369 Line drawings, black and white; 20 Halftones, black and white; 389 Illustrations, black and white
Ilmumisaeg: 05-Sep-2022
Kirjastus: Routledge
ISBN-13: 9780429329302

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Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Formaat: 658 pages, 91 Tables, black and white; 369 Line drawings, black and white; 20 Halftones, black and white; 389 Illustrations, black and white
Ilmumisaeg: 05-Sep-2022
Kirjastus: Routledge
ISBN-13: 9780429329302

Teised raamatud teemal:

Rohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta

Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429329302

"The 5th edition of Railway Management and Engineering (enlarged and extended, now under the title Railway Planning, Management, and Engineering) maintains its tradition of offering an innovative scientific approach to tackle a multitude of vital aspectsof railways, to understand in-depth the origins and inter-relationships of the many situations and phenomena, and to suggest the appropriate methods and solutions to solve the various emerging problems. The book deals successively with planning, management, track, rolling stock, safety, and environment. Each chapter of the book contains the necessary theoretical analysis of the phenomena studied, the recommended solutions, applications, charts, and design of the specific railway component. In this way, both the requirement for a theoretical analysis is met, and the need of the railway planner, manager, and engineer for tables, nomographs, regulations, etc. is satisfied. Regulations of the International Union of Railways (UIC) as well as European Standardization (CEN) and European Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs) have been used to the greatest extent possible. New features within this 5th edition include a new chapter on safety and level crossings, extended analysis covering both freight and urban rail systems, technological evolutions of high-speed trains and hyperloop systems, applications of artificial intelligence and big data to railway problems, actualization of all statistical and economic data, recent changes in planning, legislation and policy of railways, hydrogen trains, and enrichment throughout of the many implications of increased digitalization and automation. The book is written for railway managers, economists and engineers, consulting economists and engineers. It willalso be of direct relevance to students of engineering, transportation, economics, and management"--

The 5th edition of Railway Management and Engineering maintains its tradition of offering an innovative scientific approach to tackle a multitude of vital aspects of railways, to understand the origins and inter-relationships of the many situations and phenomena, and to suggest the appropriate methods and solutions to solve emerging problems.

Preface

xxx

List of Abbreviations

xxxiv

1 Railways and Transport

(45)

1.1 Invention and evolution of railways

(3)

1.1.1 Historical outline

(1)

1.1.2 The golden age of railways and successive technical innovations

(1)

1.1.3 Railways and their competitors

(1)

1.1.4 Railways in the era of monopoly and competition

(1)

1.2 Characteristics of rail transport

(2)

1.2.1 Ability to transport high volumes

(1)

1.2.2 Energy consumption

(1)

1.2.3 Environmental performance and safety

(1)

1.3 Railways and the economy

(2)

1.3.1 Economic cycles and railways

(1)

1.3.2 Economic growth and railways

(1)

1.3.3 Part of revenue spent for transport and contribution of railways to the economy

(1)

1.4 Mobility, sustainability and railways

(2)

1.4.1 Mobility and transport evolution

(1)

1.4.2 Mobility and sustainability

(1)

1.4.3 Mobility as a service and railways

(1)

1.5 Railways and the private car

(2)

1.5.1 The explosion of private cars

(1)

1.5.2 The electric car

(1)

1.5.3 Carpooling and car sharing

(1)

1.5.4 Driverless (autonomous) vehicles

(1)

1.6 A panorama of passenger traffic of railways around the world

(6)

1.6.1 Evolution of passenger traffic and of traveled distance performed by railways around the world

(1)

1.6.2 Passenger traffic of railways for some countries of the world and evolution over time

(2)

1.6.3 Comparative evolution of passenger traffic for railways and other transport modes

(1)

1.6.4 Share of railways in the national passenger transport market

(2)

1.6.5 Growth rates of passenger traffic of railways

(1)

1.6.6 Distances with a comparative advantage for rail passenger traffic

(1)

1.7 A panorama of freight traffic of railways around the world

(5)

1.7.1 Suitability of railways for some categories of freight

(1)

1.7.2 Evolution of freight traffic of railways around the world

(1)

1.7.3 Freight traffic of railways for some countries of the world and evolution over time

(1)

1.7.4 Comparative evolution of freight traffic for railways and other transport modes

(1)

1.7.5 Share of railways in the national freight transport market

(2)

1.7.6 Growth rates of freight traffic of railways

(2)

1.8 Railway traffic, length of lines, staff, and productivity of railways

(2)

1.9 Priority to passenger or freight traffic

(2)

1.10 Position of railways in the transport market, comparative advantages, and transport services with good prospects for railways

(5)

1.10.1 Competition in the transport market and comparative advantages of railways

(1)

1.10.2 Railways and high speeds

(1)

1.10.3 Urban rail services

(1)

1.10.4 Bulk loads - Rail freight corridors

(1)

1.10.5 Combined transport

(1)

1.10.6 Rail freight transport and logistics

(1)

1.11 Railways and air transport: competition or complementarity

(3)

1.11.1 Fields and conditions of competition and complementarity

(2)

1.11.2 Rail links with airports

(1)

1.11.3 Rail connections of airports with remote areas

(1)

1.11.4 Low-cost air transport and railways

(1)

1.12 The sanitary crisis of 2020 and 2021 and its effects on rail transport

(2)

1.13 International railway institutions

(2)

1.14 The rail industry worldwide

(1)

1.15 Railway interoperability

(1)

1.16 Applications of GPS in railways

(2)

1.17 Big data, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and railways

(3)

2 High Speeds, Magnetic Levitation, and Hyperloop

(21)

2.1 The evolution of high speeds on rails

(5)

2.1.1 Definition of high-speed trains and evolution of speed

(1)

2.1.2 Panorama of high-speed lines around the world

(2)

2.1.3 High speeds for only passenger or mixed traffic

(2)

2.2 High-speed trains and their impact on the rail market

(5)

2.2.1 High speeds and population concentrations

(1)

2.2.2 Impact of high speeds on the reduction of rail travel times

(2)

2.2.3 High speeds and new rail traffic

(3)

2.3 Technical features of high-speed railway lines

(2)

2.3.1 Technical characteristics of high-speed lines

(1)

2.3.2 Track characteristics for high speeds

(1)

2.3.3 Rolling stock for high speeds

(1)

2.3.4 Power supply at high speeds

(1)

2.3.5 Economic data for high-speed trains

(1)

2.4 The Channel Tunnel and high speeds between London and Paris

(2)

2.4.1 Technical description

(1)

2.4.2 Travel times

(1)

2.4.3 Method of financing and forecasts of demand

(1)

2.4.4 Operation, safety, and maintenance

(1)

2.5 Tilting trains

(1)

2.6 Aerotrain

(1)

2.7 Magnetic levitation

(3)

2.7.1 Technical description

(1)

2.7.2 Comparison of magnetic levitation with conventional railways

(1)

2.7.3 Applications of magnetic levitation

(1)

2.8 Hyperloop technology and systems

(3)

3 Policy and Legislation

(29)

3.1 The competitive international environment and the evolution of the organization of railways

(1)

3.2 The dual nature of railways: business and technology

(3)

3.2.1 Weaknesses inherited to railways

(1)

3.2.2 Comparative advantages of railways

(1)

3.2.3 Strategy and restructuring measures

(2)

3.2.4 Railways and transport requirements

(1)

3.3 Globalization and liberalization of the rail market

(2)

3.4 Separation of infrastructure from operation and the new challenges for railways

(3)

3.4.1 Separation as an incentive for competition

(1)

3.4.2 Competition and new challenges for railways

(1)

3.4.3 Various forms of separation

(1)

3.5 A definition of railway infrastructure

(1)

3.6 European Union rail legislation

(3)

3.7 Some representative models of separation of infrastructure from operation in European railways

(9)

3.7.1 The Integrated model

(1)

3.7.2 The Semi-integrated model with apparent organic separation

(1)

3.7.3 The Holding model

(1)

3.7.4 The Separated model

(1)

3.7.5 The Separated model along with further separation in infrastructure

(1)

3.7.6 The Separated model along with privatization

(1)

3.7.7 Assessment of the various models

(2)

3.7.8 Assessment of the impact of railway reforms

(2)

3.8 Rail legislation in the USA and Canada

(1)

3.9 Rail legislation in Japan

(2)

3.10 Rail legislation in China and India

(1)

3.11 Rail legislation in Russia

(1)

3.12 Rail legislation in Australia and New Zealand

(1)

3.13 International rail law - The COTIF convention

(2)

4 Forecast of Rail Demand

(33)

4.1 Purposes, needs, and methods for the forecast of rail demand

(2)

4.2 Driving forces and parameters affecting the various categories of rail demand

(2)

4.2.1 Driving forces affecting rail demand

(1)

4.2.2 Effects on rail demand of the principal parameters of rail transport

(1)

4.2.2.1 Passenger rail demand

(1)

4.2.2.2 Freight rail demand

(1)

4.3 Qualitative methods

100

(6)

4.3.1 Market surveys

100

(5)

4.3.2 Scenario writing method

105

(1)

4.3.3 Executive judgment method

105

(1)

4.3.4 Delphi method

105

(1)

4.4 Method of trend projection of statistical data

106

(4)

4.4.1 Theoretical background and conditions of applicability

106

(2)

4.4.2 Example of a projection of statistical data

108

(2)

4.5 Time-series models -- Box-Jenkins method

110

(1)

4.6 Econometric models

110

(5)

4.6.1 Definition, domains of application, and successive steps for the construction of an econometric model

110

(1)

4.6.2 Statistical tests for the validity of an econometric model

111

(2)

4.6.3 Examples of some econometric models for the forecast of rail demand

113

(1)

4.6.4 Exogenous and endogenous variables in rail econometric models

114

(1)

4.7 A statistical method of forecast for highly diverging data

115

(1)

4.8 Gravity models

116

(1)

4.9 Fuzzy models

117

(3)

4.9.1 Fuzzy numbers and fuzzy logic

117

(1)

4.9.2 Fuzzy regression analysis

118

(1)

4.9.3 Example of a fuzzy model

119

(1)

4.10 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) models

120

(5)

4.10.1 Artificial neural networks and biological neurons

120

(1)

4.10.2 Artificial neurons and how they operate

121

(1)

4.10.3 Input, output, and hidden layers of ANN

122

(1)

4.10.4 A variety of ANN models

122

(1)

4.10.5 Suitability and areas of applications of ANN

123

(1)

4.10.6 Example of application of ANN for the analysis and forecast of rail demand

124

(1)

4.11 Evaluation of the forecasting ability of a model for the forecast of rail demand

125

(2)

4.12 A comparative analysis of performances of each method and selection of the appropriate one

127

(2)

5 Costs and Pricing

129

(39)

5.1 Definition of railway costs

129

(4)

5.1.1 Construction, maintenance, and operation costs

129

(1)

5.1.2 Fixed and variable costs

129

(1)

5.1.3 Marginal cost

130

(1)

5.1.4 External costs and marginal social cost

131

(1)

5.1.5 Generalized cost -- Monetary value of time

131

(2)

5.2 Construction costs of a new railway line

133

(5)

5.2.1 Factors affecting construction costs of railways

133

(1)

5.2.2 Construction costs for new high-speed lines

133

(2)

5.2.3 Allocation of construction costs to the various rail components

135

(1)

5.2.4 Construction costs of civil engineering works

136

(1)

5.2.5 Construction costs of track superstructure

137

(1)

5.2.6 Construction costs of electric traction

137

(1)

5.2.7 Construction costs of signaling

137

(1)

5.2.8 Costs of installing level crossings

138

(1)

5.3 Maintenance and operation costs of rail infrastructure

138

(1)

5.3.1 Maintenance costs of rail infrastructure

138

(1)

5.3.2 Operation costs of rail infrastructure

139

(1)

5.4 Costs of purchase and of maintenance of rolling stock

139

(2)

5.4.1 Costs of high-speed rolling stock

139

(1)

5.4.2 Costs of purchase of ordinary passenger vehicles

140

(1)

5.4.3 Costs of purchase of freight vehicles

140

(1)

5.4.4 Costs of purchase of diesel locomotives

140

(1)

5.4.5 Costs of purchase of electric locomotives

140

(1)

5.4.6 Maintenance costs of rolling stock, signaling, and electrification

141

(1)

5.5 Economic life of the various components of the railway system

141

(1)

5.6 Costs of operation and revenues of a railway company

142

(3)

5.6.1 Passenger transport

142

(2)

5.6.2 Freight transport

144

(1)

5.6.3 Combined transport

145

(1)

5.7 Quantification of external costs in monetary values and internalization policies

145

(4)

5.7.1 Quantification of external costs in monetary values

145

(3)

5.7.2 Internalization of external costs

148

(1)

5.8 Pricing of infrastructure

149

(3)

5.8.1 Principles for the pricing of railway infrastructure

149

(1)

5.8.2 Objectives of infrastructure pricing

149

(2)

5.8.3 Financial consequences of infrastructure pricing

151

(1)

5.8.4 A commercial approach of infrastructure pricing

151

(1)

5.8.5 Theoretical and practical infrastructure pricing

152

(1)

5.8.6 Structure of infrastructure pricing

152

(1)

5.9 Infrastructure pricing models in some countries

152

(8)

5.9.1 Infrastructure pricing according to European Union legislation

152

(1)

5.9.2 France

153

(1)

5.9.3 Germany

154

(1)

5.9.4 United Kingdom

155

(1)

5.9.5 Italy

155

(1)

5.9.6 Spain

156

(1)

5.9.7 Poland

156

(1)

5.9.8 Sweden

156

(1)

5.9.9 Austria

156

(1)

5.9.10 Belgium

156

(1)

5.9.11 Denmark

157

(1)

5.9.12 A comparison of rail infrastructure charges

157

(3)

5.10 Pricing of operation

160

(3)

5.10.1 Targets of pricing of operation

160

(1)

5.10.2 The traditional method of pricing

160

(1)

5.10.3 Effects of elasticities

160

(2)

5.10.4 Pricing and competition

162

(1)

5.11 Pricing of passenger traffic

163

(2)

5.11.1 The existence (or not) of public service obligations

163

(1)

5.11.2 The strategic dilemma: profit or increase of traffic

163

(1)

5.11.3 Pricing for rail operators without public service obligations

164

(1)

5.11.4 Yield management techniques and unit revenues

164

(1)

5.11.5 Complementary commercial measures to increase revenues

165

(1)

5.12 Pricing of freight traffic

165

(3)

6 Planning and Management of Railways

6.1 Railways, the society, and the economy

168

(4)

6.1.1 A systems approach for the railways

168

(1)

6.1.2 Railways and the social and economic environment

168

(1)

6.1.2.1 The internal and external environment

168

(1)

6.1.2.2 Strategic and tactical level of decisions

168

(3)

6.1.2.3 Separation in business units

171

(1)

6.1.2.4 Changes and requirements of the environment of railways

171

(1)

6.1.3 Quality control

172

(1)

6.2 Competition and impact on railway management

172

(1)

6.3 Feasibility studies and methods of financing

173

(5)

6.3.1 Need for evaluation of any rail project

173

(1)

6.3.2 Benefits-costs in the case of a new railway infrastructure

174

(1)

6.3.3 Evaluation methods for rail projects

174

(1)

6.3.4 Methods of financing a new rail project

175

(2)

6.3.5 Public-Private Partnerships

177

(1)

6.4 Planning the railway activity

178

(2)

6.4.1 Need and purposes of planning

178

(1)

6.4.2 Master Plans and Business Plans

179

(1)

6.4.3 A brief description of a Business Plan of a railway undertaking

179

(1)

6.5 Project management for railways

180

(4)

6.5.1 Definition of project management

180

(1)

6.5.2 Scope, benefits, and costs of project management

181

(1)

6.5.3 Some rail projects that could require project management

182

(1)

6.5.4 A description of tasks of project management for railways

182

(2)

6.6 Management of infrastructure

184

(3)

6.6.1 Tasks and objectives for rail infrastructure

184

(1)

6.6.2 A new management approach

185

(1)

6.6.3 The issue of outsourcing

186

(1)

6.6.4 The need for homogeneous rail products and services

187

(1)

6.7 Management and policy for rail passenger transport

187

(4)

6.7.1 Tasks and objectives for rail passenger transport

187

(1)

6.7.2 A segmentation of traffic

188

(1)

6.7.3 A new strategy combining competition, cooperation, and alliances

188

(1)

6.7.4 Traditional weaknesses and offer of a new global product of railways

189

(1)

6.7.5 Application of information technologies (internet, SMS)

190

(1)

6.7.6 Marketing -- Customer satisfaction surveys -- Creation of a new culture

191

(1)

6.8 Management and policy for rail freight transport

191

(2)

6.8.1 Tasks and objectives of rail freight transport

191

(1)

6.8.2 A merciless competition

192

(1)

6.9 Human resources and their revalorization

193

(3)

6.9.1 The need for a more entrepreneurial approach

193

(1)

6.9.2 Allocation of human resources

193

(1)

6.9.3 The art of motivating people to work

194

(1)

6.9.4 Increase of productivity

195

(1)

6.9.5 Restructuring and revalorization of human resources

195

(1)

6.10 Privatization of railways

196

(5)

6.10.1 Prerequisites and targets of privatization

196

(1)

6.10.2 Privatization and competition

197

(1)

6.10.3 The problem of debt

197

(1)

6.10.4 The need for a strong Regulator

198

(1)

6.10.5 Privatization of infrastructure

198

(1)

6.10.6 Privatization of operation

198

(1)

6.10.7 Some cases of privatization of railways all over the world

199

(1)

6.10.8 Effects and degree of privatization

200

(1)

6.11 Justification and calculation of public service obligations

201

(1)

7 The Track System

202

(22)

7.1 The traditional division of railway topics into track, traction, and operation

202

(1)

7.2 The track system and its components

203

(2)

7.3 Track on ballast or on concrete slab

205

(1)

7.4 Track gauge

206

(2)

7.5 Axle load and traffic load

208

(3)

7.5.1 Axle load

208

(1)

7.5.2 Traffic load

209

(2)

7.6 Sleeper spacing

211

(1)

7.7 The wheel-rail contact

212

(1)

7.8 Transverse wheel oscillations along the rail

213

(3)

7.9 Rail inclination on sleeper

216

(1)

7.10 Loading gauge

216

(4)

7.10.1 Static and dynamic loading gauge

216

(1)

7.10.2 European, British, and American loading gauge

216

(2)

7.10.3 Loading gauge for high-speed tracks

218

(1)

7.10.4 Loading gauge for metro systems

219

(1)

7.10.5 Loading gauge for metric gauge tracks

219

(1)

7.11 Forces generated by the movement of a rail vehicle -- Static and dynamic analysis

220

(3)

7.11.1 Forces generated

220

(1)

7.11.2 Static and dynamic analysis -- Track defects and additional dynamic loads

221

(2)

7.12 Influence of forces on passenger comfort

223

(1)

8 Mechanical Behavior of Track

224

(27)

8.1 A variety of methods adjusted to the nature of the problem under study

224

(1)

8.2 Track coefficients and Bousinesq's analysis

224

(3)

8.2.1 Definitions - Symbols

224

(1)

8.2.2 Track coefficients

225

(1)

8.2.3 Track coefficients and Bousinesq's analysis

226

(1)

8.3 Approximate one-dimensional elastic analysis of track

227

(4)

8.3.1 Assumptions and equations

227

(2)

8.3.2 Results of the one-dimensional analysis

229

(2)

8.4 Accurate analysis of the mechanical behavior of track -- Finite element method and elastoplastic analysis

231

(9)

8.4.1 A short description of the finite element method and applications for track problems

231

(1)

8.4.2 Construction of the mesh of the model

232

(1)

8.4.3 Limit conditions

233

(1)

8.4.4 Stress-strain relation

233

(1)

8.4.4.1 Case of ballast and subgrade

233

(1)

8.4.4.2 Case of rail and sleeper

234

(1)

8.4.5 Numerical calculations

235

(1)

8.4.6 Determination of the mechanical characteristics of the various materials

236

(1)

8.4.7 Stress and strain in the track-subgrade system

237

(1)

8.4.8 Distribution of wheel load along successive sleepers

237

(2)

8.4.9 Elastic line of sleeper

239

(1)

8.5 Dynamic analysis of the track-subgrade system

240

(1)

8.6 Track defects and additional dynamic loads

241

(1)

8.7 Dynamic impact factor coefficient

242

(1)

8.8 Design of the track-subgrade system

242

(2)

8.9 Vibrations and noise from rail traffic

244

(3)

8.9.1 Origins of rail vibrations

244

(1)

8.9.2 Relation of rail noise level to speed

245

(1)

8.9.3 Damping of rail noise in relation to distance

245

(1)

8.9.4 Noise level in relation to infrastructure type

246

(1)

8.9.5 Noise level in high speeds

246

(1)

8.9.6 Noise level standards

246

(1)

8.10 Analysis of the accurate mechanical behavior of rail

247

(1)

8.11 Application of unilateral contact theories in railway problems

248

(2)

8.11.1 Transmission of forces through contact surfaces

248

(1)

8.11.2 Unilateral contact theories

248

(1)

8.11.3 Equations of the unilateral contact problem

249

(1)

8.11.4 Numerical calculations

249

(1)

8.12 The boundary element method

250

(1)

9 Subgrade -- Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Analysis

251

(28)

9.1 The importance of the railway subgrade on track quality and its functions

251

(1)

9.2 Analytical geotechnical study

252

(4)

9.2.1 Targets of a geotechnical study and soil investigation

252

(1)

9.2.2 Preliminary studies

253

(1)

9.2.3 Techniques and methods of exploration used in a geotechnical study

253

(1)

9.2.4 Planning the exploration program

253

(2)

9.2.5 Geotechnical report and longitudinal section

255

(1)

9.3 Geotechnical classifications of soils

256

(1)

9.4 Hydrogeological conditions

257

(2)

9.5 Classification of the railway subgrade

259

(1)

9.6 Mechanical characteristics of the subgrade

260

(1)

9.7 The formation layer

261

(1)

9.7.1 Laying of formation layer in new tracks

261

(1)

9.7.2 Improvement of formation layer in existing tracks

262

(1)

9.8 Impact of traffic load on the subgrade

262

(2)

9.9 Impact of maintenance conditions on the subgrade

264

(2)

9.9.1 The maintenance coefficient

264

(1)

9.9.2 Impact of the maintenance coefficient on the behavior of track bed and the subgrade

264

(1)

9.9.3 Impact of the maintenance coefficient on subgrade stresses

265

(1)

9.10 Fatigue behavior of the subgrade

266

(1)

9.11 Frost protection of railway subgrades

267

(2)

9.11.1 Frost Index

267

(1)

9.11.2 Frost foundation thickness

267

(1)

9.11.3 Frost protection methods on existing tracks

268

(1)

9.12 Track subgrade in cuts and on embankments -- Values of slopes

269

(1)

9.12.1 Subgrade in cut sections

269

(1)

9.12.2 Subgrade on embankment sections

269

(1)

9.13 The reinforced soil technique

270

(1)

9.14 Hydraulic analysis and calculation of flows

271

(2)

9.14.1 Level of ground water

271

(1)

9.14.2 Semi-empirical formulas for the calculation of run-off flows

271

(1)

9.14.3 The rational method for the calculation of run-off flows

272

(1)

9.15 Geotextiles in railway subgrades

273

(3)

9.15.1 Characteristics, types, and properties of geotextiles

273

(1)

9.15.2 Use and applications of geotextiles in the railway subgrade

274

(2)

9.16 Vegetation on the subgrade and the ballast

276

(2)

9.16.1 Vegetation on the track and herbicides

276

(1)

9.16.2 Criteria and dosage for application of herbicides

277

(1)

9.17 Earthquakes and the behavior of track and the subgrade

278

(1)

10 The Rail

279

(36)

10.1 Rail profiles

279

(1)

10.2 Manufacturing of rail steel

280

(1)

10.3 Mechanical strength and chemical composition of rail steel

281

(4)

10.3.1 Mechanical strength

281

(1)

10.3.2 Chemical composition

281

(1)

10.3.2.1 Carbon

281

(1)

10.3.2.2 Manganese

281

(1)

10.3.2.3 Chromium and Silicon

282

(1)

10.3.2.4 Chromium -- Manganese

282

(1)

10.3.2.5 Equivalent carbon percentage

282

(1)

10.3.3 Rail grades

282

(1)

10.3.3.1 Rail grades according to UIC

282

(1)

10.3.3.2 Rail grades according to the European standard

283

(1)

10.3.3.3 Choice of rail grade

283

(2)

10.4 Choice of rail profile

285

(3)

10.4.1 Standard gauge tracks

285

(2)

10.4.2 Metric gauge tracks

287

(1)

10.4.3 Broad gauge tracks

287

(1)

10.4.4 Geometrical characteristics of various rail profiles

288

(1)

10.5 Transport of rails

288

(3)

10.6 Analysis of stresses in the rail

291

(3)

10.6.1 Stresses at the wheel-rail contact

291

(1)

10.6.2 Bending stresses of the rail on the ballast

292

(1)

10.6.3 Bending stresses of the rail head on the rail web

293

(1)

10.6.4 Stresses caused by temperature changes

293

(1)

10.6.5 Plastic stresses

294

(1)

10.7 Analysis of the mechanical behavior of rail by the finite element and the photoelasticity methods

294

(1)

10.8 Rail fatigue

295

(4)

10.8.1 Fatigue curve and rail lifetime determination

295

(1)

10.8.2 Rail fatigue criterion

296

(2)

10.8.3 Evolution of an internal discontinuity

298

(1)

10.9 Rail defects

299

(5)

10.9.1 Definition of rail defects

299

(1)

10.9.2 Codification of rail defects

299

(2)

10.9.3 Defects in rail ends

301

(1)

10.9.4 Defects away from rail ends

301

(1)

10.9.4.1 Tache ovale

301

(1)

10.9.4.2 Horizontal cracking

301

(1)

10.9.4.3 Rolling (running) surface

302

(1)

10.9.4.4 Short-pitch corrugations

302

(1)

10.9.4.5 Long-pitch corrugations

302

(1)

10.9.4.6 Lateral wear

302

(1)

10.9.4.7 Shelling of the running surface

302

(1)

10.9.4.8 Gauge-corner shelling

303

(1)

10.9.5 Defects caused by rail damage

303

(1)

10.9.5.1 Bruising

303

(1)

10.9.5.2 Faulty machining

303

(1)

10.9.6 Welding and resurfacing defects

304

(1)

10.9.6.1 Electric flash-butt welding

304

(1)

10.9.6.2 Thermit welding and electric arc welding defects

304

(1)

10.10 Permissible rail wear

304

(1)

10.10.1 Vertical wear

304

(1)

10.10.2 Lateral wear

305

(1)

10.11 Optimum lifetime of rail

306

(1)

10.12 Fishplates

307

(1)

10.13 The continuous welded rail

307

(8)

10.13.1 The continuous welding technique

307

(1)

10.13.2 Mechanical behavior of continuous welded rail

308

(1)

10.13.2.1 Assumptions

308

(1)

10.13.2.2 Simplified mechanical analysis of continuous welded rail

309

(1)

10.13.2.3 Distribution of forces along a continuous welded rail

309

(1)

10.13.2.4 Length changes in the expansion zone

310

(1)

10.13.2.5 Rail welding

311

(1)

10.13.2.5.1 Flash-butt welding

311

(1)

10.13.2.5.2 Thermit welding

312

(1)

10.13.2.6 Distressing of a continuous welded rail

312

(1)

10.13.3 Expansion devices

313

(1)

10.13.4 Advantages of the continuous welded rail

313

(2)

11 Sleepers -- Fastenings

315

(28)

11.1 The various types of sleepers and their functions

315

(1)

11.2 Steel sleepers

316

(2)

11.2.1 Form and properties

316

(1)

11.2.2 Dimensions, weight, and chemical composition

316

(1)

11.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages

317

(1)

11.2.4 Lifetime

318

(1)

11.3 Timber sleepers

318

(3)

11.3.1 Form, properties, and timber types

318

(1)

11.3.2 Geometrical characteristics

319

(1)

11.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages

320

(1)

11.3.4 Lifetime

321

(1)

11.3.5 Deformability of timber sleepers

321

(1)

11.4 Concrete sleepers

321

(2)

11.4.1 Inherent weaknesses of concrete sleepers

321

(1)

11.4.2 The two types of concrete sleepers

322

(1)

11.5 The twin-block reinforced-concrete sleeper

323

(2)

11.5.1 Geometrical characteristics and mechanical strength

323

(1)

11.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages

324

(1)

11.5.3 Lifetime

324

(1)

11.5.4 Deformability of twin-block sleepers

324

(1)

11.5.5 Twin-block sleepers in high-speed tracks

325

(1)

11.6 The monoblock prestressed-concrete sleeper

325

(6)

11.6.1 Geometrical characteristics and mechanical strength

325

(3)

11.6.2 Advantages and disadvantages

328

(1)

11.6.3 Lifetime

328

(1)

11.6.4 Deformability of monoblock sleepers

329

(1)

11.6.5 Monoblock sleepers in high-speed tracks

329

(1)

11.6.6 Manufacturing, quality control, and testing of concrete sleepers

329

(2)

11.7 Plastic and composite sleepers

331

(1)

11.7.1 Definition and distinction of plastic from composite sleepers

331

(1)

11.7.2 Categories and mechanical strength

331

(1)

11.7.3 Advantages and disadvantages

332

(1)

11.7.4 Lifetime, cost, and applications

332

(1)

11.8 Stresses beneath the sleeper

332

(1)

11.9 Fastenings

333

(5)

11.9.1 Functional characteristics

333

(1)

11.9.2 Types of fastenings

334

(1)

11.9.2.1 Rigid fastenings

334

(1)

11.9.2.2 Elastic fastenings

335

(1)

11.9.2.3 Types of elastic fastenings

336

(1)

11.9.2.4 Operating principles of elastic fastenings

336

(1)

11.9.3 Forces and stresses in rigid and in elastic fastenings

337

(1)

11.9.4 Design criteria, anchorage, and insulation of a fastening

338

(1)

11.9.5 Rail creep and anti-creep anchors

338

(1)

11.10 Resilient pads

338

(2)

11.10.1 Pads with or without a baseplate

338

(1)

11.10.2 Functions and properties of pads

339

(1)

11.10.3 Dimensions, materials, and design

339

(1)

11.10.4 Force-elongation curves

340

(1)

11.11 Requirements of the European specifications for the sleeper-fastening system

340

(1)

11.12 Numerical application for the design of the various track components

341

(2)

12 Ballast

343

(22)

12.1 Functions of ballast and subballast

343

(1)

12.1.1 Functions of ballast

343

(1)

12.1.2 Functions of subballast

343

(1)

12.2 Geometrical characteristics of ballast

344

(4)

12.2.1 Granulometric composition

344

(2)

12.2.2 Fine particles

346

(1)

12.2.3 Fines

346

(1)

12.2.4 Particle shape

347

(1)

12.2.4.1 Flakiness Index

347

(1)

12.2.4.2 Shape Index

347

(1)

12.2.4.3 Particle length

348

(1)

12.3 Mechanical behavior of ballast and subballast

348

(6)

12.3.1 Elastoplastic behavior

348

(1)

12.3.2 Fatigue behavior

348

(1)

12.3.2.1 Ballast

348

(1)

12.3.2.2 Subballast

349

(1)

12.3.3 Modulus of elasticity

349

(1)

12.3.3.1 Ballast

349

(1)

12.3.3.2 Subballast

350

(1)

12.4.1 The Deval test

350

(1)

12.4.2 The Los Angeles test

351

(1)

12.4.3 The Microdeval test

352

(1)

12.4.4 Required strength and hardness of ballast

352

(2)

12.5 Determination of the appropriate thickness of ballast

354

(4)

12.5.1 Determination of the appropriate thickness of track bed

354

(1)

12.5.2 Required thickness of track bed (ballast + subballast) to avoid frost penetration

355

(1)

12.5.3 Thickness of ballast and subballast

356

(1)

12.5.4 Calculation of thickness of ballast according to British regulations

356

(1)

12.5.5 Numerical application

356

(1)

12.5.6 Appropriate thickness of ballast for metric gauge tracks

357

(1)

12.6 Track cross-sections

358

(4)

12.7 Lifetime and reuse of ballast

362

(1)

12.8 Monitoring of ballast characteristics with the use of radar systems

363

(2)

13 Transverse Effects - Derailment

365

(14)

13.1 Transverse effects

365

(1)

13.2 Transverse track forces

365

(1)

13.2.1 Transverse static force

365

(1)

13.2.2 Transverse dynamic force

366

(1)

13.3 Transverse track resistance

366

(1)

13.4 Influence of ballast characteristics on transverse track resistance

367

(3)

13.4.1 Influence of the geometrical characteristics of the ballast cross-section

367

(1)

13.4.2 Influence of the granulometric composition of ballast

368

(1)

13.4.3 Influence of the degree of ballast compacting

369

(1)

13.5 Influence of sleeper type on transverse track resistance

370

(1)

13.6 Additional measures and special equipment used to increase transverse track resistance

371

(1)

13.7 Derailment

372

(4)

13.7.1 Derailment caused by track shifting

373

(1)

13.7.2 Derailment caused by wheel climbing on the rail

373

(2)

13.7.3 Derailment caused by the overturning of the vehicle

375

(1)

13.7.4 Derailment safety factor - Numerical application

375

(1)

13.8 Effects of transverse winds

376

(3)

14 Track Layout

379

(28)

14.1 Rail vehicle running on a curve

379

(2)

14.1.1 Effects during movement of a rail vehicle on a curve

379

(1)

14.1.2 Transition curve -- Cubic parabola or clothoid

379

(2)

14.2 Theoretical and actual values of cant -- Permissible values of transverse acceleration

381

(3)

14.2.1 Theoretical value of cant for the complete compensation of centrifugal forces 3

(301)

14.2.2 Applied value of cant, cant deficiency, and cant excess

382

(1)

14.2.3 Cant deficiency and tilting trains

383

(1)

14.2.4 Permissible values of transverse acceleration

383

(1)

14.2.5 Variation in time of cant deficiency

384

(1)

14.3 Limit values of cant, cant deficiency, cant excess, and non-compensated transverse acceleration

384

(2)

14.3.1 Limit values according to UIC

384

(1)

14.3.2 Limit values according to European specifications

385

(1)

14.3.3 Geometrical characteristics of layout in some high-speed tracks

386

(1)

14.4 Calculation of the transition curve

386

(3)

14.5 Calculation of the circular arc

389

(1)

14.6 Case of consecutive same sense and antisense circular arcs

389

(2)

14.7 Superelevation ramp

391

(1)

14.8 Combining maximum and minimum speeds

392

(1)

14.9 Relationship of train speed with radius of curvature

393

(1)

14.10 Transition curves in the case of variation of the distance between the axes of two tracks

394

(1)

14.11 Longitudinal gradients and vertical transition curves

395

(2)

14.11.1 Longitudinal gradients

395

(1)

14.11.2 Vertical transition curves

396

(1)

14.12 Some considerations for metric gauge tracks

397

(1)

14.13 Layout design with the use of tables and computer methods

398

(1)

14.14 Numerical application for the layout and the longitudinal design of a track

399

(4)

14.14.1 Layout design

399

(3)

14.14.2 Longitudinal design

402

(1)

14.15 Construction of a new railway line

403

(2)

14.15.1 Feasibility study

403

(1)

14.15.2 Preliminary design

403

(1)

14.15.3 Outline design

404

(1)

14.15.4 Final design

404

(1)

14.15.5 Staking of the track layout

404

(1)

14.16 Environmental aspects of track layout

405

(2)

15 Switches, Tracks in Stations, Marshaling Yards

407

(21)

15.1 Functions of switches

407

(1)

15.2 Components of a turnout

408

(2)

15.3 Various forms of turnouts

410

(2)

15.4 Running speed on turnouts

412

(1)

15.5 Geometrical characteristics of turnouts

413

(1)

15.6 Derailment criterion for turnouts and crossings

414

(1)

15.7 Turnouts on a curved main track

415

(1)

15.8 Turnouts run with increased speeds

415

(2)

15.9 Track layout and positioning of sleepers in turnouts

417

(1)

15.10 Manual and automatic operation of turnouts

417

(2)

15.11 Design principles for turnouts and crossings

419

(1)

15.12 Lifetime and maintenance costs of turnouts

419

(1)

15.13 Turnouts and tracks in railway stations

420

(2)

15.13.1 Railway station: a node connecting the railway with life and economy

420

(1)

15.13.2 Topologies of tracks in stations

420

(1)

15.13.3 Layout of turnouts and tracks in a medium-size station

421

(1)

15.13.4 Length, width, and height of platforms

422

(1)

15.14 Turnouts and tracks in marshaling yards

422

(6)

15.14.1 Definition and functions of a marshaling yard

422

(2)

15.14.2 The various types of marshaling yards

424

(1)

15.14.2.1 Flat yards

424

(1)

15.14.2.2 Gravity yards

424

(1)

15.14.2.3 Hump yards

424

(3)

15.14.3 Automatic regulation of turnouts in marshaling yards

427

(1)

15.14.4 Design of a marshaling yard

427

(1)

16 Laying and Maintenance of Track

428

(25)

16.1 Laying of track

428

(1)

16.1.1 Mechanical equipment

428

(1)

16.1.2 Sequence of construction of the various track works

429

(1)

16.2 Track maintenance and parameters influencing it

429

(2)

16.2.1 Preventive, corrective, and condition-based maintenance

429

(2)

16.2.2 Geometrical and mechanical parameters

431

(1)

16.3 Definitions and parameters associated with track defects

431

(2)

16.4 Track defects

433

(2)

16.4.1 Longitudinal defect

433

(1)

16.4.2 Transverse defect

433

(1)

16.4.3 Horizontal defect

434

(1)

16.4.4 Track gauge

434

(1)

16.4.5 Track twist

434

(1)

16.5 Recording methods of track defects

435

(2)

16.6 Limit values of track defects

437

(3)

16.6.1 Limit values for high-, rapid- and medium-speed tracks

437

(1)

16.6.2 Limit values for medium-and low-speed tracks

437

(1)

16.6.3 Acceptance values

438

(1)

16.6.4 Emergency values

439

(1)

16.6.5 Limit values according to European specifications

439

(1)

16.7 Progress of track defects

440

(3)

16.7.1 Longitudinal defect

440

(1)

16.7.1.1 Mean settlement of track

441

(1)

16.7.1.2 Standard deviation of longitudinal defects

441

(1)

16.7.1.3 Interval between maintenance sessions

442

(1)

16.7.2 Transverse defect

442

(1)

16.7.3 Horizontal defect

442

(1)

16.7.4 Gauge deviations

443

(1)

16.7.5 Track twist

443

(1)

16.8 Mechanical equipment for maintenance works

443

(3)

16.9 Scheduling of maintenance operations

446

(1)

16.10 Technical considerations for track maintenance works

447

(1)

16.11 Optimization of track maintenance expenses -- The RAMS analysis

448

(2)

16.11.1 Optimization of track maintenance expenses

448

(1)

16.11.2 The RAMS analysis

449

(1)

16.11.3 Track maintenance by own resources or by outsourcing

449

(1)

16.12 Condition-based maintenance, Big data, and Artificial Intelligence

450

(1)

16.13 Track maintenance, vegetation, and weed control

451

(2)

17 Slab Track

453

(12)

17.1 The dilemma between ballasted and non-ballasted track

453

(2)

17.1.1 Advantages and weaknesses of ballasted track

453

(1)

17.1.2 The non-ballasted track

453

(1)

17.1.3 First trials, tests, and evolution of slab track techniques

454

(1)

17.2 A variety of forms of non-ballasted track

455

(1)

17.3 Slab track with sleepers

456

(2)

17.3.1 The Rheda technique

456

(1)

17.3.2 The Zublin technique

456

(1)

17.3.3 The Stedef technique

457

(1)

17.4 Slab track without sleepers (Shinkansen, Bogl, Embedded)

458

(1)

17.5 Non-ballasted track on an asphalt layer

459

(1)

17.6 Mechanical behavior of slab track

460

(2)

17.6.1 Application of the finite element method for the modeling of slab track

461

(1)

17.6.2 Stresses and settlements in the case of slab track

461

(1)

17.7 Transition between ballasted and slab track

462

(1)

17.8 Costs and construction rates of slab track

463

(1)

17.9 Monitoring and repair of slab track

464

(1)

18 Train Dynamics

465

(23)

18.1 Train traction

465

(1)

18.2 Resistances acting during train motion

465

(1)

18.3 Running resistance RL

466

(10)

18.3.1 General equation for the running resistance

466

(1)

18.3.2 Empirical formulas of some railways for the running resistance

467

(1)

18.3.2.1 Formulas of the French railways

468

(1)

18.3.2.1.1 Diesel or electric locomotives

468

(1)

18.3.2.1.2 Hauled rolling stock

468

(1)

18.3.2.1.3 Electric passenger vehicles

468

(1)

18.3.2.2 Formula of the American railways

469

(1)

18.3.2.3 Formulas of the German railways

470

(1)

18.3.2.4 Formulas for broad and metric gauge railways

470

(1)

18.3.3 Resistances developed when running in a tunnel

471

(1)

18.3.3.1 Pressure problems

471

(2)

18.3.3.2 Increased aerodynamic resistances in tunnels

473

(1)

18.3.3.3 Crossing of trains in tunnels

474

(1)

18.3.3.4 Tunnel cross-section requirements at high speeds

475

(1)

18.3.4 Comparative running resistance between railways and road vehicles

475

(1)

18.4 Resistance Rc due to track curves

476

(1)

18.5 Resistance Rg caused by gravity

476

(1)

18.6 Inertial (acceleration) resistance Rin

476

(1)

18.7 Starting force and traction force of a train

477

(1)

18.8 Adhesion forces

478

(2)

18.9 Required power of the engine of a train

480

(1)

18.10 Values of train acceleration and deceleration

481

(2)

18.11 Train braking

483

(5)

18.11.1 Braking systems

483

(1)

18.11.2 Braking distance

484

(3)

18.11.3 European specifications concerning braking

487

(1)

19 Rolling Stock

488

(17)

19.1 Components of a rail vehicle

488

(1)

19.2 Wheels

488

(2)

19.2.1 Geometrical characteristics and materials

488

(2)

19.2.2 Wheel defects and reprofiling

490

(1)

19.2.3 Life cycle of a wheel

490

(1)

19.3 Axles

490

(2)

19.4 Bogies

492

(2)

19.4.1 Definition and functions of a bogie

492

(1)

19.4.2 Forms of bogies

493

(1)

19.4.3 Components of a bogie

493

(1)

19.4.4 Self-steering bogie

494

(1)

19.5 Springs

494

(1)

19.6 Couplings and buffers

494

(1)

19.7 Design of rolling stock

495

(1)

19.8 Localization of the position of a rail vehicle with the use of GPS or other satellite systems

496

(2)

19.9 Tilting trains

498

(4)

19.9.1 Needs which gave rise to the tilting technology

498

(1)

19.9.2 Tilting technology

499

(1)

19.9.3 Technical and operating characteristics of tilting trains

500

(1)

19.9.4 Reductions in travel times by tilting trains

501

(1)

19.9.5 Cost of tilting trains

502

(1)

19.10 Maintenance of rolling stock

502

(1)

19.10.1 Objectives and scheduling

502

(1)

19.10.2 Levels and works of maintenance

502

(1)

19.10.3 Equipment and staff

503

(1)

19.11 Preventive, corrective, and condition-based maintenance of rolling stock

503

(2)

20 Diesel and Electric Traction, Hydrogen Trains

505

(28)

20.1 The various traction systems

505

(1)

20.2 Steam traction

505

(2)

20.2.1 Operating principle of the steam engine

505

(1)

20.2.2 Main parts of a steam locomotive

506

(1)

20.2.3 Disadvantages and obsolescence of the steam locomotive

506

(1)

20.3 From steam traction to diesel traction and electric traction

507

(1)

20.3.1 From steam traction to diesel traction

507

(1)

20.3.2 From steam traction to electric traction

507

(1)

20.3.3 Gas turbine locomotives

507

(1)

20.4 Diesel traction

508

(2)

20.4.1 Operating principle of the diesel engine

508

(1)

20.4.2 Transmission systems

509

(1)

20.4.3 Requirements of diesel locomotives

509

(1)

20.4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of diesel traction

510

(1)

20.5 Electric traction and its subsystems

510

(1)

20.5.1 Power supply subsystem

510

(1)

20.5.2 Traction subsystem

511

(1)

20.5.3 Requirements and priorities

511

(1)

20.6 Electric traction systems

511

(5)

20.6.1 Direct current traction

511

(1)

20.6.2 Alternating current traction

512

(1)

20.6.2.1 Alternating current traction at 15 kV, 162/3 Hz

512

(1)

20.6.2.2 Alternating current traction at 25 kV, 50 Hz

513

(3)

20.6.3 Advantages and disadvantages of electric traction compared to diesel traction

516

(1)

20.7 Feasibility analysis before electrification

516

(2)

20.7.1 Feasibility analysis parameters and procedure

516

(1)

20.7.2 Criterion for selection of the lines to be electrified

517

(1)

20.8 Overhead contact system

518

(6)

20.8.1 Parts and components of the overhead contact system

518

(1)

20.8.2 Calculation of the characteristics of the contact wire with the use of physical models

519

(1)

20.8.3 Calculation of the contact wire with the use of the finite element method

520

(1)

20.8.4 Suspension of overhead contact systems

521

(1)

20.8.5 The pantograph

522

(1)

20.8.6 Power transmission by conductor rail

523

(1)

20.8.7 Electrical and power characteristics of some high-speed tracks

524

(1)

20.9 Poles supporting overhead contact line

524

(2)

20.9.1 Pole material

524

(1)

20.9.2 Pole spacing

525

(1)

20.9.3 Pole foundation

525

(1)

20.10 Substations

526

(3)

20.10.1 Substations feeding direct current systems

526

(1)

20.10.2 Substations feeding alternating current systems

526

(1)

20.10.3 From thyristors to `gate turn off' technology

527

(1)

20.10.4 Operation control center

527

(1)

20.10.5 Interference of electric traction with telecommunication and signaling systems

528

(1)

20.11 Synchronous and asynchronous motors

529

(1)

20.12 Maintenance of locomotives-Depot

530

(1)

20.13 Hydrogen trains

531

(2)

20.13.1 Hydrogen as a source of energy

531

(1)

20.13.2 Emergence and first applications of hydrogen trains

531

(1)

20.13.3 Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen trains

532

(1)

20.13.4 Costs of hydrogen

532

(1)

21 Signaling -- Automations -- Interoperability

533

(26)

21.1 Functions of signaling

533

(2)

21.1.1 Evolution of signaling

533

(1)

21.1.2 Braking distance and signaling requirements

534

(1)

21.1.3 Traffic safety and regularity

534

(1)

21.1.4 The regulatory framework

535

(1)

21.1.5 Basic functions of signaling

535

(1)

21.2 Semaphore signaling

535

(1)

21.2.1 Visual and audible signals

535

(1)

21.2.2 Colors used in signals

536

(1)

21.2.3 Types of signals

536

(1)

21.3 Operating principles of light signaling -- The track circuit

536

(4)

21.3.1 Definition of light signaling

536

(1)

21.3.2 The track circuit

537

(1)

21.3.2.1 Definition and components

537

(1)

21.3.2.2 Operating principle of the track circuit

537

(1)

21.3.2.3 The block section

538

(1)

21.3.2.4 Types of track circuits

538

(1)

21.3.2.5 Track circuit relay

538

(2)

21.4 Equipment and parts of a light signaling system

540

(3)

21.4.1 Light signals

540

(1)

21.4.2 Switch control devices

541

(1)

21.4.3 Train integrity detectors

541

(1)

21.4.4 Approach locking detectors

541

(1)

21.4.5 Local operation and display board

541

(1)

21.4.6 Remote monitoring and control

542

(1)

21.4.6.1 Principles of operation

542

(1)

21.4.6.2 Equipment

542

(1)

21.4.6.3 Remote monitoring -- Control of traffic safety

542

(1)

21.4.7 Power supply equipment

543

(1)

21.5 Running procedure of trains in a light signaling system

543

(1)

21.5.1 Route interlock

543

(1)

21.5.2 Single track interlock

543

(1)

21.5.3 Approach interlock

543

(1)

21.5.4 Interlocking of opposite schedules

543

(1)

21.5.5 Free way interlocking

544

(1)

21.5.6 Light signal interlocking

544

(1)

21.5.7 Compatible and incompatible schedules

544

(1)

21.6 Speed control

544

(3)

21.6.1 The various speed control systems

544

(1)

21.6.1.1 Automatic control and driver functions

544

(1)

21.6.1.2 Intermittent speed control

545

(1)

21.6.1.3 Continuous speed control

545

(1)

21.6.1.4 Speed control and interoperability

546

(1)

21.6.2 Technical characteristics of train speed control systems

546

(1)

21.6.2.1 Electromechanical control

546

(1)

21.6.2.2 Track-locomotive continuous communication system

546

(1)

21.7 The various degrees of automations in light signaling and operation of trains

547

(1)

21.8 Train scheduling

548

(1)

21.9 Capacity of track

549

(5)

21.9.1 Definition of track capacity

549

(1)

21.9.2 Theoretical, practical, used, and available capacity

550

(1)

21.9.3 Models for the calculation of track capacity

551

(1)

21.9.3.1 Homogeneous traffic under ideal conditions

551

(1)

21.9.3.2 Delays and their effects

551

(1)

21.9.3.3 Homogenous traffic under real conditions

552

(1)

21.9.3.4 Practical capacity for single and double tracks

553

(1)

21.9.3.5 Some computer models for the calculation of track capacity

553

(1)

21.9.4 Capacity optimization with the use of satellite technologies

554

(1)

21.10 Interoperability

554

(5)

21.10.1 Definition

554

(1)

21.10.2 Interoperability of track gauges

555

(1)

21.10.3 Interoperability of power systems

555

(1)

21.10.4 The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS)

555

(2)

21.10.5 Costs and degree of deployment of ERTMS

557

(2)

22 Safety-Level Crossings

559

(28)

22.1 Safety and railway accidents

559

(2)

22.1.1 Definition of safety and accidents

559

(1)

22.1.2 Railway accidents as spectacular but also ordinary events

560

(1)

22.1.3 Railway safety: a transverse and composite subject -- Rail safety authorities

560

(1)

21.2 Types and causes of railway accidents

561

(1)

22.2.1 Types of railway accidents

561

(1)

22.2.2 Causes of railway accidents

561

(1)

22.3 Categorization and indices of railway accidents

562

(2)

22.3.1 Categorization of railway accidents

562

(1)

22.3.2 Indicators for assessing rail safety

563

(1)

22.4 Evolution and statistical analysis of railway accidents

564

(3)

22.4.1 Relativity and inconsistency of statistical data

564

(1)

22.4.2 Gravity and effects of the various types of accidents

564

(1)

22.4.3 Statistical evolution of effects of railway accidents

564

(2)

22.4.4 Suicides and trespassers accidents in the railway area

566

(1)

22.4.5 Costs and economic impact of railway accidents

566

(1)

22.4.6 Railway safety in comparison with other transport modes and among various countries

567

(1)

22.5 Measures to improve railway safety

567

(3)

22.6 Level crossings: Definition, classification, and indicators

570

(3)

22.6.1 Definition of level crossings

570

(1)

22.6.2 Classification of level crossings

571

(1)

22.6.3 Average distance between level crossings

572

(1)

22.6.4 Maximum train speed for installing level crossings

572

(1)

22.6.5 Indicators for assessing safety performance in level crossings

572

(1)

22.7 Causes, statistical evolution, and effects of accidents in level crossings

573

(3)

22.7.1 Causes of accidents in level crossings

573

(1)

22.7.2 Statistical evolution of accidents in level crossings

574

(1)

22.7.3 Economic impact of accidents in level crossings

575

(1)

22.8 Policy, principles, and management strategy for level crossings

576

(2)

22.8.1 General policy and management strategy

576

(1)

22.8.2 Case of passive level crossings

576

(1)

22.8.3 Case of active level crossings

577

(1)

22.8.4 Replacement of level crossings with flyovers or overpasses

578

(1)

22.8.5 A strategy with clear priorities

578

(1)

22.9 Equipment of warning and protection in level crossings

578

(4)

22.9.1 Passive level crossings

578

(1)

22.9.2 Active level crossings

579

(1)

22.9.3 Illumination in level crossings

580

(1)

22.9.4 Cost of equipment in level crossings

581

(1)

22.10 Layout in the area of a level crossing

582

(5)

22.10.1 Design of road pavement and of cross-section in a level crossing

582

(1)

22.10.2 Sight distances in level crossings

583

(1)

22.10.3 Horizontal alignment of roads and tracks in a level crossing

584

(3)

23 Environmental Effects of Railways

587

(20)

23.1 Climate change, the transport sector, and sustainable development

587

(5)

23.1.1 Climate change

587

(2)

23.1.2 The greenhouse effect and climate change

589

(1)

23.1.3 International initiatives and agreements

589

(2)

23.1.4 Sustainable development

591

(1)

23.1.5 Transport and the environment

591

(1)

23.2 Air pollution and railways

592

(6)

23.2.1 Air pollutants from railways and other transport modes

592

(1)

23.2.2 Specific emissions of air pollutants from railways and other transport modes

593

(1)

23.2.3 The greenhouse effect and CO2 emissions from railways and other transport modes

593

(2)

23.2.4 Specific CO2 emissions from railways and other transport modes

595

(2)

23.2.5 CO2 emissions for diesel and electric trains

597

(1)

23.2.6 Internalization of costs of CO2 emissions

597

(1)

23.3 Railway noise

598

(4)

23.3.1 Sources and damping of railway noise

598

(1)

23.3.2 Noise indicators and maximum permitted level of rail noise

598

(2)

23.3.3 Measures for the reduction of rail noise and related costs

600

(2)

23.4 Energy consumption and railways

602

(4)

23.4.1 Energy consumption and the transport sector

602

(1)

23.4.2 Energy consumption within the transport sector

602

(1)

23.4.3 Energy consumption for diesel and electric traction

602

(1)

23.4.4 Specific energy consumption of railways for passenger and freight traffic around the world

603

(1)

23.4.5 Comparative specific energy consumption for railways and other transport modes

604

(2)

23.5 Energy consumed in railways for comfort functions

606

(1)

List of References

607

(26)

Index

633

V.A. Profillidis is Professor of Transportation Engineering at Democritus Thrace University, Xanthi, Greece. He has acted as a consultant on many railway projects, with 30 years of research, teaching, and professional experience in Railway Planning, Management, and Engineering. He has published 10 books and over 200 papers in scientific journals and conference proceedings. He has served as advisor to the Greek Ministry of Transport, the Greek Railways, and the Greek Ministry of Public Works. He has also been a research associate in the Research Department of the International Union of Railways (UIC) and in the French Railways (SNCF). He holds a Diploma in Civil Engineering, a Diploma in Law, both from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, a D.E.A. and a Ph.D. from Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées of Paris, France.

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780429329302_pe.html

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E-raamat: Railway Planning, Management, and Engineering 5th edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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