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E-raamat: Reactor Design for Chemical Engineers [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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  • Formaat: 454 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Sep-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780203741221
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Reactor Design for Chemical EngineersSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 454 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Sep-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780203741221
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203741221
Intended primarily for undergraduate chemical-engineering students, this book also includes material which bridges the gap between undergraduate and graduate requirements. The introduction contains a listing of the principal types of reactors employed in the chemical industry, with diagrams and examples of their use. There is then a brief exploration of the concepts employed in later sections for modelling and sizing reactors, followed by basic information on stoichiometry and thermodynamics, and the kinetics of homogeneous and catalyzed reactions. Subsequent chapters are devoted to reactor sizing and modelling in some simple situations, and more detailed coverage of the design and operation of the principal reactor types.
Contributors xi
Preface xii
1 Introduction 1(14)
J.M. Winterbottom
1.1 The need for good reactor design
1(1)
1.2 Reactor types
2(1)
1.3 Batch reactors
3(3)
1.4 Continuous reactors
6(7)
1.4.1 Well-mixed continuous reactors
7(3)
1.4.2 Tubular reactors
10(3)
1.5 The importance of catalysts
13(1)
References
14(1)
2 Reaction stoichiometry and thermodynamics 15(88)
K. Thayanithy
M.B. King
2.1 Introduction, nomenclature and concepts
15(16)
2.1.1 Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
15(1)
2.1.2 Reversible and 'irreversible' reactions
15(1)
2.1.3 Reaction stoichiometry and stoichiometric coefficients
16(1)
2.1.4 The mole and molar mass and their use in stoichiometric calculations
17(14)
2.2 First stages in reactor design: material balance calculations
31(15)
2.2.1 Simple reactor systems with no 'split-flow' features
32(7)
2.2.2 Material balances for reactor systems with by-pass, recycle and purge
39(7)
2.3 Thermal calculations on reactor systems
46(21)
2.3.1 Basic concepts
46(3)
2.3.2 Enthalpies of reactor fluids as functions of temperature and conversion
49(1)
2.3.3 Thermal calculations in batch reactors: heat capacities of reactor fluids
50(5)
2.3.4 Thermal calculations for flow reactors at steady state
55(6)
2.3.5 The standard enthalpy change (*Delta;rHθ (T)) for a reaction and its use for thermal calculations on reactors
61(6)
2.4 Chemical equilibrium calculations: equilibrium conversion in reactor systems
67(29)
2.4.1 Introduction: Le Chatelier's principle and other basic concepts
67(5)
2.4.2 The thermodynamic treatment of chemical equilibrium in gas phase reactions
72(3)
2.4.3 The thermodynamic equilibrium constant based on ideal gas standard state at I bar
75(17)
2.4.4 Equilibrium approach temperature
92(1)
2.4.5 Chemical equilibrium in imperfect gas systems
92(4)
2.4.6 Chemical equilibria in liquid and mixed phase systems
96(1)
Appendix 2.1
96(5)
References
101(2)
3 Kinetics of homogeneous reactions and of reactions on solid catalyst surfaces 103(77)
M.B. King
J.M. Winterbottom
3.1 Reactions in homogeneous fluids
103(21)
3.1.1 Some definitions
103(2)
3.1.2 Elementary, non-elementary and complex irreversible reactions
105(1)
3.1.3 Single reactions and their mechanisms
106(1)
3.1.4 Reaction rates in homogeneous systems as functions of composition
107(8)
3.1.5 Reaction rates as functions of temperature
115(2)
3.1.6 Simple collision theory for gas reaction rates
117(1)
3.1.7 A note on the transition state theory of reaction rates
118(5)
3.1.8 Rates of reversible reactions
123(1)
3.2 Calculation of reactor volumes from reaction rate data: reaction rates as functions of conversion
124(4)
3.2.1 Expressions giving the volumes of 'ideal' reactors which are required to meet specified values of throughput and conversion: significance of reaction rate (-rA) in these expressions
124(4)
3.3 Reactions on catalyst surfaces
128(6)
3.3.1 Definition of a catalyst
128(1)
3.3.2 Catalyst selectivity
128(1)
3.3.3 Surface reaction rates and reaction rates per unit catalyst volume
129(3)
3.3.4 Industrial importance of catalysis
132(1)
3.3.5 Mechanisms involved in reactions catalysed by solid surfaces
132(2)
3.4 The role of adsorption in reactions catalysed by solid surfaces
134(9)
3.4.1 Types of adsorption onto solid surfaces: physical and chemical adsorption
134(5)
3.4.2 The Langmuir isotherm and other adsorption isotherms
139(4)
3.5 The kinetics of heterogeneously catalysed reactions
143(7)
3.5.1 Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Houghen-Watson reaction models
144(6)
3.6 Diffusional limitations on surface-catalysed reactions
150(20)
3.6.1 Definition of effectiveness factor and intrinsic reaction rate
150(2)
3.6.2 Diffusion into catalyst pores
152(4)
3.6.3 Effective diffusivity into catalyst pellets and effectiveness factor for spherical catalyst pellets
156(1)
3.6.4 Development of expression for effectiveness factor 77 for first-order reactions in isothermal spherical pellets
157(11)
3.6.5 Surface film resistance to reaction rate (interphase resistance)
168(2)
3.7 Reaction rate regimes
170(1)
Appendix 3.1
171(1)
Appendix 3.2
172(6)
References
178(2)
4 Simple reactor sizing calculations 180(72)
J.M. Winterbottom
M.B. King
4.1 The material balance equations for batch and continuous reactors
180(7)
4.1.1 The batch reactor
180(2)
4.1.2 The continuous reactor
182(5)
4.2 Residence times in 'ideal' continuous flow reactors
187(4)
4.3 Determination of reactor volumes for given production rate and throughput specifications: homogeneous reactions under isothermal conditions
191(6)
4.3.1 The batch reactor
191(2)
4.3.2 The plug flow reactor
193(3)
4.3.3 The continuous stirred tank reactor
196(1)
4.4 Performance of series and parallel combinations of homogeneous plug flow reactors under isothermal conditions
197(1)
4.4.1 Plug flow reactors in series
197(1)
4.4.2 Plug flow reactors in parallel
197(1)
4.5 Performance of series and parallel combinations of continuous stirred tank reactors under isothermal conditions
198(8)
4.5.1 Parallel CSTR combinations
198(1)
4.5.2 Series CSTR combinations
198(8)
4.6 Comparison of the performance of the various reactors and reactor combinations considered in Sections 4.3-4.5
206(7)
4.6.1 Comparison of volume requirements of ideal CSTRs and PFRs under isothermal conditions
207(1)
4.6.2 Comparison of performance of various arrangements of CSTRs under isothermal conditions
208(5)
4.7 Thermal effects in 'ideal' chemical reactors
213(25)
4.7.1 Introduction
213(16)
4.7.2 Non-isothermal tubular reactors with heat exchange: simultaneous application of differential heat and mass balances
229(9)
4.8 Heterogeneous tubular reactor calculations
238(10)
4.9 Pressure drops in catalyst beds
248(2)
References
250(2)
5 Non-ideal flow in chemical reactors and the residence time distribution 252(24)
J. Bourne
5.1 Introduction
252(1)
5.2 Quantitative descriptions of non-ideal flow
253(2)
5.3 The residence time distribution
255(3)
5.3.1 Definitions
255(1)
5.3.2 Measurement of RTD
256(2)
5.4 The residence time distribution for some selected flow models
258(10)
5.4.1 The perfectly mixed tank
258(1)
5.4.2 Cascade of perfectly mixed tanks
259(4)
5.4.3 Laminar flow in a pipe
263(1)
5.4.4 Turbulent flow in a pipe
264(2)
5.4.5 Packed beds
266(1)
5.4.6 Turbulent tubular reactor with recycle
266(1)
5.4.7 Dead zones and short circuits
267(1)
5.5 How can non-ideal flow be quantitatively described?
268(1)
5.6 Calculation of performance when flow is non-ideal
268(6)
5.7 Concluding remarks
274(2)
6 Catalyst design and manufacture 276(25)
E.M. Holt
G.J. Kelly
F. King
6.1 Introduction
276(5)
6.1.1 Development guidelines
276(2)
6.1.2 Influence of mass transport on catalyst behaviour
278(1)
6.1.3 Influence of heat transfer
279(1)
6.1.4 Types of catalyst reactors
280(1)
6.2 Types of catalysts
281(3)
6.2.1 Unsupported metals
281(1)
6.2.2 Fused catalysts
282(1)
6.2.3 Oxide catalysts
282(1)
6.2.4 Supported catalysts
282(2)
6.3 Methods of manufacture
284(8)
6.3.1 Incorporation of the active species
284(6)
6.3.2 Forming of catalysts
290(2)
6.4 Characterisation of catalysts
292(4)
6.4.1 Chemical characterisation
293(1)
6.4.2 Physical characterisation
294(1)
6.4.3 Characterisation of used catalysts
295(1)
6.5 Industrial catalyst examples
296(3)
6.5.1 Methyl alcohol synthesis
296(1)
6.5.2 Selective ethyne removal from ethene
297(2)
References
299(1)
Bibliography
300(1)
7 Overview of catalytic reactor design 301(11)
R. Crane
7.1 The catalyst
301(2)
7.1.1 High activity
301(1)
7.1.2 High selectivity
302(1)
7.1.3 Long life
303(1)
7.2 The kinetic model
303(1)
7.3 Methodology of catalytic reactor design
304(5)
7.3.1 Design of a catalytic converter using ammonia synthesis as an example
306(3)
7.4 Start-up operation and the need for care
309(2)
7.4.1 Pre-reduced catalysts
310(1)
7.4.2 Discharging and disposal
310(1)
References
311(1)
8 Fluidised bed reactors 312(32)
R.M. Nedderman
8.1 Introduction
312(1)
8.2 Fluid mechanics of fluidised beds
312(8)
8.2.1 Fluidisation phenomena in gas-fluidised systems
314(6)
8.3 Reactions in gas-fluidised beds
320(21)
8.3.1 Reaction on a spherical particle
320(2)
8.3.2 First-order chemical reaction in fixed beds
322(1)
8.3.3 First-order chemical reaction in a well-mixed fluidised bed
322(4)
8.3.4 Second- and higher-order reactions in a well-mixed fluidised bed
326(1)
8.3.5 Combustion of gases
327(1)
8.3.6 Plug flow in the particulate phase
328(4)
8.3.7 Combustion of solid particles
332(9)
Notation
341(2)
References
343(1)
Further Reading
343(1)
9 Three-phase reactors 344(32)
J.M. Winterbottom
9.1 General observations
344(1)
9.2 Applications of three-phase reactors
344(3)
9.2.1 Triglyceride hydrogenation
344(1)
9.2.2 Hydrodesulphurisation
345(1)
9.2.3 Hydrocracking
345(1)
9.2.4 Methanol synthesis
345(1)
9.2.5 Fine chemical/pharmaceutical production
346(1)
9.3 Types of three-phase reactor
347(1)
9.3.1 Fixed bed reactors
347(1)
9.3.2 Slurry reactors
348(1)
9.4 Slurry reactor theory
348(14)
9.4.1 Reaction rate equation for slurry reactor based on power law expression for surface reaction rate
352(7)
9.4.2 Rate expression based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) models for catalytic reactions
359(3)
9.5 Trickle bed reactors
362(5)
9.5.1 Rate expressions for the transport and reaction processes undergone by reactant A
363(1)
9.5.2 Material balance for reactant A moving in plug flow through a catalyst bed
364(1)
9.5.3 Rate expressions for the transport and reaction of reactant B
365(1)
9.5.4 Material balance on species B moving in plug flow through a catalyst bed
365(1)
9.5.5 Integrated equations giving catalyst mass required for given conversion
365(2)
9.6 Examples
367(8)
References
375(1)
10 Bioreactors 376(52)
A.N. Emery
10.1 Introduction
376(2)
10.2 Biological reactions
378(10)
10.2.1 First: a little microbiology - and its applications
378(6)
10.2.2 A (very) little biochemistry
384(4)
10.3 Biological reaction kinetics
388(11)
10.3.1 Enzyme biocatalysis
388(4)
10.3.2 Basic unstructured microbial growth kinetics
392(5)
10.3.3 Unstructured models of microbial product formation
397(2)
10.3.4 Unstructured substrate consumption models
399(1)
10.4 Choices in bioreactor configuration and operating mode
399(12)
10.4.1 Simple batch reactors
400(1)
10.4.2 Ideal plug flow reactors
401(1)
10.4.3 Completely mixed stirred-tank reactors
402(4)
10.4.4 Operations with multiple CSTRs
406(1)
10.4.5 CSTR and/or PFR: a simplified exercise in optimisation
407(2)
10.4.6 CSTR with recycle: improving productivity and conversion
409(2)
10.5 Batch and continuous reactor modes and configurations: practical comparisons
411(2)
10.5.1 Batch fermentation: advantages and disadvantages
411(1)
10.5.2 Continuous fermentation: advantages and disadvantages
412(1)
10.5.3 Fed-batch operation: advantages and disadvantages
412(1)
10.6 Fed-batch operation of bioreactions
413(6)
10.6.1 The Crabtree effect and how it lowers the yield of Bakers' yeast
413(1)
10.6.2 Fed-batch bioreaction models
414(5)
10.7 Other reaction rate limitations in bioreaction systems
419(5)
10.7.1 Oxygen transfer in aerated and agitated bioreactors
421(1)
10.7.2 Improving oxygen transfer in bioreactors
422(2)
10.8 Other design requirements in bioreactors
424(2)
References
426(2)
Symbols 428(5)
Index 433
J. M. Winterbottom, M. B. King
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