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E-raamat: Red Blood Cell Aggregation [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

, (Koc University, Turkey),
  • Formaat: 324 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Oct-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429151132
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Red Blood Cell AggregationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 324 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Oct-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429151132
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429151132

Red blood cells in humans—and most other mammals—have a tendency to form aggregates with a characteristic face-to-face morphology, similar to a stack of coins. Known as rouleaux, these aggregates are a normally occurring phenomenon and have a major impact on blood rheology. What is the underlying mechanism that produces this pattern? Does this really happen in blood circulation? And do these rouleaux formations have a useful function?





The first book to offer a comprehensive review of the subject, Red Blood Cell Aggregation tackles these and other questions related to red blood cell (RBC) aggregates. The book covers basic, clinical, and physiological aspects of this important biophysical phenomenon and integrates these areas with concepts in bioengineering. It brings together state-of-the-art research on the determinants, mechanisms, and measurement and effects of RBC aggregation as well as on variations and comparative aspects.





After an introductory overview, the book outlines factors and conditions that affect RBC aggregation. It presents the two hypotheses—the bridging model and the depletion model—that provide potential mechanisms for the adhesive forces that lead to the regular packing of the cells in rouleaux formations. The book also reviews the methods used to quantify RBC aggregation in vitro, focusing on their importance in clinical practice. Chapters discuss the effect of RBC aggregation on the in vitro rheology of blood as well as on tube flow.





The book also looks at what happens in the circulation when red blood cells aggregate and examines variations due to physiological and pathophysiological challenges. The concluding chapter explores the formation of red blood cell aggregates in other mammals. Written by leading researchers in the field, this is an invaluable resource for basic science, medical, and clinical researchers; graduate stu

Foreward xiii
Preface xv
Authors xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(8)
1.1 Phenomenon of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
1(1)
1.2 Definitions
1(1)
1.2.1 Red Blood Cell Aggregation
2(1)
1.2.2 Red Blood Cell Aggregability
2(1)
1.3 Historical Aspects
2(4)
1.3.1 Antiquity
2(2)
1.3.2 Robin Fahraeus and Melvin Knisely
4(1)
1.3.3 Dextrans and Red Blood Cell Aggregation
5(1)
1.4 Recent History and Future Directions
6(1)
Literature Cited
7(2)
Chapter 2 Determinants of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
9(22)
2.1 Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Aggregation
9(3)
2.1.1 Biconcave-Discoid Shape Is a Prerequisite for Aggregation
11(1)
2.1.2 Hematocrit Effect
11(1)
2.2 Macromolecules as Determinants of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
12(4)
2.2.1 Plasma Proteins
12(1)
2.2.2 Dextran
12(2)
2.2.3 Polymer Hydrodynamic Radius as a Determinant of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
14(1)
2.2.4 Inhibition of Red Blood Cell Aggregation by Small Polymers
15(1)
2.3 Cellular Factors Determining the Extent of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
16(9)
2.3.1 Donor-Specific Effects
18(1)
2.3.2 Effects of in Vivo Cell Age
19(1)
2.3.3 Clinical Conditions
19(1)
2.3.4 Impact of the Aggregant on Red Blood Cell Aggregability
19(2)
2.3.5 Modifying Aggregability
21(1)
2.3.5.1 Enzyme Treatment of Red Blood Cells
21(1)
2.3.5.2 Heat Treatment and Aldehyde Fixation of Red Blood Cells
22(1)
2.3.5.3 Macromolecular Binding to Reduce Aggregation
23(1)
2.3.5.4 Macromolecular Binding to Enhance Aggregation
23(2)
2.3.6 Miscellaneous
25(1)
Literature Cited
25(6)
Chapter 3 Mechanism of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
31(32)
3.1 Current Models of RBC Aggregation
31(4)
3.1.1 Bridging Hypothesis
31(2)
3.1.2 Depletion Hypothesis
33(2)
3.1.3 Bridging versus Depletion
35(1)
3.2 The Depletion Theory for Red Blood Cell Aggregation
35(15)
3.2.1 Depletion Interaction
36(2)
3.2.2 Depletion Layer Thickness
38(2)
3.2.3 Macromolecular Penetration into the Glycocalyx
40(2)
3.2.4 Electrostatic Repulsion between Red Blood Cells
42(1)
3.2.5 Red Blood Cell Affinity
43(1)
3.2.6 RBC Adhesion Energy in Polymer Solution
44(3)
3.2.7 Impact of Cell Surface Properties on Red Blood Cell Affinity
47(3)
3.3 Evidence Supporting Depletion Hypothesis
50(9)
3.3.1 Quantification of Depletion Layers via Particle Electrophoresis
50(3)
3.3.2 Comparison of Experimental Findings with the Depletion Model
53(1)
3.3.2.1 Quantitative Comparison of the Adhesion Energies
53(1)
3.3.2.2 Dependence of Red Blood Cell Aggregation on Polymer Concentration
54(1)
3.3.2.3 Dependence of RBC Aggregation on Polymer Molecular Mass
55(2)
3.3.2.4 Comparison of Abnormal Aggregation with the Depletion Model
57(2)
3.4 Concluding Remarks
59(1)
Literature Cited
59(4)
Chapter 4 Measurement of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
63(70)
4.1 Methods for Quantification of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
63(53)
4.1.1 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
63(1)
4.1.1.1 Measurement Procedure
64(2)
4.1.1.2 Mechanism of Red Blood Cell Sedimentation in Plasma
66(1)
4.1.1.3 Normal Ranges of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
67(1)
4.1.1.4 Factors Affecting Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
67(2)
4.1.1.5 Other Approaches to the Measurement of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
69(1)
4.1.1.6 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate as a Method to Estimate Aggregation
70(1)
4.1.2 Zeta Sedimentation Ratio
70(1)
4.1.2.1 Measurement Procedure
71(1)
4.1.2.2 Normal Ranges of Zeta Sedimentation Ratio
72(1)
4.1.2.3 Correlation of Zeta Sedimentation Ratio with Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
72(1)
4.1.2.4 Zeta Sedimentation Ratio as a Method to Estimate Aggregation
72(1)
4.1.3 Low-Shear Viscometry
73(1)
4.1.3.1 Measurement Procedure
74(1)
4.1.3.2 Alternative Methods
75(1)
4.1.3.3 Limitations of Low-Shear Viscometry to Quantitate Red Blood Cell Aggregation
75(2)
4.1.4 Microscopic Aggregation Index
77(1)
4.1.4.1 Measurement Procedure
77(1)
4.1.4.2 Usage of Microscopic Aggregation Index in Modern Hemorheology
78(1)
4.1.5 Image Analysis Techniques
79(1)
4.1.5.1 Image Analysis of Red Blood Cell Aggregates at Stasis
79(2)
4.1.5.2 Image Analysis of Red Blood Cell Aggregation under Dynamic Conditions
81(1)
4.1.5.3 Advantages of Methods Based on Computerized Image Analysis
82(1)
4.1.6 Photometric Methods
83(2)
4.1.6.1 Disaggregation Mechanisms Used in Aggregation Measurements
85(1)
4.1.6.2 Analysis of Syllectogram--Calculation of Aggregation Parameters
86(3)
4.1.6.3 Other Parameters Measured Based on the Optical Properties of Red Blood Cell Suspensions
89(2)
4.1.6.4 Light Reflectance versus Transmittance
91(2)
4.1.6.5 Choice of Light Wavelength for Recording Syllectograms
93(4)
4.1.6.6 Influence of Measurement Chamber Geometry on Aggregation Parameters
97(1)
4.1.6.7 Effect of Hematocrit on Measured Parameters
97(2)
4.1.6.8 Opti mal Measurement Conditions and Precautions
99(4)
4.1.6.9 Comparison of Instruments
103(7)
4.1.7 Ultrasound Back-Scattering
110(2)
4.1.8 Electrical Properties of RBC Suspensions
112(3)
4.1.9 Measurement of Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Vivo
115(1)
4.2 Sample Preparation for Red Blood Cell Aggregation Measurement
116(2)
4.2.1 Blood Sampling and Storage for Measuring Red Blood Cell Aggregation
116(1)
4.2.2 Handling of the Samples and Hematocrit Adjustment
117(1)
4.3 Assessment of Red Blood Cell Aggregability
118(2)
4.4 Interpretation of the Results
120(1)
Literature Cited
121(12)
Chapter 5 Effect of Red Blood Cell Aggregation on in Vitro Blood Rheology
133(22)
5.1 Initial Considerations
133(1)
5.2 Viscometric Systems
133(4)
5.2.1 Rotating Cylinder Viscometers
134(2)
5.2.2 Tube Viscometers
136(1)
5.3 Potential Artifacts Affecting Blood Viscometry
137(4)
5.3.1 Air-Fluid Interface Effects
137(2)
5.3.2 Time-Dependent Effects
139(1)
5.3.3 Sedimentation Effects
140(1)
5.4 Rheological Behavior of Blood
141(11)
5.4.1 General Flow Behavior
141(2)
5.4.2 Possible Artifact at Low Shear Rates
143(1)
5.4.3 Hematocrit Effects
143(1)
5.4.4 Yield Shear Stress
144(4)
5.4.5 Temperature Effects
148(2)
5.4.6 Polymer-Induced RBC Aggregation
150(2)
Literature Cited
152(3)
Chapter 6 Effect of Red Blood Cell Aggregation on Tube Flow
155(18)
6.1 Historical Perspectives
155(1)
6.2 Tube Flow
156(3)
6.2.1 Velocity Profile
156(2)
6.2.2 Axial Migration
158(1)
6.3 Fahraeus Effect
159(1)
6.4 Fahraeus-Li ndqvist Effect
160(1)
6.5 Effect of Red Blood Cell Aggregation on Tube, Flow
161(8)
6.5.1 Flow Behavior in Larger Tubes
161(3)
6.5.2 Flow Behavior in Smaller Tubes
164(1)
6.5.3 Importance of Flow Rate
165(1)
6.5.4 Time Dependence of Aggregation Effect on Tube Flow
166(2)
6.5.5 Vertical versus Horizontal Tubes
168(1)
6.6 Conclusion
169(2)
Literature Cited
171(2)
Chapter 7 In Vivo Hemodynamics and Red Blood Cell Aggregation
173(50)
7.1 Basic Approach to in Vivo Blood Flow
173(2)
7.2 In Vivo versus in Vitro Blood Viscosity
175(2)
7.3 Experimental Studies Investigating in Vivo Effects of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
177(23)
7.3.1 Methods for Studying the Pressure-Flow Relationship
177(1)
7.3.1.1 Intravital Microscopy
177(3)
7.3.1.2 Organ Perfusion Studies
180(1)
7.3.2 Methods to Modify Red Blood Cell Aggregation
181(1)
7.3.3 Comparison of the Results of Experimental Studies
182(12)
7.3.3.1 Discrepancies between in Vivo Experiments
194(5)
7.3.3.2 Importance of Vascular Control Mechanisms
199(1)
7.4 Hemodynamic Mechanisms Influenced by Red Blood Cell Aggregation
200(12)
7.4.1 Axial Migration of Red Blood Cells
200(1)
7.4.1.1 Formation of a Cell-Poor Layer in the Marginal Flow Zone
201(2)
7.4.1.2 Difference between Red Blood Cell and Plasma Velocity during Flow
203(1)
7.4.1.3 Movement of White Blood Cells and Platelets to Marginal Flow Zone
204(1)
7.4.2 Microvascular Hematocrit and Red Blood Cell Aggregation
205(1)
7.4.2.1 Mechanisms of Hematocrit Reduction in Circulatory Networks
206(1)
7.4.2.2 Effect of Red Blood Cell Aggregation on Microvascular Hematocrit
206(1)
7.4.2.3 Significance of Reduced Microvascular and Tissue Hematocrit
207(1)
7.4.3 Red Blood Cell Aggregation and Endothelial Function
208(1)
7.4.3.1 Wall Shear Stress and Endothelial Function
208(2)
7.4.3.2 Effect of Red Blood Cell Aggregation on Endothelial Function
210(1)
7.4.4 Contrasting Effects of Aggregation in Circulatory Networks
211(1)
7.5 Red Blood Cell Aggregation: Good or Bad for Tissue Perfusion?
212(2)
Literature Cited
214(9)
Chapter 8 Alterations in Red Blood Cell Aggregation
223(46)
8.1 "Normal" Ranges of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
223(7)
8.1.1 Gender Difference in Red Blood Cell Aggregation
223(1)
8.1.2 Alterations in Red Blood Cell Aggregation with Subject Age
224(1)
8.1.3 Alterations in Red Blood Cell Aggregation during Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery
225(1)
8.1.4 Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Fetal Blood
225(2)
8.1.5 Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Neonatal Blood
227(1)
8.1.6 Changes in Aggregation with in Vivo Aging of Red Blood Cells
227(2)
8.1.7 Other Physiological Influences on Red Blood Cell Aggregation
229(1)
8.2 Alterations of Red Blood Cell Aggregation with Extreme Conditions
230(4)
8.2.1 Physical Activity
230(1)
8.2.1.1 Acute Effects of Exercise on Red Blood Cell Aggregation
230(2)
8.2.1.2 Alteration of Red Blood Cell Aggregation by Training
232(1)
8.2.2 Red Blood Cell Aggregation under Extreme Environmental Conditions
233(1)
8.3 Alterations of Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Pathophysiological Processes
234(17)
8.3.1 Acute Phase Reaction
234(1)
8.3.2 Inflammatory Conditions
235(1)
8.3.3 Infections
236(1)
8.3.3.1 Sepsis and Septic Shock
237(1)
8.3.4 Cardiovascular Diseases
238(1)
8.3.4.1 Hypertension
238(3)
8.3.4.2 Atherosclerosis
241(1)
8.3.4.3 Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
241(2)
8.3.4.4 Cerebral Ischemia and Stroke
243(1)
8.3.4.5 Peripheral Vascular Diseases
244(1)
8.3.4.6 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
245(1)
8.3.4.7 Circulatory Shock
246(1)
8.3.5 Metabolic Disorders
246(1)
8.3.5.1 Diabetes
246(2)
8.3.5.2 Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity
248(1)
8.3.6 Hematological Disorders
248(1)
8.3.7 Other Pathophysiological Conditions
249(2)
8.4 Therapeutic Approach to Red Blood Cell Aggregation
251(2)
8.4.1 Pharmacological Agents Affecting Red Blood Cell Aggregation
251(1)
8.4.2 Selective Removal of Blood Components: Hemapheresis
252(1)
8.4.3 Other Treatment Approaches
253(1)
Literature Cited
253(16)
Chapter 9 Comparative Aspects of Red Blood Cell Aggregation
269(20)
9.1 Aggregation Is a Characteristic of Mammalian Red Blood Cells
269(2)
9.2 Red Blood Cell Aggregation Characteristics in Various Mammalian Species
271(3)
9.3 Correlations with Red Blood Cell Properties
274(7)
9.3.1 Plasma Factors versus Cellular Properties
274(3)
9.3.2 Red Blood Cell Properties as Determinant of Interspecies Differences
277(1)
9.3.2.1 Red Blood Cell Size and Hemoglobin Content
278(1)
9.3.2.2 Red Blood Cell Membrane Structure
279(1)
9.3.2.3 Red Blood Cell Deformability
279(1)
9.3.2.4 Red Blood Cell Surface Properties
280(1)
9.4 Correlation with Other Properties of Species
281(4)
9.4.1 Athletic versus Sedentary Species
281(2)
9.4.2 Body Size
283(1)
9.4.3 Life Style and Nutrition
284(1)
9.4.4 Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Marine Mammals
284(1)
9.5 Conclusion
285(1)
Literature Cited
285(4)
Index 289
Oguz Baskurt is a Professor of physiology at Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul Turkey. His research is focused on the role of hemorheological factors in in vivo flow dynamics of blood, and he has conducted research on the mechanisms of red blood cell aggregation and hemorheological instrumentation. His scientific interest also includes comparative aspects of circulatory physiology and hemorheology in a wide variety of mammalian species. He has published more than 150 peer-reviewed papers and is among the editors of Handbook of Hemorheology and Hemodynamics (IOS Press, 2007) and the international journal Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. He served as the president of The International Society of Clinical Hemorheology for two terms between 1999 and 2005.





Björn Neu is a Professor of Bioengineering at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. He received his Doctorate in Biophysics in 1999 at the Humboldt University in Berlin and did post-doctoral research in the area of hemorheology at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in Los Angeles. His research interests include cell interactions, polymers at bio-interfaces and the rheological behavior of blood.





Herbert J. Meiselman is Professor and Vice-Chair of Physiology and Biophysics at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, where he conducts research in the field of blood rheology in health and disease, including comparative studies of various mammalian species. He is among the editors of the Handbook of Hemorheology and Hemodynamics (IOS Press, 2007) and the international journals Biorheology and Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. He has published more than 250 peer-reviewed papers, has received the Fåhraeus Award and the Poiseuille Gold Medal, and is currently President of the International Society for Clinical
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