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E-raamat: Satellite Systems for Personal Applications - Concepts and Technology: Concepts and Technology [Wiley Online]

(Consultant Satellite Communications), (QinetiQ Ltd)
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Satellite Systems for Personal Applications - Concepts and Technology: Concepts and TechnologySuurem pilt
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Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470665619
Presents the concepts, technology, and role of satellite systems in support of personal applications, such as mobile and broadband communications, navigation, television, radio and multimedia broadcasting, safety of life services, etc.

This book presents a novel perspective on satellite systems, reflecting the modern personal technology context and focusing on the individual as end-user. The book begins by outlining key generic concepts (including spectrum and propagation, antennas and noise, modulation and coding, satellite access and networking, source encoding, etc.) before discussing techniques adopted in particular application areas. The authors then exemplify the techniques by discussing the state-of-the-art in current and emerging satellite systems, including those services which are gradually permeating into the personal domain - in particular, satellite imaging and remote sensing - and as such uniquely encompasses the entire gamut of satellite-enabled personal/end-user applications. The book contemplates the likely evolution of these systems, taking into consideration influences and trends in technology, in conjunction with growing user expectations.

The book is suited to individuals, engineers, scientists, service providers, system operators, application developers and managers interested or involved in the use of satellite technology for personal applications. It will also be of interest to those working in research institutions interested in promoting inter-disciplinary cross-fertilization of ideas, as well as to financiers, policy makers, and strategists interested in gaining a better understanding of this technology.



Presents the concepts, technology, and role of satellite systems in support of personal applications, such as mobile and broadband communications, navigation, television, radio and multimedia broadcasting, safety of life services, etc.

This book presents a novel perspective on satellite systems, reflecting the modern personal technology context, and hence a focus on the individual as end-user. The book begins by outlining key generic concepts before discussing techniques adopted in particular application areas; next, it exemplifies these techniques through discussion of state-of-art current and emerging satellite systems. The book concludes by contemplating the likely evolution of these systems, taking into consideration influences and trends in technology, in conjunction with growing user expectations.

In addition to addressing satellite systems that directly interact with personal devices, the book additionally considers those indirect applications where there is an increasing interest by individuals - notably, in remote sensing. As such, the book uniquely encompasses the entire gamut of satellite-enabled personal / end-user applications.

Key Features:

  • Broad scope - views satellite systems generically with regards to their applicability across a wide range of personal application areas
  • Strong foundation in underlying concepts
  • State-of-the-art system examples
  • Review of trends in relevant areas of satellite technology
  • Revision questions at the end of each chapter

The book is suited to individuals, engineers, scientists, service providers, system operators, application developers and managers interested or involved in the use of satellite technology for personal applications. It should also hold interest for use in research institutes interested in promoting inter-disciplinary cross-fertilization of ideas, as well as by financiers, policy makers, and strategists interested in gaining a better understanding of this technology.

About the Series Editors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Introduction
1(18)
1.1 Scope
1(1)
1.2 Perspective
2(1)
1.3 Background and Applications
3(11)
1.3.1 Background
3(2)
1.3.2 Applications
5(9)
1.4 Trends
14(3)
1.5 Overview of this Book
17(2)
References
18(1)
Part I BASIC CONCEPTS
19(216)
2 Satellites and High-Altitude Platforms
21(30)
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Satellites
22(19)
2.2.1 Orbital Motion
22(4)
2.2.2 Principal Types of Orbit
26(9)
2.2.3 Position in Different Reference Frames
35(4)
2.2.4 Satellite Bus
39(2)
2.3 High-Altitude Platforms
41(10)
2.3.1 Overview
41(2)
2.3.2 Heavier-than-Air Platforms
43(1)
2.3.3 Lighter-than-Air Platforms
44(3)
2.3.4 Viability and Trade-offs
47(1)
Revision Questions
48(1)
References
48(3)
3 Spectrum and Propagation
51(38)
3.1 Introduction
51(1)
3.2 Spectrum
52(5)
3.2.1 Atmospheric Windows
52(2)
3.2.2 Regulation and the ITU-R
54(3)
3.3 Propagation
57(32)
3.3.1 Impact of Propagation on Service Availability
58(1)
3.3.2 Wave Propagation Fundamentals
59(5)
3.3.3 Tropospheric Effects
64(13)
3.3.4 Ionospheric Effects
77(3)
3.3.5 Multipath
80(5)
Revision Questions
85(1)
References
85(4)
4 Antennas and Noise
89(34)
4.1 Introduction
89(1)
4.2 Antennas
90(23)
4.2.1 General Concepts
90(1)
4.2.2 Antenna Properties
90(9)
4.2.3 Transmission Between Two Antennas
99(1)
4.2.4 Antennas for Personal Satellite Applications
100(11)
4.2.5 Optical Antennas
111(2)
4.3 Noise
113(10)
4.3.1 Overview
113(1)
4.3.2 Antenna Noise
114(3)
4.3.3 Electronic Noise
117(1)
4.3.4 System Noise
118(1)
4.3.5 Signal-to-Noise Density and Receiver Figure of Merit
119(2)
Revision Questions
121(1)
References
121(2)
5 Modulation and Coding
123(38)
5.1 Introduction
123(1)
5.2 Modulation
124(20)
5.2.1 Modulation/Demodulation
124(1)
5.2.2 Baseband Digital Signals
125(9)
5.2.3 Binary Digital Modulation Schemes
134(4)
5.2.4 Modulation Schemes for High Spectral Efficiency
138(4)
5.2.5 Modulation Schemes for High Spectral Purity
142(1)
5.2.6 Modulation Techniques for Frequency-Selective Channels
143(1)
5.3 Error Control Coding
144(17)
5.3.1 Overview
144(2)
5.3.2 Linear Block Codes
146(4)
5.3.3 Convolutional Codes
150(2)
5.3.4 Interleaving and Code Concatenation
152(1)
5.3.5 Turbo and LDPC Codes
153(4)
5.3.6 Lower Bound on Code Performance
157(1)
Revision Questions
158(1)
References
158(3)
6 Satellite Access and Networking
161(32)
6.1 Introduction
161(1)
6.2 Satellite Access
161(20)
6.2.1 Single Access
161(4)
6.2.2 Multiple-Access Methods
165(1)
6.2.3 Random Access
166(1)
6.2.4 FDM and FDMA
167(5)
6.2.5 SDMA (Frequency Reuse)
172(1)
6.2.6 TDM and TDMA
173(3)
6.2.7 CDM and CDMA
176(5)
6.3 Payloads
181(3)
6.3.1 Unprocessed Payloads
181(1)
6.3.2 Processed Payloads
182(2)
6.4 Networks
184(9)
6.4.1 Network Architectures
184(1)
6.4.2 Network Models
185(6)
Revision Questions
191(1)
References
191(2)
7 Doppler and Pseudorange (Navigation)
193(18)
7.1 Introduction
193(1)
7.2 Doppler
194(4)
7.2.1 Doppler Shift
194(1)
7.2.2 Position Location Using the Doppler Shift
194(4)
7.3 Pseudoranging
198(13)
7.3.1 Pseudorange
198(1)
7.3.2 Position Determination Using Ranging
199(6)
7.3.3 Accuracy and Dilution of Precision
205(2)
7.3.4 Differential Positioning
207(1)
Revision Questions
208(1)
References
209(2)
8 Compression, Speech, Audio and Video Encoding
211(24)
8.1 Introduction
211(1)
8.1.1 Why Digital?
212(1)
8.2 Lossless Data Compression
212(5)
8.2.1 Lossless versus Lossy Compression
213(1)
8.2.2 Entropy Encoding
213(3)
8.2.3 Dictionary Encoding
216(1)
8.3 Digitizing Analogue Signals
217(3)
8.3.1 Sampling
217(3)
8.4 Speech Encoding
220(4)
8.4.1 Waveform Encoding
220(1)
8.4.2 Vocoders
220(4)
8.5 Audio Encoding
224(2)
8.5.1 Audio Source Encoding
224(1)
8.5.2 Psychoacoustic Encoding
224(2)
8.6 Video Encoding
226(9)
8.6.1 Image Encoding
226(1)
8.6.2 Lossy DCT Image Encoding
227(1)
8.6.3 Encoding Video Signals
228(2)
8.6.4 Motion Estimation
230(2)
Revision Questions
232(1)
References
232(3)
Part II TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS
235(216)
9 Digital Broadcasting Techniques and Architectures
237(26)
9.1 Introduction
237(1)
9.2 MPEG Multimedia Standards
238(2)
9.2.1 Audio Broadcasting
238(1)
9.2.2 Video Broadcasting
239(1)
9.2.3 Multiplexing and Transporting
239(1)
9.3 Direct-to-Home Broadcast System
240(11)
9.3.1 Architecture
241(5)
9.3.2 Transmission Standards
246(5)
9.4 Direct Broadcasts to Individuals and Mobile Users
251(8)
9.4.1 Architecture and Standards
256(3)
9.5 Military
259(4)
Revision Questions
260(1)
References
261(2)
10 Broadcast Systems
263(24)
10.1 Introduction
263(1)
10.2 Satellite Radio Systems
263(7)
10.2.1 XM Satellite Radio Inc.
264(2)
10.2.2 Sirius Satellite Radio
266(1)
10.2.3 1worldspace
267(3)
10.3 Direct Multimedia Broadcast
270(3)
10.3.1 MBCO and TU Multimedia
271(1)
10.3.2 European Initiatives
272(1)
10.4 Direct-to-Home Television
273(8)
10.4.1 Implementation Issues
273(3)
10.4.2 DTH Services
276(1)
10.4.3 Representative DTH Systems
276(1)
10.4.4 European Region
277(3)
10.4.5 United States
280(1)
10.5 Military Multimedia Broadcasts
281(6)
10.5.1 US Global Broadcast Service (GBS)
281(3)
Revision Questions
284(1)
References
284(3)
11 Communications Architectures
287(20)
11.1 Introduction
287(1)
11.2 Role
287(1)
11.2.1 Service Definition
288(1)
11.3 Circuit-Switched Services
288(2)
11.3.1 Quality of Service
288(2)
11.4 Packet-Switched and Converged Services
290(6)
11.4.1 Internet Protocol Suite
290(2)
11.4.2 IP Over Satellite
292(2)
11.4.3 ATM
294(1)
11.4.4 DVB-RCS
295(1)
11.5 Satellite Communications Networks
296(5)
11.5.1 Topology
296(1)
11.5.2 Network Connectivity, Functions and Interfaces
297(4)
11.6 High-Altitude Platform Systems
301(6)
11.6.1 Overview
301(1)
11.6.2 HAP Applications
302(1)
11.6.3 HAP Network Topology
303(1)
11.6.4 Challenges
303(1)
11.6.5 Technology Status
304(1)
Revision Questions
305(1)
References
305(2)
12 Satellite Communications Systems
307(44)
12.1 Introduction
307(1)
12.2 Mobile Communications
308(17)
12.2.1 GEO Broadband Systems
308(6)
12.2.2 GEO Narrowband System
314(4)
12.2.3 LEO Systems
318(7)
12.3 Fixed Communications
325(4)
12.3.1 GEO Broadband Systems
325(4)
12.4 Military Communications
329(10)
12.4.1 Military Portable Satellite Communications Systems
329(10)
12.5 Amateur Communications
339(4)
12.5.1 Overview
339(1)
12.5.2 OSCAR Satellites
339(4)
12.6 HAP Communications
343(8)
12.6.1 EU Research Programmes
343(4)
12.6.2 Commercial Initiatives
347(1)
Revision Questions
348(1)
References
349(2)
13 Satellite Navigation Techniques
351(28)
13.1 Introduction
351(1)
13.2 Categorization
352(2)
13.3 Doppler-Assisted Navigation
354(3)
13.3.1 Errors and Countermeasures
356(1)
13.4 Range-Assisted Navigation
357(5)
13.4.1 Reference Frames
357(1)
13.4.2 Error and Countermeasures
358(4)
13.5 Satellite Augmentation System
362(2)
13.6 Navigation-Communication Hybrid Architecture
364(1)
13.7 Receiver Architecture
365(6)
13.8 Distress, Safety and Location-Based Services
371(8)
13.8.1 Distress and Safety Service
372(2)
13.8.2 Location Based Service
374(1)
Revision Questions
375(1)
References
376(3)
14 Navigation, Tracking and Safety Systems
379(30)
14.1 Introduction
379(1)
14.2 Global Navigation Satellite Systems
380(18)
14.2.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)
380(9)
14.2.2 GLONASS
389(1)
14.2.3 Galileo
390(6)
14.2.4 Argos
396(2)
14.3 Regional Navigation Systems
398(1)
14.3.1 Beidou and Compass
398(1)
14.3.2 Indian Regional Satellite System
398(1)
14.4 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems
399(2)
14.4.1 Wide-Area Augmentation System
399(1)
14.4.2 European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
400(1)
14.4.3 GAGAN
401(1)
14.5 Distress and Safety
401(4)
14.5.1 Cospas-Sarsat
402(2)
14.5.2 Inmarsat Distress System
404(1)
14.6 Location-Based service
405(4)
Revision Questions
407(1)
References
407(2)
15 Remote Sensing Techniques
409(12)
15.1 Introduction
409(2)
15.2 Remote Sensing Data
411(1)
15.3 Sensors
412(4)
15.3.1 Overview
412(2)
15.3.2 Optical Sensors: Cameras
414(1)
15.3.3 Non-Optical Sensors
414(2)
15.4 Image Processing
416(2)
15.5 Image Interpretation
418(1)
15.6 System Characteristics
418(3)
Revision Questions
420(1)
References
420(1)
16 Remote Sensing Systems
421(16)
16.1 Introduction
421(3)
16.2 Commercial Imaging
424(2)
16.2.1 DigitalGlobe
424(2)
16.2.2 GeoEye
426(1)
16.3 Meteorology
426(6)
16.3.1 Meteosat
429(3)
16.4 Land Observation
432(5)
16.4.1 Landsat
433(3)
Revision Questions
436(1)
References
436(1)
17 The Future
437(14)
17.1 Introduction
437(1)
17.2 Influences
438(2)
17.3 Trend
440(6)
17.4 The Long Term
446(1)
17.5 Satellites and the Environment
447(1)
17.6 Conclusion
448(3)
Revision Questions
449(1)
References
449(2)
Appendix A List of Personal Applications 451(2)
Index 453
Dr. Madhavendra Richharia, Consultant, Satellite Communications, UK Dr Richharia has been working in satellite communications for the last thirty years and has gained experience in areas such as hardware/software design and development, systems design, operations, planning, research, project management, consultancy, and education. He holds Bachelors, Masters and PhD degrees in electronics and electrical engineering. Richharias associations include Inmarsat, University of Surrey and Southampton and ISRO. Dr. Leslie David Westbrook, Principle Scientist, QinetiQ Ltd., UK Dr Westbrook has more than 25 years experience in telecommunications R&D and consultancy, ranging from HF to optical frequencies, encompassing analysis, design, simulation, fabrication and testing of a wide range of communication devices, sub-systems and systems. He is currently a Principle Scientist in the SATCOM and Modem group, Communications Division at QinetiQ Ltd (formerly the Defence Research Agency of the UK Ministry of Defence). His activities at QinetiQ have included applied research and consultancy for UK MoD, and civilian organisations, encompassing Skynet (the UK's military satellite constellation), military ground tactical and airborne SATCOM, VSATs, automated satellite resource management, military use of commercial SATCOM and antenna performance.
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