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E-raamat: Science of Waste [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Spellman Environmental Consultants, Norfolk, Virginia, USA)
  • Formaat: 282 pages, 21 Tables, black and white; 21 Line drawings, black and white; 7 Halftones, black and white; 28 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003252665
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  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Science of WasteSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 282 pages, 21 Tables, black and white; 21 Line drawings, black and white; 7 Halftones, black and white; 28 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003252665
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003252665
Waste can be defined as something no longer wanted, something destroyed, broken, or damaged beyond repair and therefore disposed of or simply thrown away because it is no longer functional, needed, or wanted. However, the focus of this book turns to the question: is waste always really a waste? Stated differently, waste is not a waste if it can be recycled in some form or the other. This book examines all types of waste and their impacts, and discusses the potential ways to mitigate them through recycling and reuse strategies.

Features:











Addresses agricultural, biomedical, chemical, construction, hazardous, human, municipal solid waste, and more.





Explains the fundamentals for waste recycling and reuse.





Examines the current state of ocean pollution as well as the latest international regulations.





Covers the life cycles of consumer electronic products, and their related metals and minerals, which are increasingly a major source of "E-Waste"

The Science of Waste is intended to be used by environmental scientists and engineers, public health officials, legal professionals, students, and instructors interested in waste, as well as the management and reuse thereof.
Preface xiii
Author xv
Chapter 1 Waste by Any Other Name?
1(6)
Frontier Mentality
1(2)
Waste by Other Names
3(3)
Type and Waste Characterization
3(3)
Forever Relics
6(1)
The Bottom Line
6(1)
References
6(1)
Chapter 2 Cave to Allegorical Cave to Present
7(12)
The Cave
7(1)
The Allegorical Cave
8(5)
The Setting: The Cave
9(1)
The Fire
9(1)
Images from the Fire
9(1)
What the Prisoners See and Hear
9(1)
A Prisoner Gets Free
10(1)
Walks Back to the Fire
10(1)
Is Questioned about the Objects
10(1)
The Answer He Gives
10(1)
Looking at the Fire-light Itself
10(1)
Out of the Cave into Daylight with Pain, Rage, Blindness
10(1)
Getting Used to the Light
11(1)
Shadows and Reflections
11(1)
Looking at Things Directly
11(1)
Looking at the Sun Itself
11(1)
Thoughts about the Sun: Its Nature and Functions
11(1)
Thoughts about the Cave
11(1)
What Counts for "Understanding" in the Cave
12(1)
What Would the Liberated Prisoner Now Prefer?
12(1)
The Return: Blindness
12(1)
The Debate with the Other Prisoners
12(1)
And the Final Outcome
12(1)
Fast Forward from the Past to the Present
13(4)
Salmon and the Rachel River
13(4)
Reference
17(2)
Chapter 3 Waste?: It's in the Garbage Can
19(6)
Setting the Record Straight
19(3)
Sustainable Materials Management
20(1)
Source Reduction and Reuse
20(1)
Recycling and Composting
21(1)
Energy Recovery
21(1)
Treatment and Disposal
21(1)
Is EPA's SSM the Solution to Waste Dissolution?
22(1)
References
23(2)
Chapter 4 Litter
25(4)
Break out the Hose
25(1)
A Midnight Caper
26(1)
Salt on the Wound
27(1)
References
28(1)
Chapter 5 Ocean Dumping
29(22)
Ocean Dumping Is Nothing New
29(5)
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
34(1)
What's Being Ocean Dumped Today?
35(1)
What Cannot Be Dumped in the Ocean?
35(1)
Ocean Dumping Ban Act
36(1)
Is the 1972 MPRSA Effective?
36(1)
And the Sea Will Float
37(8)
A Sea of Plastic
37(4)
Types of Plastic
41(1)
Microplastics
42(1)
Plastic Containers and Packaging
43(1)
Plastics and Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Substances
43(2)
Other Assorted Containers and Packaging
45(2)
Glass Containers and Packaging
45(1)
Steel Containers and Packaging
46(1)
Paper and Paperboard Containers and Packaging
46(1)
Wood Containers and Packaging
47(1)
Miscellaneous Packaging
47(1)
The Bottom Line on Ocean Dumping
47(1)
References
48(3)
Chapter 6 E-Waste
51(10)
It's a Fashion Statement
51(2)
The 411 on Electronic Waste
53(1)
Life Cycle of Electronics
53(1)
Raw Materials
53(1)
Minerals in Mobile E-Devices
54(2)
E-Waste Capital of the World
55(1)
Recycling Site Neighbors
56(2)
References
58(3)
Chapter 7 Food Waste
61(12)
The One-Third (1/3) Factor
61(1)
Food Not Eaten
61(4)
ERS Research Findings
62(1)
Fresh Vegetable Losses
62(2)
Fresh Fruit Loss
64(1)
The Psychology of Food Waste
65(1)
Vegetable Losses after Harvesting
66(1)
Causes of After-Harvest Losses
67(4)
Fungal Diseases
70(1)
Bacterial Diseases
70(1)
Viral Disease
70(1)
Insect Pests
70(1)
Nematodes (Worms)
70(1)
Physiologic and Genetic Disorders
71(1)
Mineral and Environmental Stresses
71(1)
References
71(2)
Chapter 8 Solid Waste, Landfills, and Leachate
73(32)
Solid Waste
73(1)
Out of Sight, Out of Mind
74(4)
Solid Waste Regulatory History in the United States
75(1)
Solid Waste Characteristics
76(1)
Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes
77(1)
Residential Sources of MSW
77(1)
Commercial Sources of MSW
77(1)
Institutional Sources of MSW
78(1)
Construction and Demolition Sources of MSW
78(1)
Municipal Services Sources of MSW
78(1)
Treatment Plant Site Sources of MSW
78(1)
Landfilling
78(21)
Leachate
79(1)
Landfill Gas
80(2)
Conditions Affecting Landfill Gas Production
82(2)
Migration of Landfill Gas
84(2)
Putting Landfill Gas to Work
86(1)
Gas Collection Systems
86(1)
LFG Treatment Systems
87(2)
Generating Electricity
89(2)
Pipe-to-Pipe Use of Medium-Btu Gas
91(5)
LFG to High-Btu Gas
96(1)
Four Methods of Carbon Dioxide Removal from LFG
97(2)
Compressed Natural Gas
99(1)
Liquefied Natural Gas
99(1)
The Bottom Line
99(2)
References and Recommended Reading
101(4)
Chapter 9 Dry Tombs to Wet Dumps
105(8)
Bioreactor Landfills
105(2)
Types of Bioreactor Landfills
105(1)
Advantages of Bioreactor Landfills
106(1)
Operational Bioreactor Overview
107(5)
Crow Wing County Landfill
107(1)
Williamson County Landfill
108(1)
Burlington County Bioreactor
108(1)
New River Regional Bioreactor
108(1)
Salem County Bioreactor
109(1)
Summary of Findings
109(3)
The Bottom Line
112(1)
References
112(1)
Chapter 10 Incineration
113(12)
Waste Incineration
113(6)
Sludge Incineration Process Description
113(1)
Incineration Processes
114(1)
Operational Observations, Problems, and Troubleshooting
114(5)
Beneficial Reuse of Incinerated MSW
119(3)
Waste to Energy
120(2)
Beneficial Reuse of MSW Ash
122(1)
The Bottom Line
123(1)
Reference
124(1)
Chapter 11 Animal Waste
125(20)
Food Recovery Hierarchy
125(2)
Cattle Waste
127(2)
Size and Location of Industry
127(2)
Beef Cattle Sector Profile
129(6)
Beef Production Operations
129(1)
Cow-Calf Operations
130(1)
Background Operations
130(1)
Finishing or Feedlot Operations
130(1)
Beef Confinement Practices
131(1)
Feeding Practices
131(2)
Manure Management Practices
133(1)
Manure Collection
133(1)
Manure Storage, Stabilization, Disposal, and Separation
134(1)
Beef Virtual Farms
135(2)
Confinement
136(1)
Solids Separation
136(1)
Storage and Stabilization
136(1)
Land Application
137(1)
When Animal Waste Is Not Wasted
137(4)
Fertilizer
137(1)
Crop Quality
138(1)
Soil pH
138(1)
Soil Organic Matter
138(1)
Physical Soil Properties
138(1)
Pesticide Dependence
139(1)
Reducing Runoff and Soil Loss
139(1)
Sequestering Carbon
139(2)
The Bottom Line
141(1)
References and Recommended Reading
141(4)
Chapter 12 Human Waste: The Waste Cloud
145(104)
Night Soil
145(2)
Wet-side of Human Waste
147(1)
Mixing Native Groundwater and Injectate
147(1)
HRSD'S Water Management Vision
148(1)
Processing the Wet-side of Human Waste
148(2)
HRSD and the Potomac Aquifer
150(14)
Problem
152(1)
Potomac Aquifer
153(1)
The Potomac Formation
154(1)
Injection Wells
155(1)
Subsidence Control Wells
155(1)
Injection Well Hydraulics
155(3)
Injection Operations
158(2)
Injection Well Capacity Estimation
160(1)
Estimating Specific Capacity and Injectivity
161(1)
Available Head for Injection
162(1)
Flexibility for Adjusting Injection Well Capacities
163(1)
Number of Injection Wells Required at Each Wastewater Treatment Plant
163(1)
Aquifer Injection Modeling
164(6)
Mathematical Modeling
164(1)
Groundwater Flow Modeling
165(4)
Modeling Results
169(1)
Army Base Treatment Plant
169(1)
Boat Harbor Treatment Plant
169(1)
James River Treatment Plant
169(1)
Nansemond Treatment Plant
170(1)
Virginia Initiative Plant
170(1)
Williamsburg Treatment Plant
170(1)
York River Treatment Plant
170(1)
Sensitivity of Aquifer Parameters
170(3)
Transmissivity
172(1)
Storage Coefficient
172(1)
Injection Rates
172(1)
Simulation Duration
172(1)
Static Water Levels
173(1)
Well Interference
173(1)
Hampton Roads Region Groundwater Flow
173(2)
Model Injection Rates
174(1)
Modeling Duration
175(1)
Advanced Water Purification
175(1)
By the Book, Please!
176(1)
Those Playing by the Book in Indirect Potable Reuse
177(1)
Additional Drinking Water Considerations
177(3)
Advanced Water Treatment Processes
180(3)
Treatment Plant Effluent Water Quality
183(4)
Data Sources for Evaluation
183(1)
Data Evaluation
184(3)
Advanced Treatment Product Water Quality
187(28)
Inorganic Water Quality
187(4)
Organic Water Quality
191(1)
Bulk Organics
191(1)
Trace Organics
192(1)
RO Concentrate Disposal
193(6)
Estimating Rate of Evaporation Pond Evaporation Rate
199(3)
Papadakis Equation
202(5)
Site Selection
207(1)
Preapplication Treatment
207(1)
Hydraulic Loading Rates
207(1)
Land Requirements
208(1)
Distribution Techniques
209(1)
Surface Runoff Control
210(1)
Zero Liquid Discharge Disposal
210(4)
Pathogen Removal
214(1)
Disinfection Byproducts
214(1)
Anticipated Improvements to HRSD's Existing WWTPS
215(5)
Geochemical Challenges Facing SWIFT Project
217(1)
Reduction in Injectivity
217(1)
Physical Plugging
218(1)
Mineral Precipitation
218(1)
Geochemical Concerns
218(1)
Damaging Clay Minerals
219(1)
Mineral Precipitation
219(1)
Mineral Dissolution
220(1)
Water Quality and Aquifer Mineralogy
220(22)
Injectate Water Chemistry
221(1)
Reverse Osmosis
221(1)
Nanofiltration
221(1)
Biologically Activated Carbon
221(1)
Native Groundwater
222(1)
Upper Potomac Aquifer Zone
222(1)
Middle Potomac Aquifer Zone
222(1)
Lower Potomac Aquifer Zone
222(1)
Geochemical Assessment of Injectate and Groundwater Chemistry
223(2)
Cation Exchange
225(1)
Iron and Manganese
225(1)
Lithology of the Potomac Aquifer System
225(1)
Lithology
225(1)
City of Chesapeake Aquifer Storage and Recovery Facility Core Samples
226(2)
Mineralogy---Geochemical Modeling
228(1)
Stability of Clay Minerals
228(1)
Simulated Injectate--Water Interactions
229(1)
Mixing
229(1)
Mixing Injectate and Native Groundwater
230(1)
Mixing in the Injection Wellbore
231(1)
Injectate and Aquifer Mineral Reactions
231(1)
Siderite Dissolution
232(1)
Pyrite Oxidation
232(1)
Arsenic
233(1)
Mitigating Pyrite Oxidation
234(1)
Sustainable Water Initiative For Tomorrow (SWIFT)
234(1)
SWIFT Unit Process Description
234(2)
The Ultimate Bottom Line
236(1)
Solid-Side of Human Waste
237(1)
Sludge/Biosolids: Background Information
237(1)
Sources of Sludge
238(1)
Sludge Characteristics
239(1)
Sludge Pathogens and Vector Attraction
240(1)
Direct Contact
240(1)
Indirect Contact
241(1)
The Bottom Line
242(1)
The Bottom Line on Human Waste Solids
243(1)
The Bottom Line
243(2)
References and Recommended Reading
245(4)
Glossary 249(26)
Index 275
Frank R. Spellman is a retired assistant professor of Environmental Health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. and author of over 155  books. Spellman has been cited in more than 400 publications; serves as a professional expert witness; incident/accident investigator for the U.S. Department of Justice and a private law firm; and consults on Homeland Security vulnerability assessments (VAs) for critical infrastructure including water/wastewater facilities nationwide. Dr. Spellman lectures on sewage treatment, water treatment and homeland security and health and safety topics throughout the country and teaches water/wastewater operator short courses at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, VA). He holds a BA in public Administration; BS in Business Management; MBA; Master of Science, MS, in Environmental Engineering and PhD Environmental Engineering.
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