Taken as a whole, this series covers all major fields of application for commercial sensors, as well as their manufacturing techniques and major types. As such the series does not treat bulk sensors, but rather places strong emphasis on microsensors, microsystems and integrated electronic sensor packages. Each of the individual volumes is tailored to the needs and queries of readers from the relevant branch of industry.
A comprehensive survey for engineers and scientists on the different sensor types for energy efficiency, security, maintenance management and smart house devices. As such, the text covers air conditioning, large premises control, service and installation monitoring as well as emergency control. It also discusses the strengths and weaknesses in each case, illustrating which sensor is used in which subsystem and why.
List of Contributors xxi Introduction Sensors in Intelligent Buildings: Overview and Trends 3(26) Oliver Gassmann Hans Meixner Introduction 3(1) Towards the Intelligent Building 4(2) Reduced Resource Consumption 6(1) Optimized Convenience and More Comfort 6(2) Increased Impact of Microsystems Technology 8(2) Increased Impact of New Communication Systems 10(2) Development of an Intelligent Home Market 12(1) More Integrated Buildings: the FuturElife Smart Building 12(2) Pneumatic Building Structures: Airtecture 14(2) Trends in Sensor Systems 16(5) Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 21(1) Energy and HVAC 22(1) Information and Transportation 22(1) Safety and Security 23(1) Maintenance and Facility Management 23(1) System Technologies 24(1) References 24(5) Energy and HVAC Intelligent Air-conditioning Control 29(34) Albert T.P. So Brian W.L. Tse Introduction 29(1) General Specifications of a Sensor 29(1) A Quick Review on HVAC Sensors 30(1) Temperature Sensors 30(1) Pressure Sensors 31(2) Flow Rate Sensors 33(2) Humidity Sensors 35(1) Comfort Sensors 36(1) Indoor Air Quality Sensors 37(1) Occupancy Sensors 37(1) Smoke Sensors 38(2) Computer Vision-based HVAC Control 40(1) The Computer Vision System 41(1) Calibration of the Stereoscopic Camera System 41(1) Velocity Field Computation by Optical Flow 42(2) Pixel Correspondence 44(1) Scene Spots Fuzzy Clustering 45(1) Internet-based HVAC System Monitoring and Control 46(1) Philosophy of Internet-based Building Automation with Image Transfer 47(1) The BAS Web Site 48(2) PMV-based HVAC Control 50(1) Elements of Comfort-based Control 51(2) Control Algorithms 53(1) Computer Simulation 54(3) Simulation Results 57(3) Conclusion 60(1) References 60(3) NEUROBAT - a Self-commissioned Heating Control System Using Neural Networks 63(22) Jens Krauss Manuel Bauer Jurg Bichsel Nicolas Morel Introduction 63(1) Control Concept 64(1) Methodologies 64(2) Controller Block Diagram 66(1) Optimal Control Algorithm 67(2) Applied Sensors and NEUROBAT Controller Versions 69(1) Controller Performance Assessment 69(1) Simulation Study 69(3) Comparative Tests Within Office Rooms 72(3) Prototype Realization with Functional Tests on Residential Buildings 75(1) Industrial NEUROBAT Prototype 75(1) Test Results Heating Season 1999/2000 76(5) Conclusion 81(2) References 83(2) Air Quality Measurement and Management 85(18) Hanns-Erik Endres Introduction 85(1) Substances in Indoor Air 85(3) Sensors for Air Quality Measurements 88(3) Sensor Systems and Arrays for Air Quality Measurement 91(4) Examples of Long-term Air Quality Evalution 95(1) CO2 Measurements 96(2) VOC Sensor 98(1) Summary and Future Outlook 99(2) Acknowledgments 101(1) References 101(2) Sensor-based Management of Energy and Thermal Comfort 103(24) Thomas Bernard Helge-Bjorn Kuntze Motivation 103(1) Control Concept 104(2) Theoretical Approach of Multi-objective Fuzzy Optimization 106(1) The Basic Algorithm 106(1) Important Features 107(1) Weighting of Different Performance Criteria 107(1) Model Equations 108(1) Application to the Supervisory Control of HVAC Systems 109(1) Comfort Criteria 109(1) Economy Criteria 109(1) Optimization of Heating Temperature 110(3) Optimization of Air Exchange Rate 113(3) Optimization of Blind Position 116(3) Simulations and Measured Results 119(1) Supervisory Control of Heating and Ventilation Systems 120(3) Supervisory Control of Heating and Blind Systems 123(2) Conclusions 125(1) References 125(2) Wireless and M-Bus enabled Metering Devices 127(32) Dieter Mrozinski Introduction 127(1) Benefits of Remote Reading 128(1) User 129(1) Energy Supplier and/or Billing Service Provider 129(1) Owners and/or Property Management 130(1) Data Transfer via Data Bus 130(1) Bus Applications of the Meter Sector and the Resulting Demands on the Data Bus 131(3) Available Data Buses for Meter Applications 134(1) M-Bus 134(13) Data Transmission via Radio 147(1) Data Transmission and Selection Process 147(9) Future Prospects 156(1) References 156(3) Sensors in HVAC Systems for Metering and Energy Cost Allocation 159(14) Gunter Mugge Introduction 159(1) Possible Implementations of the Energy Allocation 160(1) Allocation of Costs for Air Conditioning 161(1) Heat Meters 162(1) Principle of Measurement 162(1) Temperature Sensors (5, 9, 10) 163(1) Flow Sensors 164(2) Application 166(1) Heat Cost Allocators (HCAs) 167(1) Principle of Measurement 167(1) Evaporative Heat Cost Allocators 167(1) Electronic Heat Cost Allocators 168(1) Reading 169(1) Visual Reading 169(1) Automatic Meter Reading 169(1) Outlook 170(1) References 171(2) Pressure Sensors in the HVAC Industry 173(30) Yves Luthi Rolf Meisinger Marc Wenzler Kais Mnif Introduction 173(2) Main Applications and Market Requirements 175(1) Filter, Fan Monitoring, and Pressure Control 175(1) Variable Air Volume 176(2) Summary 178(1) Silicon Pressure Sensors 179(1) Pressure Sensors as Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) 179(4) Could Pressure Sensors be Considered as Standard Electronic Components? 183(2) Marketing and Application Considerations 185(2) Solution: a Flexible, Modular Pressure Sensor for HVAC Applications 187(1) Concept 187(1) Autozero Facility 188(2) Factory Calibration Procedure 190(1) Characterization of the Sensor Elements 191(5) Application in the New Damper Actuator from Siemens Building Technologies 196(1) Conclusions 196(2) Acknowledgments 198(1) Glossary 198(1) References 199(4) Information and Transportation Fieldbus Systems 203(38) Dietmar Dietrich Thilo Sauter Peter Fischer Dietmar Loy Introduction 203(1) Abstract View and Definition of the Fieldbus 204(2) Communication Basics for Fieldbus Systems 206(1) Decentralization and Hierarchies 206(1) The ISO/OSI Model 207(5) Topologies 212(1) Historical Aspects 213(1) The Roots of Industrial Networks 213(2) The Evolution of Fieldbusses 215(3) Examples of Fieldbus Systems 218(1) EIB 218(3) LonWorks and ANSI/EIA 709 221(4) BACnet 225(2) EIBnet 227(3) Fieldbus Systems in Connection with the Internet 230(2) Present and Future Challenges 232(1) Interoperability and Profiles 232(1) System Complexity and Tools 232(1) Management - and Plug and Play 233(1) Security 234(2) Driving Forces 236(2) Outlook and Conclusion 238(1) References 238(3) Wireless In-building Networks 241(20) Mike Barnard Introduction 241(1) Network Characteristics 241(1) Wired vs. Wireless? 241(2) Sensor Network Requirements 243(7) Existing and Emerging Standards 250(1) Network Standards 251(1) Wired Links 252(3) Wireless Links 255(3) Existing and Emerging Wireless Products 258(1) Remote Controls 258(1) Security and Telemetry 258(1) Data Networks 258(1) References 259(2) Sensor Systems in Modern High-rise Elevators 261(32) Enrico Marchesi Ayman Hamdy Rene Kunz Elevator System - Overviews 261(1) Functional Description 261(1) Sensor Applications in Elevators 262(2) Shaft Information System 264(1) Control Sensorics 264(3) Safety Sensorics 267(3) Comments on Currently Used Sensors 270(1) Present Developments for High-rise Elevators: New Shaft Information System 271(1) The Conflict of High-rise Traction Elevators 271(2) New Challenges of Motion Control 273(1) Specifications of the New Shaft Information System 273(3) Candidate Sensors 276(7) Conclusion for Future Shaft Information Systems 283(1) Active Ride Control for High-rise Elevators 284(1) Motivation 284(1) Requirements on the Active Damping System 285(1) Concept of the Active Damping System 285(1) Controller Scheme of the Active Damping System 286(1) Sensor Specifications for the Active Damping System 287(3) Conclusions and Outlook 290(3) Sensing Chair and Floor Using Distributed Contact Sensors 293(14) Hong Z. Tan Alex Pentland Lynne A. Slivovsky Introduction 293(1) Related Work 294(1) The Sensing Chair System 295(1) Overview 295(2) The Sensor 297(2) Preprocessing of Pressure Data 299(1) Static Sitting Posture Classification 299(1) Performance Evaluation 300(1) The Sensing Floor System 301(1) Overview 301(1) The Sensor 302(1) Data Processing 302(1) The Future 303(1) Acknowledgments 303(1) References 304(3) Safety and Security Life Safety and Security Systems 307(92) Marc Thuillard Peter Ryser Gustav Pfister Introduction 307(2) Fire Sensing 309(1) Fire Physics, Smoke Aerosols, Gases, and Flames 309(7) Smoke Sensing Principles 316(7) Heat/Temperature-sensing Principles 323(4) Flame-sensing Principles 327(2) Multicriteria/Multisensor Detectors 329(3) System Concepts 332(2) Application Concepts and Criteria 334(1) Trends 335(1) Standards 336(2) Gas Sensing 338(1) Toxic and Combustible and Explosive Gases 338(2) Catalytic Devices (Pellistors) 340(1) Photoacoustic Cells 341(2) Electrochemical Cells 343(1) Metal Oxides 344(2) Application Concepts and Criteria 346(1) Standards 347(1) Intrusion Sensing 347(1) Passive Sensing Principles 347(9) Active Sensing Principles 356(2) Multisensor Sensing 358(1) System Concepts 359(2) Trends 361(1) Standards 361(2) Identification Sensing 363(1) PIN Code 363(1) Reading Methods for Identification Cards 364(4) Biometric Reading Principles 368(3) Concepts for Automatic Processing of Card Data 371(2) Trends 373(1) Standards 374(1) Emergency Handling 374(1) Voice Evacuation Systems 374(2) Fire Extinguishing Systems 376(3) Alarm Receiving Centers 379(4) Signal Processing 383(2) Intelligent Development Methods 385(2) Application of Multi-resolution and Fuzzy Logic to Fire Detection 387(7) References 394(5) Biometric Authentication for Access Control 399(10) Christoph Busch Introduction 399(1) Access Control 400(1) Biometric Systems for Access Control 401(4) Security of Biometric Systems 405(3) Prospects 408(1) References 408(1) Smart Cameras for Intelligent Buildings 409(18) Bedrich J. Hosticka Introduction 409(2) Technologies for Solid-state Imaging 411(1) Principles of CMOS Imaging 412(1) Examples of CMOS Imagers 413(6) Simple CMOS Occupant Sensors Based on Motion Detection 419(2) CMOS Imagers and Motion-based Occupant Sensors Using Active Illumination 421(3) Advanced CMOS Occupant Sensors Based on Shape Recognition 424(1) Biometric Sensors 425(1) Summary 425(1) Acknowledgements 426(1) References 426(1) Load Sensing for Improved Construction Site Safety 427(24) Peter L. Fuhr Dryver R. Huston Introduction 427(1) Equipment and Data Processing 428(1) Calibration 429(1) Sensor Head Configuration 429(1) Wireless Communication Components 430(1) Laboratory Work 430(5) Uplift Monitoring 435(1) Field Measurements 436(1) Construction Site Specifics 437(1) Logistics of Field Site Work 438(2) Site Data Acquisition 440(1) Wireless Data Acquisition for Smart Shoring 441(2) Field Use and Representative Data 443(2) Conclusion 445(1) References 446(5) Maintenance and Facility Management Maintenance Management in Industrial Installations 451(18) Jerry Kahn Introduction 451(1) Predictive Maintenance and Condition Monitoring 451(2) Vibration 453(2) Acoustic and Ultrasonic Monitoring 455(1) Lubricant Analysis (Tribology) 455(1) Infrared Thermography 456(1) Process Parameter Monitoring 457(1) Electrical Testing 457(1) Sensory Inspection 458(1) Enhancing Condition Monitoring with Expert Systems 458(2) Integration with Plant Systems 460(1) Maintenance Management Methods 461(1) Reliability-centered Maintenance (RCM) 462(1) Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) 462(2) Future Directions in Maintenance Technology 464(1) Wireless and Smart Sensor Development 464(1) Human Sensory Sensors 465(2) E-Maintenance via the World Wide Web 467(1) Summary 467(1) References 468(1) WWFM - Worldwide Facility Management 469(16) Rolf Reinema Introduction 469(1) Facility Management 470(2) Worldwide Facility Management (WWFM) 472(1) The RoomServer 472(3) Single-chip PCs 475(1) Advanced Architectures 476(1) Security Aspects 477(3) Conclusion 480(1) References 481(4) System Technologies Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 485(26) Hans-Rolf Trankler Olfa Kanoun Introduction 485(1) Sensor Applications in Intelligent Buildings 486(1) Requirements for Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 487(1) Sensor Systems for Safety and Health 488(1) Fire Detection 488(3) Gas Detection 491(4) Intrusion and Person Detection 495(5) Sensor Systems for Health Safety 500(2) Sensor Systems for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and Comfort 502(1) Convenience and Easy Usability 502(1) Thermal Comfort 503(1) Indoor Air Quality 504(1) Future Trends for Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 505(3) Acknowledgements 508(1) References 508(3) System Technologies for Private Homes 511(48) Friedrich Schneider Lars Binternagel Yuriy Kyselytsya Wolfgang Muller Thomas Schlutsmeier Bernhard Schreyer Rostislav Stolyar Kay Werthschulte Gunter Westermeir Dirk Wolfle Thomas Weinzierl Introduction 511(1) Requirements in Home Automation Systems 512(3) Microcontroller Level 515(1) Realization 515(1) Choice of the Microcontroller 515(1) Bus Connection with BCU 515(1) Bus Connection via TP-UART 515(2) Bus Coupling with RF-UART 517(3) Operating System ContROS 520(1) Feature Controller 520(1) Intelligent Outlet 521(1) Operating Systems Level 522(1) Introduction 522(1) Interfaces 523(1) The IrDA-EIB Interface 524(1) USB-EIB Interface 525(1) Bluetooth 526(1) The EIB Modem 527(1) Software Interfaces 528(3) Accessing the EIB with Windows CE and Other Operating Systems 531(1) Bus Monitoring and Service Programs 532(2) Future Work: Interpretation and Test Management 534(1) Configuration of Home Automation Systems 534(1) Introduction 534(2) Easy Configuration 536(2) Configuration via the Internet 538(1) The IMOS Tool 538(1) Visualization and Tele Services 539(1) Possibilities of Visualization 539(1) Video and EIB 540(1) Visualization Software 541(2) Special Applications and Clients for Visualization 543(4) Access Technologies 547(2) Use of PDAs with HTML and CGI 549(1) Standard Browser and EIB. The EIB Web Server 549(4) Security Aspects of Tele-services Using HTTP 553(1) Using Applets, Java in Tele-services 553(1) Outlook 554(2) Internet Addresses 556(1) References 557(2) List of Symbols and Abbreviations 559(10) Index 569
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