| Acknowledgments |
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viii | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
| PART I Hermeneutics |
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5 | (60) |
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1 The Qur'an as the ocean of all knowledge |
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7 | (7) |
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8 | (4) |
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Sayings from 'Ali and Ja'far al-Sadiq |
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12 | (2) |
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2 The Qur'anic text and ambiguity: verse 3:7 |
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14 | (15) |
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The clear and ambiguous verses (muhkamat wa mutashabihat) |
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14 | (3) |
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Those in whose hearts is a turning away and those who are firmly rooted in knowledge (al-rasikhun fi'l-ilm) |
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17 | (12) |
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3 Uncovering meaning: knowledge and spiritual practice |
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29 | (6) |
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Reading the Qur'an with presence of the heart (hudar al-qalb) |
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30 | (5) |
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4 Methods of interpretation |
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35 | (12) |
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Abu Nasr al-Sarraj and the methods of understanding (fahm) and allusion (ishara) |
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35 | (2) |
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Al-Ghazali and the method of striking similitudes (darb al-mithal) |
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37 | (2) |
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Ibn 'Arabi and the method of allusion (ishara) |
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39 | (3) |
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Al-Nisaburi and al-Kashani and the method of esoteric interpretation (ta'wil) |
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42 | (2) |
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Al-Simnani and commentary on the seven inner senses (tafsir al-butun al-sab'a) |
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44 | (3) |
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5 Attacking and defending Sufi Qur'anic interpretation |
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47 | (18) |
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The problem of distinguishing sound exegesis from exegesis by mere personal opinion (tafsir bi'l-ra'y) |
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47 | (1) |
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Al-Ghazali on tafsir bi'l-ra'y |
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48 | (2) |
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Ibn al-Jawzi and Ibn Taymiyya on the importance of transmitted information |
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50 | (5) |
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Ibn Taymiyya on sound interpretation of the Qur'an |
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55 | (1) |
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Al-Ghazali's defense of ta'wil |
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56 | (3) |
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Problems with al-Ghazali's defense of ta'wil |
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59 | (1) |
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Al-Ghazali's final defense of Sufi interpretation |
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60 | (5) |
| PART II Commentary |
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65 | (71) |
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6 Sufi commentators on the Qur'an |
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67 | (12) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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7 Qur'anic verses 18:60-82: the story of Musa and al-Khadir |
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79 | (18) |
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82 | (6) |
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88 | (7) |
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"I wanted," "we wanted," and "your Lord wanted" |
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95 | (2) |
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8 Qur'anic verses on Maryam |
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97 | (13) |
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97 | (4) |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (5) |
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9 Qur'an 24:35 (The Light Verse) |
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110 | (30) |
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God is the light of the heavens and the earth |
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110 | (4) |
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Sufi interpretations of God is the light of the heavens and the earth |
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114 | (4) |
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The similitude of His/his light is as a niche |
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118 | (3) |
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Sufi interpretations of the similitude of His/his light is as a niche |
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121 | (15) |
| Conclusion |
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136 | (4) |
| Appendix: commentators on the Qur'an |
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140 | (5) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
| Glossary of terms |
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145 | (2) |
| Notes |
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147 | (30) |
| Works cited |
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177 | (9) |
| Index of Qur'anic verses |
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186 | (3) |
| Index of Ahadith and savings |
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189 | (2) |
| Index of selected names and terms |
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191 | |