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E-raamat: Taphonomy of Human Remains - Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the Depositional Environment: Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the Depositional Environment [Wiley Online]

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  • Formaat: 544 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Mar-2017
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1118953355
  • ISBN-13: 9781118953358
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Taphonomy of Human Remains - Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the Depositional Environment: Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the Depositional EnvironmentSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 544 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Mar-2017
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1118953355
  • ISBN-13: 9781118953358
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118953358

A truly interdisciplinary approach to this core subject within Forensic Science

  • Combines essential theory with practical crime scene work
  • Includes case studies
  • Applicable to all time periods so has relevance for conventional archaeology, prehistory and anthropology
  • Combines points of view from both established practitioners and young researchers to ensure relevance
List of Contributors xix
Notes on Contributors xxvii
Foreword xxix
Acknowledgements xxxi
Introduction 1(8)
Eline M.J. Schotsmans
Nicholas Marquez-Grant
Shari L. Forbes
1.1 Efremov: from Taphonomy to Science Fiction
1(1)
1.2 The Meaning of Taphonomy
2(1)
1.3 The Rationale Behind this Volume
3(1)
1.4 Challenges in Forensic Taphonomy
4(2)
1.5 Organisation of the Volume
6(1)
References
7(2)
Part I: General Post-Mortem Processes: Degradation of Soft Tissue, Bone and Associated Materials 9(134)
1 Gross Post-Mortem Changes in the Human Body
11(15)
Stuart J. Hamilton
Michael A. Green
1.1 Introduction
11(1)
1.2 The Immediate Post-Mortem Period
11(5)
1.3 Subsequent Weeks
16(1)
1.4 Other Post-Mortem Modifications
16(6)
1.4.1 Scavenging
16(1)
1.4.2 Arrested Decay
17(1)
1.4.3 Adipocere
17(1)
1.4.4 Maceration
18(1)
1.4.5 Bodies Recovered from Water
18(3)
1.4.6 Artificial Preservation, Burial and Cremation
21(1)
1.5 Skeletonisation
22(1)
1.6 Conclusion and Future Research
22(1)
References
23(2)
Cited court cases
25(1)
2 Microscopic Post-Mortem Changes: the Chemistry of Decomposition
26(13)
Shari L. Forbes
Katelynn A. Perrault
Jenna L. Comstock
2.1 Introduction
26(1)
2.2 Autolysis
27(1)
2.3 Putrefaction
27(4)
2.3.1 Liquefaction and Properties of Liquefaction Products
28(1)
2.3.2 Protein Degradation
28(1)
2.3.3 Lipid Degradation
29(1)
2.3.4 Adipocere Formation
30(1)
2.3.5 Carbohydrate Degradation
31(1)
2.3.6 Nucleic Acid Degradation
31(1)
2.4 Factors Affecting Autolysis and Putrefaction
31(1)
2.5 Impact of the Decomposition Process on the Surrounding Environment
32(3)
2.6 Conclusion
35(1)
References
35(4)
3 Profiling Volatile Organic Compounds of Decomposition
39(14)
Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
Elien Rosier
Jan Tytgat
Jean-Francois Focant
Eva Cuypers
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 Matrices and Sampling Methods
40(6)
3.2.1 Matrices
40(1)
3.2.1.1 Primary Matrices
40(1)
3.2.1.2 Secondary Matrices
40(1)
3.2.2 Sampling Methods
40(1)
3.2.2.1 Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction
41(1)
3.2.2.2 Sorbent Tube
41(1)
3.2.3 Analytical Methods
42(1)
3.2.3.1 Gas Chromatography
42(1)
3.2.3.2 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
42(1)
3.2.3.3 Chromatography Detectors
43(1)
3.2.3.4 Data Treatment and Validation
44(2)
3.3 Results and Discussion
46(3)
3.3.1 Identified Decomposition VOCs
46(1)
3.3.2 Differences in Decomposition VOCs Between Primary Matrices
47(1)
3.3.3 Differences in Decomposition VOCs Between Secondary Matrices
47(1)
3.3.4 Differences in Decomposition VOCs Based on Sampling Methods
48(1)
3.3.5 Differences in Decomposition VOCs Based on Analytical Methods
49(1)
3.3.6 Factors that Influence the Detection of Decomposition VOCs
49(1)
3.4 Conclusion and Future Research
49(1)
References
50(3)
4 Blood Degradation and Bloodstain Age Estimation
53(12)
Gerda J. Edelman
Maurice C.G. Aalders
4.1 Introduction: Forensic relevance of bloodstains
53(1)
4.2 Blood Degradation
54(1)
4.2.1 Chemical Changes
54(1)
4.2.1.1 Oxidation and Breakdown of Haemoglobin Derivatives
54(1)
4.2.1.2 Changes in Plasma Proteins
54(1)
4.3 Mechanical and Morphological Changes
55(1)
4.4 Optical Methods
55(4)
4.4.1 Chemical Explanation
56(1)
4.4.2 Spectral Changes
56(1)
4.4.3 Equipment
57(2)
4.5 Practical Implementation
59(1)
4.5.1 Hypothetical Case Description
59(1)
4.5.2 Method
59(1)
4.5.3 Results
59(1)
4.5.4 Discussion
60(1)
4.6 Crime Scene Challenges of Bloodstain Age Estimation
60(2)
4.6.1 Human Variability
61(1)
4.6.2 Environmental Influences
61(1)
4.6.3 Substrate Interference
61(1)
4.6.4 Evidential Value
62(1)
4.7 Conclusion
62(1)
References
62(3)
5 DNA Degradation: Current Knowledge and Progress in DNA Analysis
65(16)
Claudio Ottoni
Bram Bekaert
Ronny Decorte
5.1 Introduction
65(1)
5.2 Mechanisms of DNA Degradation
65(3)
5.2.1 Short-Term Effects of Body Decomposition on DNA
65(1)
5.2.2 Long-Term Effects of the Depositional Environment on DNA Degradation
66(1)
5.2.3 Survival of DNA in Geological Times
67(1)
5.3 Preservation of DNA: Recommendations Concerning Sampling and Storage
68(2)
5.4 Methodologies to Analyse Degraded DNA
70(4)
5.4.1 Challenges to the Study of aDNA and Precautions
70(1)
5.4.2 Progress in Methodologies for the Analysis of Degraded DNA
70(1)
5.4.2.1 Forensic Genetic Identification
70(1)
5.4.2.2 High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) Technologies in Forensic Genetics and Ancient DN Research
72(2)
5.5 Future Prospects
74(1)
5.6 Conclusion
75(1)
References
75(6)
6 Taphonomic Alterations to Hair and Nail
81(11)
Andrew S. Wilson
6.1 Introduction
81(1)
6.2 Structure of Hair and Nail
82(1)
6.3 Changes to Hair and Nail
83(4)
6.3.1 Physical Alteration
83(1)
6.3.2 Chemical Alteration
83(2)
6.3.3 Biological Alteration
85(1)
6.3.4 Changes Associated with Body Decomposition
86(1)
6.4 Processing and Storage of Hair
87(1)
6.5 Conclusion
87(1)
Acknowledgements
88(1)
References
88(4)
7 Taphonomy of Teeth
92(9)
Christopher W. Schmidt
Robin Quataert
Fatma Zalzala
Ruggero D'Anastasio
7.1 Introduction
92(1)
7.1.1 Dental Tissues in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts
92(1)
7.1.2 Dental Anatomy
92(1)
7.2 Mechanical Damage: Forensic Case Study
93(1)
7.3 Effects of Thermal Damage
94(1)
7.4 Thermal Damage: Archaeological Case Study
95(2)
7.4.1 Introduction
95(1)
7.4.2 Changes in Colour
96(1)
7.5 Caveats
97(1)
7.6 Conclusion
98(1)
References
98(3)
8 The Taphonomy of Natural Mummies
101(19)
Dario Piombino-Mascali
Heather Gill-Frerking
Ronald G. Beckett
8.1 Introduction
101(1)
8.2 Post-Mortem Decay
102(1)
8.3 Natural or Spontaneous Mummification
102(1)
8.4 Soft Tissue Changes
103(1)
8.5 Environment, Culture or Both?
104(1)
8.6 Dry Environments
104(5)
8.7 Bog Environments
109(1)
8.8 Cold Environments
110(2)
8.9 Anaerobic Environments
112(1)
8.10 Differential Decomposition
113(1)
8.11 Post-Depositional Factors and Taphonomic Impact
114(2)
8.12 Conclusion
116(1)
References
116(4)
9 Degradation of Clothing in Depositional Environments
120(14)
Barbara H. Stuart
Maiken Ueland
9.1 Introduction
120(1)
9.2 The Structures and Properties of Clothing Materials
120(4)
9.2.1 Natural Fibres
121(2)
9.2.2 Synthetic Fibres
123(1)
9.2.3 Leather
123(1)
9.3 Decomposition Mechanisms of Clothing Materials in Depositional Environments
124(3)
9.3.1 Decomposition Agents
124(1)
9.3.2 Degradation of Natural Fibres
125(1)
9.3.3 Degradation of Synthetic Fibres
126(1)
9.3.4 Leather
127(1)
9.4 The Influence of Clothing on the Decomposition Processes
127(1)
9.5 Forensic and Archaeological Studies of Clothing Degradation
128(2)
9.5.1 Natural Fibre Studies
128(1)
9.5.2 Synthetic Fibre Studies
129(1)
9.5.3 Leather Studies
130(1)
9.6 Protocols for Forensic and Archaeological Clothing Collection and Analysis
130(1)
9.7 Conclusion and Future Research
131(1)
References
131(3)
10 Post-Mortem Interval Estimation: an Overview of Techniques
134(9)
Tal Simmons
10.1 Introduction
134(1)
10.2 Why Estimating the PMI is Important
134(1)
10.3 Scientific Method versus Anecdote in PMI Estimation
135(2)
10.3.1 Mythology and Fallacy in PMI Estimation
135(1)
10.3.2 Ideal versus Real - Limitations of PMI Studies
135(1)
10.3.3 Experimental Studies
136(1)
10.4 Methods for Estimating PMI
137(2)
10.4.1 Retrospective Studies
138(1)
10.5 Case Example
139(1)
10.6 Conclusion and Future Research
140(1)
References
141(2)
Part II: The Depositional Environment 143(154)
11 Relationships between Human Remains, Graves and the Depositional Environment
145(10)
Emily N. Junkins
David O. Carter
11.1 Introduction
145(1)
11.2 The Taphonomy of Buried Human Remains
145(1)
11.3 Factors that Influence Decomposition: Environmental and Intrinsic Variables
146(3)
11.3.1 The Decomposer Community
146(1)
11.3.2 Temperature
146(1)
11.3.3 Soil Texture, Moisture and Oxygen
147(1)
11.3.4 Soil pH
147(1)
11.3.5 Intrinsic Properties
148(1)
11.4 Decomposition Processes: Autolysis, Putrefaction and Decay
149(1)
11.4.1 Autolysis
149(1)
11.4.2 Putrefaction
149(1)
11.4.3 Decay
149(1)
11.5 The Forensic Application of Taphonomy
150(1)
11.5.1 Locating Human Remains
150(1)
11.5.2 Identification of the Deceased
150(1)
11.5.3 Establishing Cause and Manner of Death
151(1)
11.5.4 Estimating Post-Mortem Interval
151(1)
11.6 Conclusion
151(1)
References
152(3)
12 Bacterial Symbionts and Taphonomic Agents of Humans
155(12)
Franklin E. Damann
12.1 Introduction
155(1)
12.2 Bacterial Growth and Metabolism
156(1)
12.3 Limiting Factors of Bacterial Growth and Function
156(2)
12.3.1 Temperature
157(1)
12.3.2 Moisture
157(1)
12.3.3 Substrate pH
157(1)
12.3.4 Redox Potential
157(1)
12.3.5 Nutrient Requirements
158(1)
12.4 Bacteria as Symbiotic Organisms
158(1)
12.5 Bacteria as Taphonomic Agents
159(1)
12.6 Putrefaction
159(2)
12.7 Microbiology in Forensic Medicine
161(2)
12.8 Conclusion
163(1)
References
164(3)
13 Forensic Entomology and Funerary Archaeoentomology
167(20)
Stefano Vanin
Jean-Bernard Huchet
13.1 Introduction
167(1)
13.2 Insects: Useful Information for Forensic Scientists and Archaeologists
168(7)
13.3 Forensic Entomology and the Application of Insect Knowledge in Forensic Contexts
175(1)
13.4 Insects Recovered from Graves or Associated with Human Remains in Archaeological Contexts
176(3)
13.5 Body Alteration at the Crime Scene as a Result of Insect Activity
179(2)
13.6 Bone Modifications due to Insect Activity
181(1)
13.7 Conclusion
181(1)
Acknowledgements
182(1)
References
182(5)
14 Forensic Botany and Stomach Contents Analysis: Established Practice and Innovation
187(14)
Jennifer Miller
14.1 Introduction
187(1)
14.2 Forensic Applications of Botany
187(10)
14.2.1 Impact of Decomposition upon Vegetation
188(1)
14.2.2 Palynology
188(1)
14.2.3 Fungi
189(1)
14.2.4 Diatoms and Phytoliths
190(1)
14.2.5 Plant Genetics
190(1)
14.2.6 Stomach Contents Analysis
191(1)
14.2.6.1 Processes of Digestion
192(1)
14.2.6.2 Methodology
192(1)
14.2.6.3 Passage of Different Foods
193(1)
14.2.6.4 Determining Duration
193(1)
14.2.6.5 Individual Variation
194(1)
14.2.6.6 Trauma and Death
194(1)
14.2.6.7 Case Examples
195(1)
14.2.6.8 Other Facts to Consider
196(1)
14.3 Conclusion
197(1)
References
198(3)
15 The Effects of Weathering on Bone Preservation
201(11)
Soren Blau
15.1 Introduction
201(1)
15.2 A Brief History of Weathering Studies
201(1)
15.3 Variables that Influence Weathering
202(2)
15.4 The Value of Bone Weathering Analyses in Forensic Investigations
204(4)
15.4.1 Estimating Time Since Death
204(3)
15.4.2 Differentiating Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma
207(1)
15.4.3 Interpreting Treatment of the Deceased around the Time of Burial
207(1)
15.4.4 Assessing the Potential for DNA Analysis
207(1)
15.5 Conclusion
208(1)
Acknowledgements
208(1)
References
208(4)
16 The Effects of Terrestrial Mammalian Scavenging and Avian Scavenging on the Body
212(23)
Alexandria Young
16.1 Introduction
212(1)
16.2 Terrestrial Mammalian Scavengers
213(12)
16.2.1 Canid
213(6)
16.2.2 Rodent
219(2)
16.2.3 Felid
221(1)
16.2.4 Ursid
222(1)
16.2.5 Suid
223(1)
16.2.6 Mustelid, Procyonid, Didelphid, Phalangerid and Peramelid
224(1)
16.2.7 Artiodactyl
225(1)
16.3 Avian Scavengers
225(1)
16.4 Applications to Crime Scene Investigation
226(1)
16.5 Conclusion and Future Research
227(1)
References
228(7)
17 Decomposition in Aquatic Environments
235(16)
Barbara H. Stuart
Maiken Ueland
17.1 Introduction
235(1)
17.2 Decomposition Processes in Aquatic Environments
236(3)
17.2.1 Stages of Decomposition
236(1)
17.2.2 Flotation
236(1)
17.2.3 Soft Tissue Changes
237(1)
17.2.4 Disarticulation
238(1)
17.2.5 Skeletal Stage
238(1)
17.2.6 Fluvial Transport
239(1)
17.3 Post-Mortem Submersion Interval
239(1)
17.4 Factors Influencing Aquatic Decomposition Processes
240(4)
17.4.1 Flora and Fauna
241(1)
17.4.2 Temperature
242(1)
17.4.3 Water Chemistry
242(2)
17.4.4 Water Flow
244(1)
17.4.5 Body Coverings
244(1)
17.5 Case Reports and Studies
244(2)
17.5.1 Decompositional Scoring Systems
245(1)
17.5.2 Adipocere
245(1)
17.5.3 Scavenger Activity
246(1)
17.5.4 Body Coverings
246(1)
17.6 Recovery Protocols
246(1)
17.7 Conclusion and Future Research
247(1)
References
247(4)
18 Post-Mortem Differential Preservation and its Utility in Interpreting Forensic and Archaeological Mass Burials
251(26)
Caroline Barker
Esma Alicehajic
Javier Naranjo Santana
18.1 Introduction
251(1)
18.2 Assessment of Taphonomic Change in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts
251(2)
18.2.1 Assessment of Taphonomic Change
251(1)
18.2.2 The Relationship Between PMI and Decomposition
252(1)
18.3 The Study of Taphonomy in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts
253(3)
18.3.1 Forensic Taphonomy
253(2)
18.3.2 Taphonomy in Archaeological Contexts
255(1)
18.4 Taphonomic Assessment in Mass Burial Deposits
256(2)
18.4.1 The Context and Anatomy of Mass Burials
256(1)
18.4.2 The Sequence of Decomposition in Human Cadavers
257(1)
18.4.3 In-Soil Human Decomposition and the Taphonomic Processes at Work
257(1)
18.5 Taphonomic Processes and Differential Preservation in Mass Burials: Current Research and Application
258(4)
18.6 Case Study 1: Differential Preservation of Human Remains and Artefacts in Archaeological Mass Graves of the Same PMI and its Utility to Establish Differences in Burial Environments over Time
262(2)
18.6.1 Background and Archaeological Profile of the Pheasant Wood Mass Graves
262(1)
18.6.2 Taphonomic Profiling of the Graves
263(1)
18.7 Case Study 2: Differential Preservation of Human Remains in Forensic Mass Graves and its Use as an Evidentiary Tool
264(2)
18.7.1 Background and Forensic Profile of the Srebrenica Genocide
264(1)
18.7.2 Legal Context: the Interpretation of Forensic Taphonomic Evidence
264(1)
18.7.3 Taphonomic Profiling of Mass Graves
265(1)
18.7.4 Forensic Taphonomy: Differential Preservation Presented in Evidence
266(1)
18.8 Conclusion and Future Research
266(1)
Acknowledgements
267(1)
References
267(10)
19 Reconstructing the Original Arrangement, Organisation and Architecture of Burials in Archaeology
277(20)
Dominique Castex
Frederique Blaizot
19.1 Introduction
277(1)
19.2 The Reconstruction of Perishable Funerary Architecture and its Arrangement
278(6)
19.3 Analysis of Several Individuals in the Same Pit
284(10)
19.3.1 Two Superimposed Coffins or a 'Double' Burial
284(2)
19.3.2 Successive versus Simultaneous Burials (Collective versus Multiple Burials)
286(3)
19.3.3 Complex Simultaneous Deposits (Multiple Burials)
289(5)
19.4 Conclusion
294(1)
Acknowledgements
294(1)
References
295(2)
Part III: Anti-, Peri- and Post-Mortem Modifications to the Body 297(88)
20 Forensic Toxicology of Decomposed Human Remains
299(19)
Richard Lloyd
Julie Evans
20.1 Introduction
299(2)
20.2 Toxicological Matrices
301(6)
20.2.1 Soft Tissues and Fluids
301(1)
20.2.2 Hair
302(1)
20.2.3 Nails
303(2)
20.2.4 Bone and Bone Marrow
305(2)
20.3 Case Study
307(4)
20.3.1 Background
307(1)
20.3.2 Initial Case
307(1)
20.3.2.1 Exhumation 1
308(1)
20.3.2.2 Exhumation 2
308(1)
20.3.2.3 Exhumation 3
309(1)
20.3.3 Summary
310(1)
20.4 Conclusion and Future Research
311(1)
References
311(7)
21 Thermal Alteration to the Body
318(17)
Tim J.U. Thompson
David Goncalves
Kirsty Squires
Priscilla Ulguim
21.1 Introduction
318(1)
21.2 Soft Tissue Changes
318(1)
21.3 Hard Tissue Changes
319(9)
21.3.1 Colour Change
320(3)
21.3.2 Changes in Mass
323(2)
21.3.3 Dimensional Changes
325(1)
21.3.4 Histological Changes
326(1)
21.3.5 Crystalline and Elemental Changes
327(1)
21.4 Conclusion and Future Research
328(1)
References
329(6)
22 Concealing the Crime: the Effects of Chemicals on Human Tissues
335(17)
Eline M.J. Schotsmans
Wim Van de Voorde
22.1 Introduction
335(1)
22.2 Corrosive Substances: Definitions and History
336(1)
22.3 The Effect of Corrosive Substances on Human Tissues: Case Examples
337(4)
22.3.1 Acids
337(1)
22.3.2 Alkalis
338(3)
22.4 Research on Corrosive Agents and Decomposition
341(2)
22.4.1 Experimental Research
341(1)
22.4.2 Issues Regarding Experiments with Chemicals
342(1)
22.5 Case Study: The Pandy Case
343(4)
22.5.1 Introduction
343(1)
22.5.2 Experimental Set-up
344(1)
22.5.3 Results
345(1)
22.5.4 Conclusions of the Experiment
346(1)
22.6 Conclusion
347(1)
Acknowledgements
347(1)
References
348(4)
23 Distinguishing between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone
352(17)
Cristina Cattaneo
Annalisa Cappella
23.1 Introduction
352(1)
23.2 Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma
352(10)
23.2.1 Macroscopic Criteria Used by Forensic Anthropology: Morphological Fractures Characteristics
354(3)
23.2.2 Microscopic Analysis as a Potential Support in the Diagnosis of Peri- versus Post-Mortem Trauma
357(3)
23.2.3 Problems Concerning Trauma Interpretation: Successful Outcomes and Limits of Current Methods
360(2)
23.3 Alternative Solutions for Distinguishing Between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone
362(3)
23.3.1 Blood as a Biomarker of Vitality in Peri-Mortem Skeletal Lesions and the Survival of Red Blood Cells in Bone
362(3)
23.4 Conclusion
365(1)
References
365(4)
24 Collection Care and Management of Human Remains
369(16)
Rebecca C. Redfern
Jelena J. Bekvalac
24.1 Introduction
369(1)
24.2 Collection Origin and Deposition
369(2)
24.3 Collection Management
371(7)
24.3.1 Documentation
371(2)
24.3.2 Collection Care
373(5)
24.4 Conclusion
378(1)
Acknowledgements
379(1)
References
379(6)
Part IV: Case Studies 385(76)
25 The Use of Volatile Fatty Acid Biomarkers to Estimate the Post-Mortem Interval
387(7)
Arpad A. Vass
25.1 Introduction
387(1)
25.2 Methods and Collection
387(6)
25.2.1 Volatile Fatty Acids
390(2)
25.2.2 Formula-Based Method
392(1)
25.3 Conclusion
393(1)
References
393(1)
26 A Taphonomic Study Based on Observations of 196 Exhumations and 23 Clandestine Burials
394(8)
Roosje de Leeuwe
W.J. Mike Groen
26.1 Introduction
394(1)
26.2 Background on the Exhumations Carried out by the NFI
394(1)
26.3 Variables
395(5)
26.3.1 Decomposition Stage
395(1)
26.3.2 Duration of Burial
396(1)
26.3.3 Body Bags
396(1)
26.3.4 Soil Type
397(1)
26.3.5 Burial Depth
398(1)
26.3.6 Water Context
399(1)
26.3.7 Coffins
399(1)
26.3.8 Tree Roots
400(1)
26.3.9 Fauna
400(1)
26.3.10 Other Variables
400(1)
26.4 Cemetery versus Clandestine Burials
400(1)
26.5 Conclusion
401(1)
References
401(1)
27 Case Studies on Taphonomic Variation between Cemetery Burials
402(8)
Karl Harrison
Emily Cline
27.1 Introduction
402(1)
27.2 Burial Taphonomy: Examples of Cemetery Burials
402(5)
27.2.1 The Royal Hospital Haslar
403(2)
27.2.2 St Bees Priory
405(1)
27.2.3 Forensic Applications
406(1)
27.2.3.1 Strategy for a Formal Exhumation
406(1)
27.2.3.2 An Unusually Adapted Burial in a Clandestine Burial
407(1)
27.3 Conclusion
407(1)
References
408(2)
28 Forensic Entomology Case Studies from Mexico
410(10)
Leonardo R. Flores Perez
Humberto Molina Chavez
Manuel Nava Hernandez
Fray M. Perez Villegas
28.1 Introduction
410(1)
28.2 Case Study from Mexico City
410(4)
28.2.1 Body 01
411(1)
28.2.2 Body 02
411(1)
28.2.3 Entomological Analysis of Body 01 and Body 02
411(3)
28.3 Case Studies from Hidalgo State
414(3)
28.4 Conclusion
417(1)
References
417(3)
29 Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains and Textile Degradation: a Case Study
420(9)
Rob C. Janaway
Nicholas Marquez-Grant
29.1 Introduction
420(1)
29.2 Outdoor Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains
420(2)
29.3 Case Study
422(4)
29.3.1 Scene Examination
422(2)
29.3.2 Body Wrappings and Preservation of Materials
424(2)
29.3.3 Summary of Scene Examination
426(1)
29.4 Conclusion
426(2)
Acknowledgements
428(1)
References
428(1)
30 Saponified Brains of the Spanish Civil War
429(9)
Fernando Serrulla
Francisco Etxeberria
Lourdes Herrasti
Jose Luis Cascallana
Julio Del Olmo
30.1 Introduction: the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
429(1)
30.2 Two Mass Graves
429(2)
30.3 Methods and Materials
431(1)
30.4 Results: Taphonomic Factors and Brain Analysis
431(3)
30.4.1 Weather Conditions
431(1)
30.4.2 Soil Composition
432(1)
30.4.3 Gross Findings
432(1)
30.4.4 Radiological Studies
432(1)
30.4.5 Chemical and Toxicological Studies
432(1)
30.4.6 Genetic Study
432(1)
30.4.7 Microscopic Features
433(1)
30.4.8 Modelling of the Brains
434(1)
30.5 Discussion and Conclusion
434(2)
Acknowledgements
436(1)
References
436(2)
31 Analysis and Interpretation of Burned Human Remains from a Homicide
438(7)
Anne Coulombeix
Yves Schuliar
31.1 Introduction
438(1)
31.2 Background to the Case
438(1)
31.3 Physical Evidence Recovered at the Crime Scene
439(1)
31.4 Additional Experiments
440(2)
31.5 Discussion
442(1)
31.6 Conclusion
443(1)
Acknowledgements
443(1)
References
443(2)
32 A Soldier's Story: Forensic Anthropology and Blast Injury
445(7)
Marie Christine Dussault
Martin Brown
Richard Osgood
32.1 Introduction
445(1)
32.2 Background and Case History
445(1)
32.3 Condition of the Remains and Inventory
446(2)
32.4 Analysis Results
448(1)
32.4.1 Biological Profile
448(1)
32.4.2 Pathology
448(1)
32.4.3 Trauma
448(1)
32.5 Discussion
449(2)
32.6 Conclusion
451(1)
References
451(1)
33 Decomposition in an Unusual Environment: Body Sealed in Concrete
452(2)
Maria Cristina de Mendonca
33.1 Introduction
452(1)
33.2 Case Report
452(1)
33.3 Discussion and Conclusion
453(1)
34 A Case Study from Los Angeles: Baby in Concrete
454(7)
Chelsea Parham
Elissa Fleak
34.1 Introduction
454(1)
34.2 Background to the Case
454(1)
34.3 External Examination
455(2)
34.4 Internal Examination
457(1)
34.5 Discussion
458(1)
34.6 Conclusion
459(1)
References
459(2)
Part V: Past, Present and Future Considerations 461
35 History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee
463(13)
Giovanna M. Vidoli
Dawnie W. Steadman
Joanne B. Devlin
Lee Meadows Jantz
35.1 Introduction
463(1)
35.2 History of the ARF
463(2)
35.3 Daily Operations of the FAC
465(3)
35.4 Research at the ARF
468(2)
35.5 Training Opportunities at the ARF
470(1)
35.6 Conclusion
471(1)
References
472(4)
36 Crime Scene Investigation, Archaeology and Taphonomy: Reconstructing Activities at Crime Scenes
476
W.J. Mike Groen
Charles E.H. Berger
36.1 Introduction
476(2)
36.2 CSI Fundamentals
478(2)
36.3 The Archaeological Paradigm
480(3)
36.3.1 Theory-Driven Research
480(1)
36.3.2 Use of Empirical Databases
481(1)
36.3.3 Assemblages and Site Formation Processes
481(1)
36.3.4 Anthropogenic Models
481(2)
36.4 Assessing Archaeological Assemblages and Site Formation Processes
483(1)
36.5 The CSI Practice, an Archaeological and Criminalistic Perspective
484(6)
36.5.1 Step
1. Preliminary Desktop Research
486(1)
36.5.2 Step
2. Non-Intrusive Walkthrough
486(1)
36.5.3 Step
3. CSI Strategy
487(1)
36.5.4 Step
4. Intrusive Investigation
487(1)
36.5.5 Step
5. Data Classification
488(1)
36.5.6 Step
6. Data Interpretation
488(1)
36.5.7 Step
7. Data Integration
489(1)
36.5.8 Step
8. Case Comparison
489(1)
36.5.9 Step
9. Case Abstraction
490(1)
36.6 Conclusion
490(1)
Acknowledgements
491(1)
References
491
Index 495
Eline M. J. Schotsmans is a post-doctoral researcher in forensic archaeology and taphonomy at the Laboratory of Anthropology of Past and Present Populations (PACEA) at the University of Bordeaux, France, and an honorary fellow at the University of Bradford, UK. She has worked on various forensic cases and conducts research in taphonomy that lies at the interface between archaeo-anthropology and forensic sciences.

Nicholas Márquez-Grant is a Lecturer in Forensic Anthropology and Course Director MSc in Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology at Cranfield University, UK. He is also a Research Associate at the University of Oxford. He has analysed human remains from a number of countries and chronological periods and currently undertakes forensic casework in the UK.

Shari Forbes is a Professor and ARC Future Fellow in the Centre for Forensic Science at the University of Technology Sydney. She is also the Director of the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER), the first facility in Australia that allows scientists to study the decomposition of human cadavers. She is regularly consulted on forensic casework and assists police to search for and locate human remains using police dogs and geophysical equipment.
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