Update cookies preferences

Target Detection by Marine Radar [Hardback]

  • Format: Hardback, 700 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm
  • Series: Radar, Sonar and Navigation
  • Pub. Date: 30-Sep-2004
  • Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 0863413595
  • ISBN-13: 9780863413599
Other books in subject:
  • Hardback
  • Price: 149,95 €
  • This book is not in stock. Book will arrive in about 2-4 weeks. Please allow another 2 weeks for shipping outside Estonia.
  • Quantity:
  • Add to basket
  • Delivery time 4-6 weeks
  • Add to Wishlist
  • Format: Hardback, 700 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm
  • Series: Radar, Sonar and Navigation
  • Pub. Date: 30-Sep-2004
  • Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 0863413595
  • ISBN-13: 9780863413599
Other books in subject:
Radar is a legal necessity for the safe navigation of merchant ships, and within vessel traffic services is indispensable to the operation of major ports and harbours. Target Detection by Marine Radar concentrates solely on civil marine operations and explains how marine surveillance radars detect their targets. The book is fully illustrated and contains worked examples to help the reader understand the principles underlying radar operation and to quantify the importance of factors such as the technical features of specific equipment, the weather, target reflection properties, and the ability of the operator. The precision with which targets are positioned on the radar screen and with which their progress is tracked or predicted depends on how definitely they have been detected, therefore a whole chapter has been devoted to the issue of accuracy. The various international regulations governing marine radar are examined, a brief historical background is given to modern day practice and the book doses with a discussion of the ways in which marine radar may develop to meet future challenges.
Foreword xxv
Preface xxvii
Introduction
1(30)
Purpose and scope
1(3)
Purpose
1(2)
Scope
3(1)
Radar users and uses
4(3)
Merchant ships
4(1)
Leisure craft
5(1)
Fishing vessels and small commercial vessels
5(1)
High speed craft
5(1)
Vessel traffic services
5(1)
Military applications
6(1)
The past and future
7(8)
The history of marine radar
7(3)
Secondary radars
10(2)
VTS
12(1)
The current generation of radars
13(1)
Future possibilities
14(1)
The regulators
15(6)
Overview
15(1)
Unclos
15(1)
IMO
15(1)
National consultations
16(1)
Solas and the Colregs
17(1)
IALA
17(1)
Enforcement
18(1)
ISO
18(1)
IEC
18(1)
ITU
19(1)
National regulations
19(1)
National and supra-national groups; the European Community
19(1)
The courts
20(1)
The regulations
21(2)
Radar for ships within Solas
21(2)
Radar for craft outside Solas
23(1)
Theory and calculations
23(4)
Sources
23(1)
Mathematics and units
24(2)
Basis of performance calculations
26(1)
Spreadsheet calculation
26(1)
Approximate methods
26(1)
The layout of this book
27(1)
References
28(3)
The system and the transmitter
31(64)
The operator and the system
31(13)
Scope of chapter
31(1)
Operators afloat
31(4)
Integrated bridge systems
35(1)
Operators ashore
35(2)
Basic radar operation
37(2)
Target detectability
39(2)
Radar construction
41(1)
Decibels
42(2)
Components of the radar
44(8)
Transmission
44(3)
Reception
47(1)
Non-coherent system
48(1)
Coherent-on-receive system
48(2)
Fully coherent system
50(1)
Ambiguity; image frequency, prf constraints
50(1)
Typical station configuration
51(1)
Transmitter
52(5)
Overview
52(1)
Magnetron power source
53(1)
Modulator
54(1)
Influence of transmitter on system
55(1)
Spectrum problems
55(2)
Transmitted frequency
57(2)
Frequency and wavelength
57(2)
Choice of band
59(1)
Choice of other parameters
59(1)
Feeder
60(7)
Waveguide
60(4)
Mismatch
64(2)
Feeder losses
66(1)
Ringing
67(1)
Scanner, qualitative description
67(21)
Plane and circularly polarised rays
67(2)
Directional radiation
69(2)
Beam characteristics
71(1)
Rotation
72(1)
Size and beamwidth
72(1)
Marine radar scanners
72(2)
Radiation patterns
74(3)
Recent developments
77(1)
Obstructions
78(1)
Sidelobes
78(1)
VTS reflector scanners
79(3)
Elevation performance; inverse cosecant squared reflectors
82(1)
Polarisation
83(1)
Surface tolerance loss
84(1)
Beamshape and scanning losses
85(1)
Summary of scanner losses
86(1)
Testing antennas
86(2)
Quantitative scanner analysis
88(5)
Elevation performance, marine and VTS slotted arrays
88(2)
Inverse cosecant squared VTS scanners
90(2)
Azimuth radiation pattern
92(1)
References
93(2)
Radar receiver
95(42)
Scanner -- receiving
95(1)
Receiver input
96(2)
Rotating joint or sliprings
96(1)
Receiver protection
96(1)
Duplexer
97(1)
Receiver and filter
98(6)
Overview
98(2)
Receiver noise
100(4)
Superhet receiver and mixing
104(2)
Superheterodyne principle
104(1)
Mixing
104(2)
Local oscillator
106(1)
IF amplifier, demodulator and video sections
106(9)
IF section
106(1)
Filter
107(2)
Linear and square-law demodulators
109(1)
Factors affecting detection
110(1)
Detection cells
111(1)
Effect of range scale selection
111(1)
Video amplifier
112(1)
Fast time constant, differentiator
113(2)
Signal processing basics
115(8)
The task
115(1)
PD and PFA for target perception
116(1)
Digital conversion, detection cells
117(1)
Logical process of target detection
118(1)
Machine detection
119(1)
Clutter map
120(1)
Detection decision process
121(2)
Additional features
123(1)
Within single radar
123(1)
Multiple sensors, track combiners
123(1)
Display principles
124(3)
Display format
125(1)
Cathode ray tube
126(1)
Other display devices
127(1)
Raster scan display
127(3)
Cursive display
130(3)
Raw radar
130(2)
Cursive display problems
132(1)
Detection performance
133(1)
Plots on the screen
133(1)
Radars for special purposes
134(1)
High speed craft
134(1)
Warships
135(1)
Calibration
135(1)
References
136(1)
Echo strength in free space
137(14)
Introduction
137(1)
Radiated power density
138(1)
Passive reflector; radar cross section, radar range equation
138(3)
Radar cross section
138(1)
Two-way free space radar range equation
139(2)
Active target
141(1)
Range equations in practical form
141(2)
Extensions for practical environment
141(1)
Full radar range equation, dB
142(1)
Reduced equations
142(1)
Calculations and graphs
143(5)
Fixed range example
143(1)
Graphs
144(4)
Computer spreadsheet and charting
148(1)
Limitations of free space formulae
148(3)
Environmental effects on propagation
151(56)
Scope of chapter
151(1)
Atmospheric refraction
152(9)
The problem
152(2)
Equivalent geometries
154(1)
Calculation of refraction factor from meteorological parameters
155(2)
Standard atmosphere; four-thirds Earth approximation
157(1)
Anaprop
157(1)
Super-refraction; high k; super-standard surface layer
158(1)
Negative k
159(1)
Sub-refraction; low k; sub-standard surface layer
159(1)
Ducts
159(1)
Conditions causing anaprop
160(1)
Measurement of refraction factor
161(2)
Ray geometry; geometrical optics
163(3)
Introduction
163(2)
Importance of k depends on range
165(1)
Geometrical analysis, curved Earth
166(11)
Ray paths
166(2)
Range
168(2)
Path difference of indirect ray
170(1)
Useful angles
171(2)
Divergence factor
173(1)
Variation of geometrical parameters with range
173(2)
Horizon
175(1)
Multipath peak and null ranges
176(1)
Effect on detection range
177(1)
Flat-Earth approximation
177(4)
Geometrical analysis
177(1)
Approximate multipath ranges
178(1)
Tailoring null ranges
179(1)
Vertical lobe structure
179(2)
Dispersion
181(1)
The sea
181(8)
Capillary and gravity waves
182(2)
Radar reflection, capillaries alone
184(1)
Radar reflection, gravity waves
185(1)
Wave height
186(1)
Sea state
187(2)
Forward reflection from the grazing point
189(7)
Reflection coefficient amplitude
189(1)
Reflection coefficient, ρ0, of smooth plane surface
189(2)
Reflection coefficient variation
191(2)
Reflection coefficient, ρs, of surface roughness
193(3)
Values of ρs
196(1)
Values of ρ
196(1)
Atmospheric and precipitation losses
196(10)
Causes of loss
196(2)
Rain
198(2)
Snow and hail
200(1)
Fog, low cloud and sandstorms
201(2)
Clear air attenuation
203(2)
Spray
205(1)
Total atmospheric attenuation
205(1)
Foliage
205(1)
References
206(1)
Multipath of point targets
207(30)
Introduction
207(2)
The problem
207(1)
Definition of multipath factor
208(1)
Correction for scanner elevation beamwidth
208(1)
Chapter layout
208(1)
Effective scanner gain
209(1)
Multipath regions
209(6)
Regions
209(3)
Boundaries
212(1)
Transition and diffraction boundary ranges
213(2)
Interference region
215(5)
Value of multipath factor
215(3)
Average value of multipath factor
218(1)
Narrow pulses
219(1)
Diversity
219(1)
Diffraction region
220(3)
The nature of diffraction
220(1)
Calculation of diffraction
220(2)
Change of multipath factor with range
222(1)
Effect of height
223(1)
Transition region
223(2)
Approach
223(1)
Solution of multipath equation
224(1)
Overall multipath factor
225(2)
Full method
225(1)
Flat-Earth approximation
226(1)
Two-zone method
227(4)
General form of multipath/range relationship
227(1)
Rate of change of multipath factor at RA, calm sea
227(1)
Approximation for multipath factor in near transition region
228(2)
Approximate multipath factor near horizon
230(1)
Very low scanner or target
231(1)
Sketching echo strength
231(5)
Use of sketches
231(1)
Scales
232(1)
Sketching echo, fair weather
232(2)
Sketching echo, rough sea
234(1)
Really rough sketch
234(1)
Accuracy
235(1)
References
236(1)
Passive point targets
237(48)
Introduction
237(2)
Structure of RCS discussions
237(2)
Applications of point passive reflectors
239(1)
Meanings
239(1)
Reflection from insulators
239(6)
Basic process
239(2)
Secondary reflections
241(2)
Materials
243(1)
Reflecting shapes
243(2)
Reflection from conductors
245(1)
Principles
245(1)
Target dimensions very many wavelengths
245(1)
Reflection from basic metal shapes
246(10)
Introduction
246(1)
Calculation of RCS; definitions
247(1)
Sphere
248(1)
Disc and flat plate
249(3)
Macro- and micro-geometry; distorted plate
252(1)
Dihedral corner reflector
253(1)
Distorted corner
254(1)
Practical effects of micro-geometry
255(1)
Edges and rods
255(1)
Circular polarisation
255(1)
Other geometric shapes
256(1)
Cylinder, metal wire
256(1)
Circular cone
257(1)
Frequency effects
257(1)
Requirements for practical reflectors
257(4)
Legal requirements, specifications
257(2)
Measurement of point aids
259(1)
Commercial reflectors
259(2)
Problems with reflectors
261(1)
Practical reflectors
261(9)
Trihedral
261(1)
Octahedral
262(3)
Trihedral clusters
265(1)
Luneberg lens
266(2)
Helispherical reflector
268(1)
Lens reflectors
269(1)
Chaff
269(1)
Phased patch array reflectors
269(1)
Miscellaneous point targets
270(3)
Aircraft
270(1)
Helicopters
271(1)
Buoys and lighthouses
271(1)
Birds
272(1)
Man
273(1)
Scanners
273(1)
Flotsam
273(1)
Tilting a point target aid
273(2)
Introduction
273(1)
Radar in roll plane
274(1)
Radar normal to roll plane
274(1)
Combination of point targets
275(8)
The problem
275(1)
Assumptions and notation
275(1)
Resultant performance of pair
276(2)
Examples
278(2)
Response in other plane; TPM
280(1)
RCS fluctuation
280(1)
Tilt
281(1)
Practical performance
282(1)
References
283(2)
Active targets
285(64)
Introduction
285(8)
Passive and active reflectors
285(1)
Historical
286(1)
Features of active devices
287(2)
Overload
289(1)
Interference
290(1)
Response law; effective RCS
290(1)
Specifications and legal requirements
290(1)
Structure of chapter
291(1)
Polarisation compatibility
291(2)
Description of conventional racons
293(11)
Function
293(1)
Swept frequency and agile types
294(1)
Traffic capacity
295(1)
Interference
296(1)
Detection at the racon
296(1)
Swept frequency racon response
296(2)
Frequency agile racon response
298(3)
Functional description
301(1)
Sidelobe suppression
301(1)
Target pattern map
302(1)
Low pass filter
302(2)
Idling
304(1)
Self test
304(1)
Racon problems
304(2)
Effect of swept gain
304(1)
Tuning errors
304(1)
Chirp
305(1)
Racon performance analysis
306(9)
Notation
306(1)
Interrogation received at racon
307(1)
Probability of detection
308(1)
Response on axis
308(1)
Equivalent RCS
309(1)
Sidelobes
310(1)
Example
310(1)
Balance between legs
311(4)
Interaction
315(1)
User-selectable racons
315(2)
The problem
315(1)
Fixed frequency and fixed offset frequency racons
316(1)
ITOFAR
316(1)
USIFAR
317(1)
Miscellaneous in-band racons
317(1)
Step-sweep racons
317(1)
Fast-sweep racons
318(1)
High power racons
318(1)
Cross-band racons and transponders
318(2)
Radar/radio systems
319(1)
Radar automatic identification system
319(1)
SARTs
320(4)
Purpose
320(1)
Sweep regime
321(1)
Display on radar
321(1)
Performance equations -- sweep loss
322(2)
Ramarks
324(1)
Radar target enhancers
324(13)
Principle
324(2)
Basic description
326(2)
Ancillary facilities
328(1)
Specification
328(1)
Radar cross section
328(1)
RTE response on axis
329(2)
Unsaturated RCS
331(1)
Saturated RCS, saturation range
331(1)
Sidelobes
332(1)
Target pattern map
333(1)
Noise power output
333(1)
Example of RTE noise
334(1)
Example of RTE performance
335(2)
Interaction
337(1)
Problems and opportunities
337(1)
Miscellaneous devices
337(1)
Scanner RCS
337(1)
Modulated reflectors
338(1)
Target tilted in radar/target plane
338(3)
General
338(1)
Racons and SARTs
339(1)
Unsaturated RTEs
340(1)
Saturated RTEs
340(1)
Target tilted normal to radar-target plane
341(2)
General
341(1)
Horizontally polarised racons, SARTs and saturated RTEs; linearly polarised scanner
341(1)
Circularly polarised 3 GHz band racons
341(1)
Unsaturated RTEs, slant polarised antennas, linearly polarised scanner
342(1)
Saturated RTEs, slant polarisation, linearly polarised scanner
343(1)
Slant polarised RTEs, circularly polarised scanner
343(1)
Unsaturated RTE without slant polarisation
343(1)
Target tilted oblique to radar-target plane
343(1)
RTE plus passive point target in free space
344(4)
Introduction
344(1)
RTE below reflector
344(2)
Passive reflector surrounding RTE
346(1)
Delayed RTE
346(1)
Practical conditions, RTE/reflector pair
347(1)
Practical conditions, racons, SARTs and ramarks
347(1)
References
348(1)
Multipath factor of extended targets
349(20)
Introduction
349(2)
The problem
349(1)
Target echo
350(1)
Multipath of extended target, summation method
351(3)
Summation of element echoes
351(1)
Uniform RCS distribution; critical range
351(2)
Multipath factor
353(1)
Diffraction and transition regions
354(3)
Echo variation with element height
354(1)
Integration, uniform target; height factor
354(1)
Non-uniform target
355(1)
Choice of target height factor
356(1)
Interference region
357(4)
Ray geometry, cylindrical target
357(1)
Element multipath factor, flat Earth
357(1)
Target multipath factor
358(2)
Curved Earth
360(1)
Multipath factor up to critical range
360(1)
Approximate multipath factor into transition region
361(3)
Critical range
361(1)
Moderate sea condition
362(1)
High scanner or target
363(1)
Complete multipath expression
364(5)
Multipath factor
364(1)
Variation of echo with range
364(1)
Non-uniform targets
365(2)
Sketching echo strength
367(2)
Extended target reflections; ships and coasts
369(46)
The problem
369(3)
Target parameters affecting detection
369(1)
Difficulty of finding RCS
370(1)
Factors affecting RCS seen by interrogator
370(1)
Estimation of effective height
371(1)
Our approach
371(1)
Ship size
372(3)
Experimental determination of RCS and effective height
375(4)
Military methods
375(1)
Radar measurement of typical ship RCS
375(1)
Alternative measurement strategies
376(1)
RCS of specific vessel
377(1)
Effective target height
377(2)
Reported RCS values
379(6)
Limitations
379(1)
Williams et al.
379(3)
IALA VTS manual
382(1)
Skolnik
382(1)
Warships
383(1)
A rule of thumb
383(1)
Radar Technology Encyclopedia
383(1)
Angle of depression
384(1)
Suggested formula for merchant ships
385(1)
Theoretical basis for RCS
385(5)
Approach
385(2)
Tonnage and linear dimensions
387(1)
Micro-geometric approach; baseline RCS
387(1)
TPM smoothness
388(1)
RCS/tonnage by micro-geometry
389(1)
RCS/tonnage by macro-geometry
389(1)
Reconciliation with reported results
389(1)
Features contributing to ships' RCS
390(3)
Long-range detectability
390(1)
Mega-geometry factors
391(1)
Macro-geometry factors
391(1)
Micro-geometry factors
392(1)
Stealthed vessels
392(1)
Detection cell overflow
393(2)
Azimuth overflow
393(1)
Range overflow
394(1)
Glint
395(1)
Straddling
395(1)
The RCS to use for ships
395(1)
RCS of small craft
396(2)
The problem
396(1)
Reflecting elements
397(1)
Displaced water
397(1)
Fast craft
398(2)
High speed craft
398(1)
Large motor yachts
399(1)
Wing in ground (WIG) craft (ekranoplanes)
399(1)
Lobe spacing, yaw and roll
400(1)
Land and shoreside features
401(8)
Introduction
401(1)
Coastline and rivers
401(3)
Shoals
404(1)
Bridges
404(2)
Overhead obstructions
406(1)
False echoes
406(1)
Fluctuation characteristics
406(3)
Ice
409(3)
Introduction
409(1)
Ice formed in the water
410(1)
Bergs and growlers
410(1)
Pack and fast ice
411(1)
Icebergs calved from glaciers
411(1)
Optimum radar bands
412(1)
Echo strength from extended targets; sketches
412(2)
References
414(1)
Noise, clutter and interference
415(38)
The importance of noise and clutter to detection of targets
415(1)
Mean noise
416(6)
Noise power
416(1)
Receiver input stage noise contribution
417(1)
Noise factor
418(1)
Noise temperature
419(1)
Bandwidth
419(1)
Environmental noise sources
420(1)
Atmosphere and line attenuation noise
420(1)
System noise
421(1)
Noise fluctuation
422(6)
Prediction of random events
422(1)
Individual noise contributors do not cancel
422(1)
Amplitude distribution of noise
422(1)
Noise bandwidth
422(1)
Amplification
423(1)
Event rate
423(1)
Amplitude and power conventions
423(1)
Distribution and probability density, unmodulated white noise
424(3)
Effect of atmospheric and feeder noise on signals
427(1)
Mean precipitation clutter
428(5)
Clutter mechanism
428(1)
Mean reflectivity
428(2)
Polarisation
430(1)
Mean received clutter power
431(2)
Precipitation clutter fluctuation
433(1)
Mean sea clutter
433(8)
Reflection mechanism
433(2)
Clutter per unit area, σS0
435(3)
Wave height relation to wind speed
438(1)
Sea clutter mean power
438(2)
Effect of scanner height
440(1)
Abnormal waves
441(1)
Sea clutter fluctuation
441(5)
Sea clutter, low sea state
441(1)
Sea clutter, high sea state
441(2)
Log-normal distribution
443(1)
Weibull distribution
443(3)
Short-range ringing clutter
446(3)
Feeder ringing
446(2)
Example
448(1)
Ghost axial echoes
449(1)
Receiver oscillation
449(1)
Man-made interference
449(2)
Other radars
449(2)
Own ship
451(1)
References
451(2)
Detection
453(70)
Outline
453(7)
What we mean by detection
453(1)
Echo fluctuations
454(1)
Noise and clutter fluctuations
454(1)
Detection in random noise or clutter
455(1)
Assumptions
456(1)
The detection problem
457(2)
Rigour
459(1)
Effect of receiver type
459(1)
Chapter layout
459(1)
Direct detection of single pulse in noise
460(6)
Detection threshold, unmodulated noise
460(2)
Detection of sinusoidal signal
462(1)
Variation of PD with SNR
463(3)
Envelope detection of echo pulse in noise
466(10)
Detection in non-coherent receiver
466(3)
Equivalent envelope detector
469(1)
Noise distribution
469(2)
Noisy signal distribution
471(1)
Approximations for PD calculation
472(4)
Accuracy
476(1)
Single pulse detection in clutter
476(4)
Noise and precipitation clutter
476(1)
Clutter with Weibull distribution
476(1)
Equivalent sea, land and ice clutter
477(3)
Target fluctuation
480(11)
The problem
480(1)
Swerling fluctuation cases
481(1)
Case 0 (Case 5) non-fluctuating target
482(2)
Fluctuating targets
484(1)
Swerling Case 1
485(2)
Swerling Case 2
487(1)
Swerling Case 3a
488(1)
Comparison of fluctuation cases
489(2)
Multiple observations
491(9)
Addition of returns
491(2)
Coherent and non-coherent integration
493(1)
Integration gain or loss
493(3)
Swerling Case 2 targets
496(2)
M out of N integrators
498(1)
Performance margin
498(1)
Cursive displays
498(1)
Analog integration
499(1)
Mitigation of losses in small scanners and wide bandwidth
499(1)
Logarithmic receiver loss
500(1)
Detection at short range with ringing
500(1)
Setting the threshold
500(3)
Interchangeability of receiver gain and threshold voltage
500(1)
Inbuilt swept gain
500(1)
Adaptive threshold
501(1)
Operator's gain control
502(1)
Radar diversity
503(7)
Principles
503(1)
Criterion for polar diagram decorrelation
504(1)
Criterion for precipitation clutter decorrelation
504(1)
Space diversity
505(1)
Swerling Case 3b; Case 1 target observed by dual-diversity
506(1)
Receiver combinations
506(3)
Combination performance
509(1)
Practical problems
509(1)
Detection of active targets
510(2)
RTEs and superhet racons
510(1)
Racons, etc., with crystal-video receivers
511(1)
Practicalities
512(6)
Sidelobes and axial ghost echoes
513(1)
Roll and pitch
514(1)
Wave screening
515(2)
Actual target fluctuation
517(1)
Losses
517(1)
Anomalous performance with small targets
517(1)
Summary
518(2)
Targets
518(1)
Noise
518(1)
Precipitation
519(1)
Sea-waves
519(1)
Detection strategy
520(1)
Display accuracy
520(1)
System integration -- diversity
520(1)
References
520(3)
Accuracy of position and track
523(34)
Introduction
523(3)
The need to consider accuracy
523(1)
Display of target information
524(1)
Sources of error
525(1)
Forms of error
526(6)
Absolute and relative error
526(1)
Systematic error
527(2)
Random error
529(1)
Latency
530(2)
Quasi-random error
532(1)
Errors in terms within radar performance calculations
532(7)
Introduction
532(1)
Transmitter hardware losses
533(1)
Service loss
533(1)
Receiver hardware losses
534(1)
System processing losses
535(1)
Point target responses
536(1)
Extended target RCS
537(1)
Scanner rotation
537(1)
Environmental conditions
537(2)
Accuracy of calculations leading to SNR or PD
539(2)
Approximations within calculations
539(1)
Radar comparisons
540(1)
Mounting heights
540(1)
Plot and track accuracy
541(11)
Instrument errors
541(1)
Ship motions
541(1)
Scan plane tilt errors
542(2)
Effects of SNR and bandwidth on plot accuracy
544(1)
Plotting aid prediction accuracy
545(3)
Manoeuvres
548(2)
Identity swap
550(2)
Combining data from multiple sensors
552(3)
Shipborne radars
552(2)
Coastal surveillance and VTS -- simple system
554(1)
Autonomous radar heads with track-formers
554(1)
Central track-former or plot extractor
555(1)
References
555(2)
Spreadsheet calculations
557(28)
Introduction
557(1)
Passive point targets: page 1
558(8)
General arrangement
558(2)
Title panel
560(1)
Transceiver panel
560(1)
Scanner and feeder panel, and Table S2
561(1)
Range bracket panel
562(1)
Target panel
563(1)
Operator panel and Table S1
563(1)
Environment panel
564(1)
Results and user panels
565(1)
Geometry panel
566(2)
Layout
566(1)
Establishment of α and R series
567(1)
Scanner and target heights
567(1)
Angles and effective scanner gain
568(1)
Environmental effects
568(1)
Diffraction region
568(1)
Interference region multipath
568(1)
Transition region multipath
569(1)
Overall multipath factor
569(1)
Atmospheric loss
569(1)
Signals at the radar receiver, single pulse
569(2)
Effective mode
569(1)
Noise and swept gain floor
570(1)
Precipitation clutter
570(1)
Sea clutter
570(1)
Total noise and clutter
571(1)
Echo
571(1)
Main beam detection, multiple pulses
571(2)
Pulses integrated
571(1)
Integration gain
571(1)
Swerling Case 0
571(1)
Swerling Case 1
572(1)
Swerling Case 3a
572(1)
Chosen case performance
572(1)
Event labels
572(1)
Results panel
573(1)
Sidelobes
573(1)
Graphs
574(2)
Chart construction
574(1)
Chart 1, detectability
575(1)
Chart 2, geometry
575(1)
Extended passive targets
576(2)
Spreadsheet page 1
576(1)
Remainder of spreadsheet
576(2)
Active point targets
578(6)
Target types
578(2)
Radar auxiliary racon channel
580(1)
Device antenna
580(1)
Device characteristics
580(1)
Device interrogation panel
581(1)
Device response panel
582(1)
Remaining matrix panels
582(1)
Results panel
583(1)
Charts
583(1)
References
584(1)
Worked examples
585(30)
Deep-sea ship viewing ships
585(9)
Nine gigahertz band, small craft target
585(9)
Three gigahertz band, small craft target
594(1)
VTS installation
594(14)
Scenario
594(1)
PD variation with range; effect of scanner height
594(4)
Scanner aperture
598(2)
Feeder
600(1)
Atmospheric refraction
600(3)
Coaster
603(1)
Sidelobes
603(1)
Purchase specification
603(4)
Site acceptance tests
607(1)
Small craft radar
608(2)
Detection of cliffs
608(1)
Cliff height
609(1)
Encounter with a coaster
610(1)
Active targets
610(5)
Detecting a buoy racon
610(3)
Detecting a radar target enhancer
613(2)
Future possibilities
615(22)
C. J. Baker
Introduction
615(1)
The drivers for change
616(4)
Customer requirements
616(1)
Regulatory change
617(2)
Cost effectiveness
619(1)
Environment
619(1)
Technology
620(1)
Hardware developments
620(4)
Transmitters
620(2)
Scanners
622(1)
Digitisation
623(1)
Processing enhancements
624(7)
Moving target indication
624(1)
Long pulses
624(1)
Pulse compression
625(1)
Continuous wave transmission
626(1)
Target profiling
627(3)
Monopulse
630(1)
Integrated systems
631(1)
Infrastructure and implementation
632(1)
Other uses of radar for commercial and leisure shipping
633(2)
In conclusion
635(2)
A1 Glossary
637(10)
A2 Statistics details
647(6)
A2.1 Log-normal distribution
647(1)
A2.2 Rayleigh distribution
647(1)
A2.3 Ricean distribution
648(3)
A2.3.1 Noise
648(2)
A2.3.2 Signal
650(1)
A2.4 Solution of Eq. (12.8)
651(1)
A2.5 Weibull distribution
652(1)
A2.6 References
652(1)
Index 653


John N. Briggs was employed by GEC-Marconi companies in Leicester, initially as a circuit-design engineer on continuous wave defence radar, microwave moisture meters and marine radar. For nearly 20 years he was in charge of design, trialing, manufacture and international marketing of civil marine aid to navigation racons. He also marketed instrumentation tracking radars and safety radars for gunnery and missile test ranges. Latterly, he acted as Technical Consultant on quasi-military coastal surveillance and civil vessel traffic services projects. Since retirement in 1994, John has continued marine radar related consultancy work for GEC-Marconi, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, the Royal Ocean Racing Club, and the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities among others. John is a Companion of the Nautical Institute and has published a number of papers in the Journal of Navigation.