| Contributors |
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ix | |
| Foreword |
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xi | |
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| 1. Impacts of Trees on the Fertility of Agricultural Soils |
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1 | (12) |
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G. Schroth and F.L. Sinclair |
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1.1 Trees and the Development of Agriculture |
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1 | (8) |
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1.2 Objectives and Structure of the Book |
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9 | (4) |
| 2. Economic Aspects of Soil Fertility Management and Agroforestry Practices |
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13 | (26) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.2 Factors Influencing Farmers' Decisions About Soil Fertility Management Practices |
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14 | (4) |
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2.3 Hierarchy of Agricultural Systems as a Background to the Understanding of Farmers' Constraints |
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18 | (14) |
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2.4 Anatomy of a Decision at the Farm Scale and Economic Methods for Understanding such Decisions |
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32 | (7) |
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2.5 Landscape and Global Scales: Soil Fertility and Agroforestry Trees as Part of Natural Capital |
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39 | (1) |
| 3. Designing Experiments and Analysing Data |
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R. Coe, B. Huwe and G. Schroth |
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39 | (1) |
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3.2 Experimental Objectives, Treatments and Layout |
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40 | (8) |
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48 | (4) |
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3.4 Measurements and Sampling Designs |
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52 | (9) |
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61 | (6) |
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3.6 Spatial Structure and Its Analysis |
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67 | (10) |
| 4. Soil Organic Matter |
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77 | (16) |
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G. Schroth, B. Vanlauwe and J. Lehmann |
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77 | (9) |
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4.2 Methods for Total Soil Organic Carbon |
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86 | (1) |
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4.3 Physical Fractionation Methods |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (4) |
| 5. Soil Nutrient Availability and Acidity |
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93 | (38) |
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G. Schroth, J. Lehmann and E. Barrios |
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93 | (11) |
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5.2 Methods for Soil Nitrogen |
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104 | (8) |
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5.3 Methods for Soil Phosphorus |
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112 | (9) |
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5.4 Methods for Soil Sulphur |
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121 | (4) |
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5.5 Methods for Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in Soil |
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125 | (2) |
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5.6 Methods for Soil Acidity |
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127 | (4) |
| 6. Decomposition and Nutrient Supply from Biomass |
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131 | (20) |
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131 | (9) |
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6.2 Methods for Biomass and Nutrient Input with Litter |
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140 | (3) |
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6.3 Methods for Decomposition and Nutrient Release from Biomass |
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143 | (5) |
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6.4 Measures of Resource Quality |
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148 | (3) |
| 7. Nutrient Leaching |
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151 | (16) |
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J. Lehmann and G. Schroth |
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151 | (7) |
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7.2 Methods for Soil Solution Composition |
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158 | (5) |
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7.3 Tracer Methods for Nutrient Leaching |
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163 | (2) |
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7.4 Dyes as Tracers for Preferential Flow Paths |
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165 | (2) |
| 8. Nutrient Capture |
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167 | (14) |
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G. Schroth and J. Lehmann |
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167 | (7) |
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8.2 Tracer Methods for Nutrient Uptake |
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174 | (7) |
| 9. Nutrient Exchange with the Atmosphere |
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181 | (10) |
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G. Schroth and J. Burkhardt |
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181 | (4) |
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9.2 Methods for Atmospheric Nutrient Inputs |
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185 | (3) |
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9.3 Methods for Nutrient Losses from Burning |
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188 | (3) |
| 10. Soil Structure |
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191 | (18) |
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M. Grimaldi, G. Schroth, W.G. Teixeira and B. Hume |
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191 | (4) |
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10.2 Methods for Soil Bulk Density |
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195 | (1) |
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10.3 Methods for Aggregate Stability |
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196 | (2) |
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10.4 Methods for Soil Porosity and Pore Size Distribution |
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198 | (6) |
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10.5 Measuring the Role of Soil Organic Matter in Aggregate Stability |
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204 | (3) |
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10.6 Soil Micromorphology and Image Analysis |
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207 | (2) |
| 11. Soil Water |
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209 | (26) |
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W.G. Teixeira, EL. Sinclair, B. Hume and G. Schroth |
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209 | (6) |
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11.2 Methods for Soil Water Content |
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215 | (6) |
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11.3 Methods for Soil Water Potential |
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221 | (4) |
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11.4 Methods for Soil Hydraulic Properties |
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225 | (7) |
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11.5 Estimating Topsoil and Subsoil Water Use with Stable Isotopes |
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232 | (3) |
| 12. Root Systems |
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235 | (24) |
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235 | (5) |
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12.2 Methods for Studying Root Distribution |
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240 | (5) |
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12.3 Distinction of Roots of Different Species |
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245 | (1) |
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12.4 Methods for Root Dynamics, Production and Turnover |
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246 | (13) |
| 13. Biological Nitrogen Fixation |
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259 | (12) |
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259 | (6) |
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13.2 Microbiological Methods for Studying Rhizobia |
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265 | (1) |
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13.3 Simple Methods for Determining Whether a Legume is Fixing Nitrogen |
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265 | (1) |
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13.4 Isotope-based Methods for Measurement of Nitrogen Fixation |
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266 | (2) |
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13.5 Estimating Nitrogen Fixation in Field Settings |
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268 | (1) |
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13.6 Methods Based on Nitrogen Fixation Transport Products |
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269 | (1) |
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13.7 Estimating Total Amounts of Nitrogen Fixation |
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270 | (1) |
| 14. Mycorrhizas |
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271 | (18) |
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D.L. Godbold and R. Sharrock |
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271 | (9) |
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280 | (1) |
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14.3 Sampling of Plant Roots for Mycorrhizal Studies |
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281 | (1) |
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14.4 Quantification of Mycorrhizas |
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281 | (2) |
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14.5 Identification of Mycorrhizal Fungi |
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283 | (3) |
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14.6 Estimation of Mineral Nutrient Uptake Through Mycorrhizas |
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286 | (3) |
| 15. Rhizosphere Processes |
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289 | (14) |
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289 | (5) |
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15.2 Obtaining a Representative Sample of Rhizosphere Soil |
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294 | (3) |
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15.3 Methods for Rhizosphere Soil Chemistry |
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297 | (1) |
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15.4 Methods for Rhizosphere Biological Activity |
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298 | (2) |
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15.5 Quantification of Root Carbon Loss into the Rhizosphere |
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300 | (1) |
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15.6 Rhizosphere Mathematical Modelling |
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300 | (3) |
| 16. Soil Macrofauna |
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303 | (22) |
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P Lavelle, B. Senapati and E. Barros |
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303 | (15) |
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16.2 Sampling of Macrofauna: the TSBF Methodology |
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318 | (2) |
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16.3 Other Sampling Methods |
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320 | (2) |
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16.4 Manipulative Experiments |
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322 | (3) |
| 17. Soil Erosion |
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325 | (20) |
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M.A. McDonald, A. Lawrence and PK. Shrestha |
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325 | (11) |
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17.2 Quantitative Methods |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (4) |
| References |
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345 | (78) |
| Index |
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423 | |