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E-raamat: Trees, People and Power [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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Behind the headlines about the loss of tropical forests in Latin America lies a complex and fascinating story of the social pressures which cause it. Trees, People and Power looks at the various groups, interests and conflicts involved, and explores the repercussions for forestry, the environment and the livelihoods of the rural and urban poor.

Until the social and political dimensions of deforestation and forest protection schemes are understood, measures to prevent or slow deforestation are likely to involve technical interventions which will prove ineffective in the long run, and may well result in further impoverishment and environmental degradation. Peter Utting takes a critical look at the experience of forest protection and tree planting in a number of countries and considers how social and political factors affect the feasability of such schemes. Many environmental projects and programmes have failed to balance concerns for the environment with those of human welfare. Until they do, it is unrealistic to expect any significant progress towards sustainable development.

Peter Utting is a senior researcher coordinator with the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. He is the author of Economic Adjustment under the Sandinistas (UNRISD, 1991) and Economic Reform and Third World Socialism (Macmillan, 1992).

Originally published in 1993
List of illustrations
vii
Acknowledgements viii
Introduction ix
Part I Deforestation and unsustainable development
1(45)
1 Central America: Ecological and socio-economic characteristics
1(13)
Deforestation and environmental degradation
6(8)
2 Causes of deforestation: The processes and players involved
14(20)
Deforestation and agro-export development
15(2)
Agrarian frontier colonization
17(2)
The cattle boom
19(2)
Logging
21(2)
The expansion of export crops
23(4)
Infrastructural development
27(1)
Fuelwood and urbanization
28(6)
3 Structural and policy determinants of deforestation
34(12)
Agrarian structure and land tenure
34(3)
Government policy and legislation
37(4)
Deforestation in the 1980s and 1990s: War, agrarian reform, recession and adjustment
41(5)
Part II The breakdown of traditional resource management systems
46(43)
Overview
46(2)
4 Deforestation and Indian populations
48(9)
Central America's Indian population
48(2)
State policy and Indian rights
50(2)
Encroachment in tropical rainforest areas
52(1)
Indians, graziers and colonization in Costa Rica
52(2)
Indians and logging companies in Nicaragua
54(3)
5 Deforestation and livelihood in Guatemala's western highlands
57(25)
The land tenure system and the demise of communal protection mechanisms
60(11)
The crisis of petty commodity production and subsistence provisioning
71(11)
6 Deforestation and shifting peasant agriculture
82(7)
Deforestation and land colonization in Panama
82(2)
Migratory agriculture in Nicaragua
84(5)
Part III Forest protection and tree planting initiatives
89(85)
Overview
89(3)
7 The conservationist approach: National parks and reserves
92(13)
Protected area schemes
93(12)
8 Protected area schemes and social conflict in Costa Rica
105(8)
Two case studies: The Carara biological reserve and the Osa Peninsula
109(4)
9 The project approach: Reforestation, sustainable logging, agroforestry and social forestry schemes
113(18)
Reforestation
113(3)
Sustainable forest management
116(2)
Agroforestry and social forestry schemes
118(13)
10 Programme and project implementation: Concrete experiences from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras
131(16)
Community nurseries programme in El Salvador
131(2)
Reforestation and agroforestry projects in Totonicapan, Guatemala
133(1)
The Honduran social forestry system
134(13)
11 Alternative approaches: Revolutionary change and grassroots mobilization
147(13)
Radical structural change: Agrarian reform and human resettlement in Rio San Juan, Nicaragua
147(3)
Grassroots mobilization
150(8)
Deforestation and forest protection in Huehuetenango, Guatemala
158(2)
12 Social and political dimensions of forest protection
160(14)
Social and political economy concerns
160(1)
External interventions
161(6)
Social forces and local level structures
167(2)
Grassroots organization and mobilization
169(5)
Annex 1 Case studies, theme papers and researchers 174(1)
Notes 175(5)
Abbreviations and Acronyms 180(3)
Bibliography 183(10)
Index 193
Utting, Peter