|
|
vii | |
Acknowledgements |
|
viii | |
Introduction |
|
ix | |
|
Part I Deforestation and unsustainable development |
|
|
1 | (45) |
|
1 Central America: Ecological and socio-economic characteristics |
|
|
1 | (13) |
|
Deforestation and environmental degradation |
|
|
6 | (8) |
|
2 Causes of deforestation: The processes and players involved |
|
|
14 | (20) |
|
Deforestation and agro-export development |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
Agrarian frontier colonization |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
|
19 | (2) |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
The expansion of export crops |
|
|
23 | (4) |
|
Infrastructural development |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
Fuelwood and urbanization |
|
|
28 | (6) |
|
3 Structural and policy determinants of deforestation |
|
|
34 | (12) |
|
Agrarian structure and land tenure |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
Government policy and legislation |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
Deforestation in the 1980s and 1990s: War, agrarian reform, recession and adjustment |
|
|
41 | (5) |
|
Part II The breakdown of traditional resource management systems |
|
|
46 | (43) |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
4 Deforestation and Indian populations |
|
|
48 | (9) |
|
Central America's Indian population |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
State policy and Indian rights |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
Encroachment in tropical rainforest areas |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Indians, graziers and colonization in Costa Rica |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
Indians and logging companies in Nicaragua |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
5 Deforestation and livelihood in Guatemala's western highlands |
|
|
57 | (25) |
|
The land tenure system and the demise of communal protection mechanisms |
|
|
60 | (11) |
|
The crisis of petty commodity production and subsistence provisioning |
|
|
71 | (11) |
|
6 Deforestation and shifting peasant agriculture |
|
|
82 | (7) |
|
Deforestation and land colonization in Panama |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
Migratory agriculture in Nicaragua |
|
|
84 | (5) |
|
Part III Forest protection and tree planting initiatives |
|
|
89 | (85) |
|
|
89 | (3) |
|
7 The conservationist approach: National parks and reserves |
|
|
92 | (13) |
|
|
93 | (12) |
|
8 Protected area schemes and social conflict in Costa Rica |
|
|
105 | (8) |
|
Two case studies: The Carara biological reserve and the Osa Peninsula |
|
|
109 | (4) |
|
9 The project approach: Reforestation, sustainable logging, agroforestry and social forestry schemes |
|
|
113 | (18) |
|
|
113 | (3) |
|
Sustainable forest management |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
Agroforestry and social forestry schemes |
|
|
118 | (13) |
|
10 Programme and project implementation: Concrete experiences from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras |
|
|
131 | (16) |
|
Community nurseries programme in El Salvador |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
Reforestation and agroforestry projects in Totonicapan, Guatemala |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
The Honduran social forestry system |
|
|
134 | (13) |
|
11 Alternative approaches: Revolutionary change and grassroots mobilization |
|
|
147 | (13) |
|
Radical structural change: Agrarian reform and human resettlement in Rio San Juan, Nicaragua |
|
|
147 | (3) |
|
|
150 | (8) |
|
Deforestation and forest protection in Huehuetenango, Guatemala |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
12 Social and political dimensions of forest protection |
|
|
160 | (14) |
|
Social and political economy concerns |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
161 | (6) |
|
Social forces and local level structures |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
Grassroots organization and mobilization |
|
|
169 | (5) |
Annex 1 Case studies, theme papers and researchers |
|
174 | (1) |
Notes |
|
175 | (5) |
Abbreviations and Acronyms |
|
180 | (3) |
Bibliography |
|
183 | (10) |
Index |
|
193 | |