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E-raamat: Turkish [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

Jaklin Kornfilt

Formaat: 608 pages
Sari: Descriptive Grammars
Ilmumisaeg: 04-Sep-1997
Kirjastus: Routledge
ISBN-13: 9781315823652

Teised raamatud teemal:

Language: reference & general

Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Formaat: 608 pages
Sari: Descriptive Grammars
Ilmumisaeg: 04-Sep-1997
Kirjastus: Routledge
ISBN-13: 9781315823652

Teised raamatud teemal:

Language: reference & general

Rohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta

Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315823652

Turkish is spoken by about fifty million people in Turkey and is the co-official language of Cyprus. Whilst Turkish has a number of properties that are similar to those of other Turkic languages, it has distinct and interesting characteristics which are given full coverage in this book. Jaklin Kornfilt provides a wealth of examples drawn from different levels of vocabulary: contemporary and old, official and colloquial. They are accompanied by a detailed grammatical analysis and English translation.

Preface

xxi

(8)

Abbreviations

xxix

(3)

Ill-formedness markers

xxxii

1. Syntax

(211)

1.1. GENERAL PROPERTIES

(76)

1.1.1. Sentence types

(44)

1.1.1.1. Direct speech versus indirect speech

(4)

1.1.1.2. Different types of interrogative sentences

(35)

1.1.1.3. Imperative sentences

(5)

1.1.1.4. Other distinct sentence-types

(1)

1.1.1.5. Sentence-types used regularly in additional functions

(1)

1.1.2. Subordination

(32)

1.1.2.1. Markers of subordination

(4)

1.1.2.2. Noun clauses

(8)

1.1.2.3. Adjective clauses (relative clauses)

(9)

1.1.2.4. Adverb clauses

(11)

1.1.2.5. Sequence of tenses

(1)

1.2. Structural questions

(32)

1.2.1. Internal structure of the sentence

(16)

1.2.1.1. Copular sentences

(11)

1.2.1.2. Verbal sentences

(3)

1.2.1.3. Adverbials

(2)

1.2.2. Adjective phrases

(5)

1.2.2.1. Operational definition of adjective phrases

(1)

1.2.2.2. Arguments of adjectives

(2)

1.2.2.3. Types of adverbials that can modify adjectives

(2)

1.2.2.4. Order of adjective, argument(s) and adverbial(s)

(1)

1.2.3. Adverbial phrases

(2)

1.2.3.1. Operational definition for the adverbial phrase

(1)

1.2.3.2. Adverbials that can modify adverbials

(1)

1.2.3.3. Relative order of modifying and modified adverbials

(1)

1.2.3.4. Restrictions on adverbials modifying adverbials

(1)

1.2.4. Postpositional phrases

100

(5)

1.2.4.1. Operational definition for the postpositional phrase

100

(1)

1.2.4.2. Postpositional phrases and their arguments

100

(2)

1.2.4.3. Elements that can modify postpositions

102

(2)

1.2.4.4. Postpositions that can govern more than one case

104

(1)

1.2.5. Noun phrases (nominal constituents)

105

(4)

1.2.5.1. Operational definition for the noun phrase

105

(1)

1.2.5.2. Types of modifiers occurring in noun phrases

105

(3)

1.2.5.3. More than one occurrence of modifier subtypes

108

(1)

1.2.5.4. Inadmissible combinations of modifier types

108

(1)

1.2.5.5. Order of the head and the various modifiers

108

(1)

1.3. Coordination

109

(14)

1.3.1. Means used for coordination

109

(11)

1.3.1.1. Means used for coordinating sentences

109

(3)

1.3.1.2. Number of coordinators

112

(1)

1.3.1.3. Means used for coordinating the major categories of the sentence

113

(2)

1.3.1.4. Means used for expressing coordination and accompaniment (comitative)

115

(1)

1.3.1.5. Structural parallelism required between coordinated elements of the same category

116

(4)

1.3.2. Elements that can(not) be omitted under identity in coordination of sentences

120

(2)

1.3.2.1. Elements that can be omitted under identity in coordination of sentences

120

(1)

1.3.2.2. Elements that cannot be omitted under identity in coordination of sentences

121

(1)

1.3.3. Elements that can(not) be omitted under identity in coordination of major categories

122

(1)

1.3.3.1. Noun phrases

122

(1)

1.3.3.2. Adjective phrases

123

(1)

1.3.3.3. Adverb phrases

123

(1)

1.4. Negation

123

(5)

1.4.1. Means of sentence negation

123

(3)

1.4.2. Constituent negation

126

(1)

1.4.3. More than one negative element in a sentence

126

(1)

1.4.4. Negation elements and their position in coordinated structures

126

(1)

1.4.5. Negation of a verb in a subordinate clause expressed by the negation of the verb of a higher clause

127

(1)

1.5. Anaphora

128

(10)

1.5.1. Means of expression of anaphora

128

(4)

1.5.1.1. Deletion

128

(1)

1.5.1.2. Deletion if the anaphoric element is marked on the verb

129

(1)

1.5.1.3. Ordinary personal pronoun

129

(1)

1.5.1.4. Reflexive pronoun

130

(1)

1.5.1.5. Special anaphoric pronoun

130

(1)

1.5.1.6. Other means

131

(1)

1.5.2. Structural and directional restrictions on anaphoric expressions

132

(6)

1.5.2.1. Within the clause

132

(1)

1.5.2.2. Between coordinate structures

133

(1)

1.5.2.3. Between superordinate and subordinate clauses

134

(3)

1.5.2.4. Between different subordinate clauses

137

(1)

1.5.2.5. Between different sentences

137

(1)

1.5.3. Elements located next to complementizers

138

(1)

1.6. Reflexives

138

(20)

1.6.1. Means for expressing reflexivity

138

(2)

1.6.1.1. Invariable reflexive pronoun

138

(1)

1.6.1.2. Variable reflexive pronoun

139

(1)

1.6.1.3. Verbal affix

139

(1)

1.6.2. Scope of reflexivity

140

(1)

1.6.3. Intraclause reflexivity where the reflexive element is a verbal affix

141

(1)

1.6.3.1. The possible syntactic functions of the antecedent

141

(1)

1.6.4. Positional possibilities of the reflexive pronoun within the clause

142

(1)

1.6.5. Specific relations between antecedent and reflexive, where the reflexive element is not a verbal affix

142

(13)

1.6.6. Reflexive relations within nominalized clauses

155

(1)

1.6.7. Reflexive relations within ordinary noun phrases

156

(1)

1.6.8. Reflexive structures without any overt antecedent

156

(1)

1.6.9. Other uses of reflexive forms

157

(1)

1.6.9.1. Reflexive pronoun as emphatic pronoun

157

(1)

1.6.9.2. Reflexive verb-form as detransitivizer

157

(1)

1.7. Reciprocals

158

(20)

1.7.1. Means for expressing reciprocal relations

158

(1)

1.7.1.1. Invariable reciprocal pronoun

158

(1)

1.7.1.2. Variable reciprocal pronoun

158

(1)

1.7.1.3. Verbal affix

159

(1)

1.7.2. Scope of reciprocal relations

159

(1)

1.7.3. Intraclause reciprocal relations where the reciprocal element is a verbal affix

160

(1)

1.7.3.1. The possible syntactic functions of the antecedent

160

(1)

1.7.4. Positional possibilities of the reciprocal pronoun within the clause

161

(1)

1.7.5. Specific relations between antecedent and reciprocal, where the reciprocal element is not a verbal affix

161

(14)

1.7.6. Reciprocal relations within nominalized clauses

175

(1)

1.7.7. Reciprocal relations within ordinary noun phrases

176

(1)

1.7.8. Reciprocal structures without any overt antecedent

176

(1)

1.7.9. Other uses of reciprocal forms

177

(1)

1.7.9.1. Reciprocal pronoun

177

(1)

1.7.9.2. Reciprocal verb-form as detransitivizer

177

(1)

1.7.9.3. Other uses of reciprocal forms

177

(1)

1.8. Comparison

178

(4)

1.8.1. Means to express comparison

178

(1)

1.8.2. Elements omitted under identity between the comparative clause and the clause it is subordinate to

179

(1)

1.8.3. What elements cannot be omitted under identity between the comparative clause and the clause it is subordinate to

180

(1)

1.8.4. What elements must be omitted under identity between the comparative clause and the clause it is subordinate to

180

(1)

1.8.5. Differences between the two types of comparative structure: comparative particle plus reduced comparative clause, and postposition plus standard of comparison

181

(1)

1.8.6. Correlative Comparison

181

(1)

1.9. Equatives

182

(3)

1.9.1. Means to express equatives

182

(1)

1.9.2. Elements omitted under identity between the equative clause and the clause it is subordinate to

182

(1)

1.9.3. What elements cannot be omitted under identity between the equative clause and the clause it is subordinate to

183

(1)

1.9.4. What elements must be omitted under identity between the equative clause and the clause it is subordinate to

183

(1)

1.9.5. Differences between the two types of equative structure: equative particle plus reduced equative clause, and postposition plus standard of equation

184

(1)

1.9.6. Correlative Equation

184

(1)

1.10. Possession

185

(4)

1.10.1. Construction of sentences expressing possession

185

(1)

1.10.2. Differences between the expression of alienable and inalienable possession

186

(2)

1.10.3. Differences between the expression of temporary and permanent possession

188

(1)

1.10.4. Differences in the expression of possession relative to persons, animals, and things

188

(1)

1.10.5. Differences in the expression of present and past possession

188

(1)

1.11. Emphasis

189

(11)

1.11.1. Expression of sentence emphasis

189

(1)

1.11.1.1. Noncontradictory emphasis

189

(1)

1.11.1.2. Contradictory emphasis

190

(1)

1.11.2. Expression of constituent emphasis

190

(10)

1.11.2.1. Constituent emphasis: a. noncontrastive, b. contrastive

190

(4)

1.11.2.2. Elements that can be emphasized by the various means listed above

194

(6)

1.11.3. Focus of a Yes/No question

200

(1)

1.12. Topic

200

(6)

1.12.1. Means of indicating the topic of a sentence

200

(1)

1.12.1.1. Indicating the topic of a sentence by a particle

200

(1)

1.12.1.2. Indicating the topic of a sentence by movement, without dislocation, to specific positions

200

(1)

1.12.1.3. Indicating the topic of a sentence by dislocation to specific positions

201

(1)

1.12.1.4. Indicating the topic of a sentence by verb agreement

201

(1)

1.12.1.5. Indicating the topic of a sentence by other means

201

(1)

1.12.2. Elements that can be topicalized

201

(5)

1.12.2.1. Major categories that can be topicalized

201

(2)

1.12.2.2. Constituents of larger domains (of main and subordinate clauses, noun phrases, coordinate structures) that can be topicalized

203

(2)

1.12.2.3. Ways in which movement in topicalization affects the topicalized element

205

(1)

1.12.3. Obligatoriness or optionality of topicalization

206

(1)

1.13. Heavy Shift

206

(1)

1.13.1. Processes in the language by which heavy constituents are optionally or obligatorily moved to some given position in the sentence

206

(1)

1.14. Other movement processes

206

(2)

1.14.1. Any other processes involving movement of an element from one position to another

206

(2)

1.15. Minor sentence types

208

(1)

1.16. Operational definitions for word classes

209

(3)

1.16.1. Noun

209

(1)

1.16.2. Pronoun

209

(1)

1.16.3. Verb

209

(1)

1.16.4. Adjective

210

(1)

1.16.5. Postposition

210

(1)

1.16.6. Numeral/Quantifier

210

(1)

1.16.7. Others

211

(1)

1.16.7.1. Adverbs

211

(1)

2. Morphology

212

(271)

2.1. Inflection

212

(233)

2.1.1. Noun Inflection

212

(69)

2.1.1.1. Means to express syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases

212

(5)

2.1.1.2. Expression of specific syntactic functions

217

(8)

2.1.1.3. Nonfinite or nominalized verbs

225

(1)

2.1.1.4. Nonlocal semantic functions

226

(16)

2.1.1.5. Local semantic functions

242

(13)

2.1.1.6. Location in time

255

(9)

2.1.1.7. Double case marking

264

(1)

2.1.1.8. Marking of number in noun phrases

265

(5)

2.1.1.9. Divisions of nouns into classes or genders

270

(3)

2.1.1.10. Marking of definiteness in noun phrases

273

(2)

2.1.1.11. Marking of indefiniteness in noun phrases

275

(3)

2.1.1.12. Distinction between referential and nonreferential indefiniteness

278

(2)

2.1.1.13. Marking of genericness in noun phrases

280

(1)

2.1.1.14. Importance of noun actors

280

(1)

2.1.2. Pronouns

281

(42)

2.1.2.1. Personal pronouns

281

(21)

2.1.2.2. Reflexive pronouns

302

(3)

2.1.2.3. Reciprocal pronouns

305

(1)

2.1.2.4. Possessive pronouns

306

(5)

2.1.2.5. Demonstrative pronouns

311

(5)

2.1.2.6. Interrogative pronouns and other question words

316

(5)

2.1.2.7. Relative pronouns and other relative words

321

(2)

2.1.3. Verb morphology

323

(90)

2.1.3.1. Voice

323

(13)

2.1.3.2. Tense

336

(12)

2.1.3.3. Aspect

348

(18)

2.1.3.4. Mood

366

(13)

2.1.3.5. Finite and nonfinite forms

379

(3)

2.1.3.6. Person/number/gender

382

(23)

2.1.3.7. Strings of verbs occurring together in constructions

405

(8)

2.1.4. Adjectives

413

(9)

2.1.4.1. Distinctions between predicative and attributive forms of adjectives

414

(2)

2.1.4.2. Distinctions between absolute (permanent, normal) and contingent (temporary, abnormal) state

416

(1)

2.1.4.4. Expressions for the various kinds of comparison

417

(2)

2.1.4.5 Expression of various degrees of a quality

419

(1)

2.1.4.6. Expression on (predicate) adjectives of categories that characterize the verbal morphology

420

(2)

2.1.5. Postpositions

422

(6)

2.1.5.1. Postpositions and their usages

422

(5)

2.1.5.2. Agreement of postpositions with the nouns they govern

427

(1)

2.1.5.3-4. Combinations of postpositions with the personal pronouns or with the articles of the noun phrases they govern

427

(1)

2.1.6. Numerals/quantifiers

428

(5)

2.1.6.1. Numerals used in counting, and processes for creating new numerals

428

(1)

2.1.6.2. Cardinal numeral forms used as attributes

429

(1)

2.1.6.3. Distinct numerals used for counting different kinds of objects

430

(1)

2.1.6.4. Ordinal numbers

430

(1)

2.1.6.5. Other derivatives of numerals

431

(1)

2.1.6.6. Quantifiers

432

(1)

2.1.7. Adverbs

433

(2)

2.1.7.1. Expression of various kinds of comparison

434

(1)

2.1.7.2. Expression of various degrees of a quality

435

(1)

2.1.8. Clitics

435

(10)

2.1.8.1. Kinds of clitic elements which occur in Turkish

435

(7)

2.1.8.2. Positions occupied by these clitics

442

(1)

2.1.8.3. Relative order of clitics

443

(1)

2.1.8.4. Restrictions on possible combinations of clitics

444

(1)

2.2. Derivational morphology

445

(38)

2.2.1. Deriving nouns

445

(8)

2.2.1.1. Deriving nouns from nouns

445

(2)

2.2.1.2. Deriving nouns from verbs

447

(4)

2.2.1.3. Deriving nouns from adjectives

451

(1)

2.2.1.4. Deriving nouns from adverbs

452

(1)

2.2.2. Deriving verbs

453

(3)

2.2.2.1. Deriving verbs from nouns

453

(2)

2.2.2.2. Deriving verbs from verbs

455

(1)

2.2.2.3. Deriving verbs from adjectives

455

(1)

2.2.2.4. Deriving verbs from adverbs

456

(1)

2.2.3. Deriving adjectives

456

(5)

2.2.3.1. Deriving adjectives from nouns

457

(1)

2.2.3.2. Deriving adjectives from verbs

458

(2)

2.2.3.3. Deriving adjectives from adjectives

460

(1)

2.2.3.4. Deriving adjectives from adverbs

461

(1)

2.2.4. Deriving adverbs

461

(6)

2.2.4.1. Deriving adverbs from nouns

462

(2)

2.2.4.2. Deriving adverbs from verbs

464

(1)

2.2.4.3. Deriving adverbs from adjectives

465

(1)

2.2.4.4. Deriving adverbs from adverbs

466

(1)

2.2.4.5. Deriving adverbs from any other category

466

(1)

2.2.5. Any other possibilities

467

(1)

2.2.6. Complex postpositions

468

(15)

2.2.6.1. Possibilities for forming complex postpositions

468

(2)

2.2.6.2. Simple derived prepositions

470

(2)

2.2.6.3. Compound morphology

472

(11)

3. Phonology

483

(33)

3.1. Phonological units (segmental)

483

(8)

3.1.1. The distinctive segments of the language

483

(1)

3.1.2. List of the distinctive segments, including significant allophony and phonetic realization

483

(8)

3.1.2.1. Nonsyllabics

483

(6)

3.1.2.2. Syllabics

489

(2)

3.1.2.3. Segments that occur only in recognizable loanwords

491

(1)

3.1.2.4. Restrictions on the occurence of certain segments in any word classes

491

(1)

3.2. Phonotactics

491

(10)

3.2.1. Permissible segments and segment combinations

491

(1)

3.2.1.1. Word final consonants

491

(1)

3.2.1.2. Word initial consonants

492

(1)

3.2.2. Consonant clusters

492

(2)

3.2.2.1. Existence of permissible consonant clusters

492

(1)

3.2.2.2. Possible consonant clusters

493

(1)

3.2.2.3. Possible word medial consonant clusters

494

(1)

3.2.3. Vowels in the word periphery

494

(1)

3.2.3.1. Word final vowels

494

(1)

3.2.3.2. Word initial vowels

494

(1)

3.2.3.3. Sequences of (syllabic) vowels

495

(1)

3.2.4. Correspondences between the structure of lexical morphemes and possibilities for word structure

495

(1)

3.2.5. Syllable structure

496

(1)

3.2.5.1. Assignment of medial units or clusters to syllables and dependence of syllabification on morphological structure

496

(1)

3.2.5.2. The canonical syllable type

497

(1)

3.2.6. Phonotactic restrictions between adjacent or nonadjacent units or clusters

497

(4)

3.2.6.1-2. Restrictions between word/syllable initial units or clusters and the following vowels, and between word/syllable final units or clusters and the preceding vowels

497

(1)

3.2.6.3. Restrictions between syllable initial units or clusters and syllable final units or clusters, or next-syllable initial units or clusters

498

(1)

3.2.6.4. Restrictions between the vowels of successive syllables: Vowel Harmony

498

(2)

3.2.6.5. Consonant harmony

500

(1)

3.2.6.6. Other restrictions between adjacent or nonadjacent units or clusters

500

(1)

3.2.6.7. Differences between the phonotactic patterns allowed with different word classes

501

(1)

3.3. Suprasegmentals

501

(8)

3.3.1. Distinctive degrees of length in various segments

501

(2)

3.3.1.1-2. Distinctive degrees of length in vowels and in other syllablics

501

(1)

3.3.1.3. Distinctive degrees of length in glides

502

(1)

3.3.1.4. Distinctive degrees of length in liquids

502

(1)

3.3.1.5. Distinctive degrees of length in nasals

502

(1)

3.3.1.6. Distinctive degrees of length in fricatives

502

(1)

3.3.1.7. Distinctive degrees of length in stops and affricates

503

(1)

3.3.2. Stress in Turkish

503

(2)

3.3.2.1. The role of stress

503

(1)

3.3.2.2. Phonetic correlates of stress

503

(1)

3.3.2.3. Distinctions between different levels of stress (as opposed to nonstress)

503

(1)

3.3.2.4. Constancy of the position of stress

504

(1)

3.3.3. The role of pitch

505

(1)

3.3.3.1. Distinctive use of pitch (forms distinguished purely by pitch)

505

(1)

3.3.4. Sentence intonation

505

(4)

3.3.4.1. Major types of intonation patterns

505

(1)

3.3.4.2. Normal intonation

506

(1)

3.3.4.3. Emphatic intonation

506

(1)

3.3.4.4. Contrastive stress

506

(2)

3.3.4.5. Subtypes of intonation with partially different patterns

508

(1)

3.3.4.6. Interaction of intonation patterns with the patterns in tone height due to stress

508

(1)

3.3.4.7. Effects on segmental units due to the position of the intonation peak

509

(1)

3.4. Morphophonology (segmental)

509

(5)

3.4.1. Alternations between segments

509

(3)

3.4.1.1. Assimilatory processes in the phonology of the language

509

(1)

3.4.1.2. Dissimilatory processes in the phonology of the language

510

(1)

3.4.1.3. Other alternations between segments

511

(1)

3.4.2. Methathesis processes

512

(1)

3.4.3. Processes of coalescence and split

512

(1)

3.4.4. Processes of deletion and insertion

512

(1)

3.4.4.1. Deletion processes

512

(1)

3.4.4.2. Insertion processes

513

(1)

3.4.5. Processes of reduplication

513

(1)

3.5. Morphophonology (suprasegmental)

514

(2)

3.5.1.1. Constancy of stress under morphological processes and compounding

514

(1)

3.5.1.2. Changes in stress-assignment and the types of process that inspire these changes

514

(1)

3.5.1.3. Predictability of the position of stress in terms of the phonological structure of the stem and the morphological processes it undergoes

514

(2)

4. Ideophones and interjections

516

(3)

4.1. Does the language make use of ideophones?

516

(1)

4.2. Interjections that do not conform to the regular principles regarding the phonological structure of words

517

(2)

5. Lexicon

519

(18)

5.1. Structured semantic fields

519

(13)

5.1.1. Kinship terminology

519

(1)

5.1.1.1. By blood

519

(1)

5.1.1.2. By partial blood

519

(1)

5.1.1.3. By marriage

520

(1)

5.1.1.4. By adoption

520

(1)

5.1.2. Color terminology

520

(4)

5.1.3. Body parts

524

(2)

5.1.4. Cooking terminology

526

(6)

5.2. Basic vocabulary

532

(5)

Endnotes

537

(18)

Bibliography

555

(6)

Index

561

Dr Harry Quinn Schones work centers around the blurry edges of disease, where biology and social factors collide. He is particularly interested in the epistemic conflicts present in contested illnesses, and the consequences of such tussles on patients.

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781315823652_pe.html

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E-raamat: Turkish [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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