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E-raamat: Understanding Electric Power Systems - An Overview Of Technology the Marketplace and Government Regulation 2e: An Overview of the Technology, the Marketplace, and Government Regulations 2nd Edition [Wiley Online]

(American Education Institute), (American Education Institute)
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Understanding Electric Power Systems - An Overview Of Technology the Marketplace and Government Regulation 2e: An Overview of the Technology, the Marketplace, and Government Regulations 2nd EditionSuurem pilt
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470588475
A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK IN LAYMAN'S TERMS AT THE MANY ASPECTS OF THE PROVISION OF ELECTRIC POWER, BY TWO VETERAN EXECUTIVES AND RESPECTED EXPERTS



Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real-world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public.

The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today's environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the North American Reliability Company. Significant changes that are affecting the industry are covered in this new edition, including:





The expanded role of the federal government in the planning and operation of the nation's electric utilities New energy laws and a large number of FERC regulations implementing these laws Concerns over global warming and potential impacts on the electric industry Pressures for expansion of the electric grid and the implementation of "smart-grid" technologies The growing importance of various energy-storage technologies and renewable energy sources New nuclear generation technologies The 2009 economic stimulus package
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
PREFACE TO THE 2ND EDITION.
LIST OF FIGURES.
CHAPTER 1 BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC POWER AND A HISTORY OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY.
SOCIETAL BENEFITS OF ELECTRICITY.
ORIGIN OF THE INDUSTRY.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ELECTRIC POWER GRID.
""THE GOLDEN AGE"".
BLACKOUTS AND THE RELIABILITY CRISIS.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES - THE SHIFT TO LOW SULFUR OIL.
THE FUEL CRISIS - THE SHIFT FROM OIL.
THE FINANCIAL CRISIS.
THE LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CRISIS.
GLOBAL WARMING CRISIS AND CONCERNS ABOUT CARBON EMISSIONS.
RESTRUCTURING, COMPETITION AND THE INDUSTRY OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE.
CHAPTER 2: THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM.
THE CUSTOMERS.
SOURCES OF THE ELECTRIC ENERGY - GENERATION.
THE DELIVERY SYSTEM.
Interconnections.
The Grid.
CHAPTER 3: BASIC ELECTRIC POWER CONCEPTS.
ELECTRIC ENERGY.
CONCEPTS RELATING TO THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY.
DIRECT CURRENT.
ALTERNATING CURRENT.
Three Phases.
Synchronism.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AC SYSTEMS.
Resistance.
Induction and Inductive Reactance.
Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance.
Impedance.
OHM’S LAW FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT.
POWER IN ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS.
Real Power.
Reactive Power.
Transformers.
POWER FLOW.
Division of Power Flow.
Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Flow.
STABILITY.
Steady state instability.
Voltage instability.
Transient instability.
Automatic Generation Controls (AGC).
Dynamic instability.
CHAPTER 4 ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
END-USES FOR ELECTRICITY.
CUSTOMER CLASSES.
RATE CLASSES.
DEMAND AND ENERGY.
Effects of Load Diversity.
SYSTEM LOAD.
Load Management.
REACTIVE LOAD.
LOSSES AND UNACCOUNTED FOR ENERGY IN THE DELIVERY SYSTEM.
FORECASTS.
CHAPTER 5 ELECTRIC POWER - GENERATION AND CONCERNS ABOUT GREENHOUSE GASES.
GENERATION’S ROLE.
TYPES OF GENERATION.
THERMAL CONVERSION - USING FUEL AS THE ENERGY RESOURCE.
Steam cycle - Steam turbines.
Combustion (Gas) Turbines.
Combined Cycle.
Nuclear.
Reciprocating Engines.
Micro Turbines.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) or Co generation.
THERMAL CONVERSION - NON FUEL HEAT SOURCES.
Geothermal.
Solar Thermal Generation.
MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION.
Hydro turbines and Hydro Pumped Storage.
Wind turbines.
Distributed Generation and Other Sources.
RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.
Supply Side Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Financial Options to Reduce Carbon Emissions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERATING PLANTS.
Size.
Efficiency.
Availability.
Schedulable and Unschedulable Units.
CAPITAL COST OF GENERATION.
GENERATOR LIFE EXTENSION.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF GENERATION.
Synchronous Generators.
Variable Frequency and Direct Current Generation.
SYSTEM NEEDS AND EVALUATION OF INTERMITTENT RESOURCES.
CHAPTER 6 THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
COMPONENTS.
HVAC.
Overhead Lines.
Overhead Line Capability -Ratings.
Transmission Cable.
Cable Capacity.
Submarine Cables.
Superconducting Cables.
SUBSTATIONS.
Substation Equipment.
Substation Circuit Breaker Arrangements.
Transmission System Aging.
HVDC.
ADVANTAGES OF AC OVER DC OPERATION.
Advantages of HVDC.
Disadvantages of HVDC.
KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
CHAPTER 7 DISTRIBUTION.
FUNCTION OF DISTRIBUTION.
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS.
Radial systems.
Loop systems.
Primary network systems.
Secondary Systems.
DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY.
LOSSES.
DISTRIBUTION FACILITY RATINGS.
METERING.
CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTION VOLTAGES.
Distribution Transformers.
Voltage Regulators.
Capacitors.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY.
QUALITY OF SERVICE.
DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION.
OPERATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.
SMART GRID AND MICROGRIDS.
CHAPTER 8 ENERGY STORAGE AND OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES.
ENERGY STORAGE.
Benefits of Energy Storage to Generation.
Benefits of Energy Storage to Transmission and Distribution.
ENERGY STORAGE CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES.
Mechanical Systems.
Hydro pumped storage.
Compressed Air Energy Storage.
Flywheels.
Thermal Energy Storage.
Storage of Low-Grade Heat.
Storage of High-Grade Heat.
Chemical Energy Storage.
Batteries.
Hydrogen energy storage systems.
Electrical Storage.
Capacitors and Supercapacitor.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage.
Power Conversion Equipment.
The Future for Energy Storage.
SMART GRID.
Microgrids.
NEW NUCLEAR PLANT DESIGNS.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES.
SUPERCONDUCTORS.
CHAPTER 9 RELIABILITY.
CAUSES OF OUTAGES.
COSTS OF POWER OUTAGES.
WAYS TO MEASURE RELIABILITY.
PLANNING AND OPERATING A RELIABLE AND ADEQUATE POWER SYSTEM.
Generation.
Transmission.
Distribution.
SUMMARY.
CHAPTER 10 THE PHYSICAL NETWORK: THE NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY CORPORATION (NERC) AND ITS STANDARDS.
NERC AS ELECTRIC RELIABILITY ORGANIZATION.
NERC?S STANDARDS.
Functional Model.
DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS.
Reliability Principles.
Market Interface Principles.
Compliance with NERC Standards.
Other NERC Responsibilities.
The Future.
CHAPTER 11 THE PHYSICAL NETWORK: OPERATION OF THE ELECTRIC BULK POWER SYSTEM.
BALANCING AUTHORITIES.
Operating Reserves.
RELIABILITY COORDINATORS.
TRANSMISSION OPERATORS.
Power Transfer Limits.
Determination of Total Transfer Capability.
Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow.
Reduction of Power Transfers - Congestion Management.
Ancillary Services.
Voltage and Reactive Control.
Potential Emergencies.
Preventative Philosophy.
Corrective Philosophy.
Operating Emergencies.
INFORMATION EXCHANGE.
CHAPTER 12 THE PHYSICAL NETWORK - PLANNING OF THE ELECTRIC BULK POWER SYSTEM.
PLANNING STANDARDS.
GENERATION PLANNING.
TRANSMISSION PLANNING.
Transmission System Planning Studies.
Power Flow Studies.
Stability Studies.
Short-Circuit Duty Studies.
LEAST COST PLANNING.
THE NEW PLANNING ENVIRONMENT.
Recent Transmission Projects.
CHAPTER 13 - THE REGULATORY NETWORK - LEGISLATION.
PRICING AND REGULATION.
FEDERAL LEGISLATION.
FEDERAL UTILITY HOLDING COMPANY ACT (PUHCA).
FEDERAL POWER ACT.
OTHER 1930 FEDERAL LAWS.
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ORGANIZATION ACT.
PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT (PURPA).
ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 1992 (EPACT02).
FPA Modifications.
THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 (EPACT05).
THE ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2007.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS.
CHAPTER 14 THE REGULATORY NETWORK: THE REGULATORS.
THE REGULATORS.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION (FERC).
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA).
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE).
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (NRC).
RECENT FEDERAL REGULATIONS.
FERC ACTIONS AFTER EPACT92.
Orders 888/889 - Promoting Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non-discriminatory Transmission Service by Public Utilities; Recovery of stranded Costs by Public Utilities and Transmitting Utilities).
Order No. 2000 - Regional Transmission Organizations.
Order 890 - Amendments to Orders 888 and 889.
FERC ACTIONS IMPLEMENTING EPACT05.
MARKET MANIPULATION.
Order 670 - Anti-Manipulation/Anti-fraud.
ELECTRICITY RELIABILITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE.
Order No. 672 Electricity Reliability and Infrastructure.
EXPANSION AND MODERNIZATION OF THE NATION’S ELECTRICITY GRID.
Order 679 - Promoting Transmission Investment.
Order 681 Long Term Transmission Rights.
SITING MAJOR NEW TRANSMISSION FACILITIES.
Order 689 - Siting of Electric Transmission.
PURPA REFORMS.
Orders 671 and 671A - Qualifying Facilities.
Order 688 PURPA Small Power Production.
REPEAL OF PUHCA - MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS.
MARKET BASED RATES.
Order 697 Market-Based Rates for Wholesale Sales Of Electric Energy, Capacity And Ancillary Services By Public Utilities.
Order 719 Wholesale Competition in Regions with Organized Electric Markets.
RECENT EPA ACTIONS.
STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITY.
Tariff Basis.
Transmission Rights.
STATE UTILITY RESTRUCTURING.
Customer Choice.
Metering.
Distribution Rates.
State and Local Environmental Requirements.
OVERALL REGULATORY PROBLEMS.
CHAPTER 15 THE INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL NETWORK AND SECURITY.
SMART GRID.
FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS.
SYSTEM OPERATIONS.
DISTRIBUTION OPERATIONS.
CYBER SECURITY.
NUCLEAR PLANT SECURITY.
CHAPTER 16 THE FUEL AND ENERGY NETWORK.
RESOURCE PROCUREMENT.
Fuel Measurements.
FUEL TRANSPORTATION.
FUEL DIVERSITY.
FOSSIL FUELS USED.
RENEWABLE ENERGY.
FUEL PURCHASING.
EMISSION RIGHTS.
CHAPTER 17 THE BUSINESS NETWORK - MARKET PARTICIPANTS.
INVESTMENT AND COST RECOVERY.
THE CHANGING INDUSTRY STRUCTURE.
Functional Unbundling.
Additional Utility Responses.
ISO/RTO formation.
Holding Company Formation.
Power Plant Divestitures.
NEW STRUCTURES.
Power Producers.
Independent Transmission Companies and Operators.
Impact of Restructuring on the Transmission System.
Distributors.
Power Marketers.
NEW CORPORATE OWNERSHIP.
Utility Mergers and Acquisitions.
Acquisitions by Foreign Companies.
Financial Institutions.
CHAPTER 18 THE MONEY NETWORK - THE WHOLESALE MARKETS.
THE ELECTRIC MARKETS.
Standard Market Design (SMD).
Independent Transmission Providers.
Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP).
Transmission Rights.
Physical Transmission Rights (PTRs).
Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs).
Wheeling & Customer Choice.
Contracts and Agreements.
Average System versus Incremental Costs.
Construction Work in Progress (CWIP).
Setting of Rates.
Rate Freezes.
Allocation of Costs and Economic Benefits.
Average Costs versus Incremental Costs.
MARKET VERSUS OPERATIONAL CONTROL.
MARKET POWER ISSUES.
Price Caps.
THE FUTURE.
CHAPTER 19 THE PROFESSIONAL AND INDUSTRY ORGANIZATIONS.
THE PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.
The Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE).
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
CIGRE.
INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS.
NEMA.
The Association of Edison Illuminating Companies (AEIC).
The American Public Power Association (APPA).
The Edison Electric Institute (EEI).
The Electricity Consumer Resource Council (ELCON).
The National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA).
Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA).
The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI).
PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS.
The National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners ( NARUC).
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF).
Public Citizen.
Public Interest Law Project.
RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS.
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
Other Research.
The National Regulatory Research Institute (NRRI).
JACK CASAZZA is an electrical engineer with wide experience in the electric power profession as an executive, researcher, economist, and consultant. He has served as vice president in a major utility responsible for elec- tric and gas planning and research, as a member of the Board of Directors of the Georgia System Operating Co., and as chairman of the U.S. Technical Committee of CIGRE. Casazza is the author of six books on electric power policy and technology and founded the American Education Institute. An IEEE Life Fellow, he received the Halperin Award for his contributions to the development of the national transmission system.

FRANK DELEA is retired from Consolidated Edison Company, where he had a wide range of assignments giving him insight into planning, operational, financial, organizational, and legal issues. He was the company's chief electric planning engineer, its chief forecast engineer, its first project manager for rate cases, and a corporate planning director. He is an IEEE Senior Member. Since his retirement, Delea has conducted many short courses in technical, business, and regulatory issues relating to electric power systems for non-engineers.
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