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E-raamat: Unlocking Land Law 7th edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

  • Formaat: 596 pages, 71 Line drawings, color; 71 Illustrations, color
  • Sari: Unlocking the Law
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jan-2022
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781003123651
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Unlocking Land Law 7th editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 596 pages, 71 Line drawings, color; 71 Illustrations, color
  • Sari: Unlocking the Law
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jan-2022
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781003123651
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003123651
Unlocking Land Law will help you grasp the main concepts of this core subject with ease. Containing accessible explanations in clear and precise terms that are easy to understand, it provides an excellent foundation for learning and revising land law.

The information is clearly presented in a logical structure and the following features support learning, helping you to advance with confidence:





clear learning outcomes at the beginning of each chapter set out the skills and knowledge you will need to get to grips with the subject; key facts summaries throughout each chapter allow you to progressively build and consolidate your understanding; end-of-chapter summaries provide a useful check-list for each topic; cases and judgments are highlighted to help you find them and add them to your notes quickly; frequent activities and self-test questions are included so you can put your knowledge into practice; sample essay questions with annotated answers prepare you for assessment.

This 7th edition has been extensively rewritten and updated to include discussion of recent changes and key developments in land law. These include the different ways in which the Covid-19 pandemic has affected property transactions, and the changes in the rules with regard to electronic signatures and the witnessing of wills, as well as coverage of key recent cases and judgments, and their effect on the law.
Guide to the book xvi
Acknowledgements xviii
Figures
xix
Tables
xx
Table of cases
xxi
Table of statutes and statutory instruments
xxxiv
1 Introduction
1(38)
Aims and objectives
1(1)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 The definition of `land'
2(1)
1.2.1 Corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments
2(1)
1.3 Tenures and estates in land
3(2)
1.3.1 Tenure
3(1)
1.3.2 Estates
4(1)
1.3.3 Legal estates in land before 1925
4(1)
1.3.4 Estates in land from and after 1925
5(1)
1.4 Ownership of the surface of the land: boundaries
5(3)
1.4.1 Land bordering the coast or a river
5(1)
1.4.2 The doctrine of accretion
6(1)
1.4.3 Other boundaries
6(2)
1.4.4 Natural rights of support for the land
8(1)
1.5 Ownership of the surface of the land: items found in or on the surface of the land, including minerals
8(10)
1.5.1 Fixtures and fittings
8(5)
1.5.2 Everyday objects in a house
13(1)
1.5.3 Items bought under hire purchase
14(1)
1.5.4 Intention of the parties
14(2)
1.5.5 The tenant's right to remove fixtures
16(1)
1.5.6 Express reference in the contract for sale
17(1)
1.6 Objects found `in or on' the surface of the land
18(7)
1.6.1 Objects found in the ground
19(2)
1.6.2 Objects found on the surface of the ground
21(4)
1.7 Treasure
25(3)
1.7.1 The Treasure Act 1996
26(2)
1.8 Ownership of the land beneath the surface
28(1)
1.8.1 Who is the owner of the land?
28(1)
1.8.2 Minerals found in the ground
28(1)
1.9 Ownership of airspace above the land
29(4)
1.9.1 The higher stratum
29(2)
1.9.2 The lower stratum
31(2)
Summary
33(4)
Further reading
37(2)
2 Common Law And Equity
39(28)
Aims and objectives
39(1)
2.1 Common law and equity
39(3)
2.1.1 The growth of common law
39(1)
2.1.2 Defects in the common law system
40(1)
2.1.3 The growth of equity
40(1)
2.1.4 The Judicature Acts 1873--1875
41(1)
2.1.5 Are common law and equity totally fused?
41(1)
2.2 The development of the trust
42(4)
2.2.1 The historical development of the trust
42(1)
2.2.2 The trust today
43(1)
2.2.3 The express trust
44(1)
2.2.4 Implied trusts
44(2)
2.3 The difference between legal and equitable interests in property
46(9)
2.3.1 Rights in rem and rights in personam
46(1)
2.3.2 The effect of equitable rights on third parties
47(1)
2.3.3 The bona fide purchaser for value without notice
48(1)
2.3.4 What does `bona fide purchaser for value' mean?
48(1)
2.3.5 Notice
49(1)
2.3.6 Overreaching
50(5)
2.4 The historical background to the property legislation of 1925
55(3)
2.4.1 Legal estates under the Law of Property Act 1925
56(1)
2.4.2 Legal interests under the Law of Property Act 1925
56(1)
2.4.3 Equitable interests
56(1)
2.4.4 The 1925 property legislation
57(1)
2.5 Unregistered land: the Land Charges Act 1925
58(6)
2.5.1 Classes of land charges
59(1)
2.5.2 Registration of land charges
60(2)
2.5.3 The effect of registration
62(1)
2.5.4 Rights that are incapable of registration under the Land Charges Acts 1925-1972
63(1)
2.6 Unregistered land in the twenty-first century
64(1)
Summary
64(1)
Further reading
65(2)
3 Registered Land
67(48)
Aims and objectives
67(1)
3.1 Introduction to registration of title
67(7)
3.1.1 Features of the land registration system
68(1)
3.1.2 The aims behind the Land Registration Acts
68(2)
3.1.3 The key features of the registration system
70(1)
3.1.4 The Land Registry
71(2)
3.1.5 How land registration works
73(1)
3.2 The reform of the law on land registration
74(2)
3.2.1 The need for reform
74(1)
3.2.2 The objectives of the 2002 Act
75(1)
3.3 Registration under the Land Registration Act 2002
76(8)
3.3.1 Voluntary registration under s 3
77(1)
3.3.2 Events which trigger compulsory registration under s 4
78(1)
3.3.3 Events which do not require compulsory registration under the 2002 Act
79(2)
3.3.4 The effect of registration and the duty to register under the 2002 Act
81(1)
3.3.5 Different classes of title
82(1)
3.3.6 The transfer of a registered title
83(1)
3.4 Interests in registered land
84(6)
3.4.1 Methods of protection for registered burdens on registered land
85(1)
3.4.2 Old methods of protecting burdens on registered land
85(1)
3.4.3 New methods of protecting burdens on registered land
86(3)
3.4.4 Removal of old forms of entry on the Register
89(1)
3.4.5 The effect of registration of an interest on registered land
90(1)
3.5 Unregistered interests which override a registered disposition under Sched 3 of the Land Registration Act 2002 (overriding interests)
90(15)
3.5.1 Introduction
91(1)
3.5.2 Reform of overriding interests under the Land Registration Act 2002
91(2)
3.5.3 Overriding interests under the Land Registration Act 2002
93(2)
3.5.4 Overriding rights under para 1: short leases
95(1)
3.5.5 Overriding rights under para 2: actual occupation
95(1)
3.5.6 Interests of persons in actual occupation
96(7)
3.5.7 The duty to disclose rights under the Land Registration Act 2002
103(1)
3.5.8 Overriding rights under para 3: easements
104(1)
3.6 Alteration and indemnity
105(5)
3.6.1 Alteration of the Register under the Land Registration Act 2002
106(2)
3.6.2 Human rights
108(1)
3.6.3 The payment of an indemnity
108(1)
3.6.4 Reform of Land Registration
109(1)
Summary
110(3)
Further reading
113(2)
4 The Transfer And Creation Of Property Interests
115(28)
Aims and objectives
115(1)
4.1 The importance of formalities in the transfer and creation of property interests
115(2)
4.1.1 Reasons for formalities being used for the sale of land
116(1)
4.2 Contracts for sale and dispositions of interests in land: the steps leading to a conveyance of property
117(1)
4.3 Stage one: Pre-contract stage
118(3)
4.3.1 `Gazumping' and `gazundering'
118(1)
4.3.2 Home Information Packs
119(1)
4.3.3 The lock-out agreement
120(1)
4.3.4 Reservation agreements
120(1)
4.4 Stage two: the exchange of contracts
121(10)
4.4.1 The Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989
121(1)
4.4.2 What is the position if any one of these provisions is not complied with?
121(2)
4.4.3 Options to purchase
123(1)
4.4.4 Collateral contracts
123(1)
4.4.5 The contract: `one document' rule
124(1)
4.4.6 A variation in the terms of the contract
125(1)
4.4.7 Exceptions to the requirements of s 2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989
126(5)
4.5 Enforcement of agreements for sale of land
131(2)
4.6 Transfer of interests in land and other property
133(4)
4.6.1 Stage three: completion of the sale
133(2)
4.6.2 Completion of sale in unregistered land
135(1)
4.6.3 Completion of sale in registered land
135(2)
4.7 E-conveyancing
137(3)
4.7.1 How will the system work?
138(1)
4.7.2 The electronic document
138(1)
4.7.3 The effect of e-conveyancing
139(1)
4.7.4 Comment
139(1)
Summary
140(2)
Further reading
142(1)
5 Equitable Rights In Land
143(52)
Aims and objectives
143(1)
5.1 The nature of equitable rights in land
143(1)
5.1.1 The definition of a `trust'
144(1)
5.1.2 Types of trust
144(1)
5.2 The express trust
144(2)
5.3 Implied trusts
146(1)
5.4 Resulting trusts
147(16)
5.4.1 The definition of a `resulting trust'
147(1)
5.4.2 Presumed intention
148(1)
5.4.3 Rebuttal of the presumption of resulting trust
149(2)
5.4.4 Improper motive in transfer of property
151(3)
5.4.5 The effect of s 60(3) of the Law of Property Act 1925
154(2)
5.4.6 Types of contributions that give rise to a resulting trust
156(3)
5.4.7 Assessing the shares of the parties in a resulting trust
159(1)
5.4.8 Resulting trusts: the modern position
160(3)
5.5 Constructive trusts
163(17)
5.5.1 The definition of a `constructive trust'
163(2)
5.5.2 Types of constructive trust
165(2)
5.5.3 Elements in a constructive trust
167(11)
5.5.4 Interests behind jointly owned legal titles
178(2)
5.6 Quantification of the shares in a constructive trust
180(5)
5.6.1 Comparison with a resulting trust
180(5)
5.7 Constructive trusts in other jurisdictions
185(3)
5.7.1 Canada
185(1)
5.7.2 New Zealand
186(1)
5.7.3 Australia
187(1)
5.7.4 Scotland
187(1)
Summary
188(4)
Further reading
192(3)
6 Licences
195(22)
Aims and objectives
195(1)
6.1 The nature of a licence
195(1)
6.2 Types of licence
196(7)
6.2.1 Bare licences
196(1)
6.2.2 Licences coupled with an interest
197(2)
6.2.3 Contractual licences
199(3)
6.2.4 Estoppel licences
202(1)
6.3 The creation of licences
203(2)
6.3.1 Bare licences
204(1)
6.3.2 Licences coupled with an interest
204(1)
6.3.3 Contractual licences
204(1)
6.3.4 Estoppel licences
205(1)
6.4 The effect of licences on third parties
205(5)
6.4.1 Bare licences
205(1)
6.4.2 Licences coupled with an interest
205(1)
6.4.3 Contractual licences
206(3)
6.4.4 Estoppel licences
209(1)
6.5 The revocation of a licence
210(3)
6.5.1 Bare licences
210(1)
6.5.2 Licences coupled with a grant
211(1)
6.5.3 Contractual licences
211(1)
6.5.4 Estoppel licences
212(1)
6.6 Comparison of different types of licence
213(1)
Summary
213(2)
Further reading
215(2)
7 Proprietary Estoppel
217(46)
Aims and objectives
217(1)
7.1 Background to proprietary estoppel
217(7)
7.1.1 Introduction
217(1)
7.1.2 Historical background
218(2)
7.1.3 The Willmott v Barber probanda
220(1)
7.1.4 The modern doctrine of proprietary estoppel
220(2)
7.1.5 The scope of proprietary estoppel
222(2)
7.2 The elements of proprietary estoppel
224(20)
7.2.1 The representation
224(7)
7.2.2 Reliance on the representation
231(5)
7.2.3 Detriment
236(8)
7.3 Satisfying proprietary estoppel
244(10)
7.3.1 Transfer of the legal estate or legal interest in land
247(1)
7.3.2 The right to occupy
248(1)
7.3.3 Financial compensation
249(1)
7.3.4 Quantification of the compensation
250(1)
7.3.5 Post-judgment misconduct
251(3)
7.4 Loss of rights under proprietary estoppel
254(1)
7.4.1 Lack of clean hands
254(1)
7.4.2 Delay
254(1)
7.5 The proprietary nature of a claim to proprietary estoppel
255(2)
7.5.1 Personal or proprietary rights?
255(1)
7.5.2 Can rights arising under proprietary estoppel be overreached?
256(1)
Summary
257(4)
Further reading
261(2)
8 Co-Ownership
263(44)
Aims and objectives
263(1)
8.1 The nature of co-ownership
263(1)
8.2 Types of co-ownership
264(1)
8.3 A joint tenancy
264(5)
8.3.1 The `four unities'
264(2)
8.3.2 Survivorship
266(2)
8.3.3 Severance
268(1)
8.4 Tenancy in common
269(1)
8.4.1 The `four unities'
269(1)
8.4.2 Survivorship
270(1)
8.5 Creation of co-ownership in land
270(7)
8.5.1 The legal title
270(2)
8.5.2 Co-ownership in equity
272(5)
8.6 Methods of severance of a joint tenancy
277(21)
8.6.1 Meaning of `severance'
277(1)
8.6.2 Methods of severance under statute
278(6)
8.6.3 Severance at common law under Williams v Hensman (1861) 1 J&H 546
284(1)
8.6.4 Severance by conduct
285(3)
8.6.5 Severance by mutual agreement
288(3)
8.6.6 Severance by mutual conduct
291(3)
8.6.7 Severance by operation of law
294(2)
8.6.8 Severance by court order
296(1)
8.6.9 Possible reform of severance
296(2)
8.7 The rights of co-owners in land
298(3)
8.7.1 The right of occupation of the co-owned land
298(1)
8.7.2 The right to claim rent received from the land
299(1)
8.7.3 Liability for repairs
300(1)
8.8 Termination of co-ownership
301(2)
8.8.1 Co-ownership can be ended under the following circumstances
301(2)
Summary
303(3)
Further reading
306(1)
9 Trusts Of Land
307(46)
Aims and objectives
307(1)
9.1 Introduction
307(1)
9.1.1 Concurrent rights
307(1)
9.1.2 Successive interests
308(1)
9.2 The old law
308(2)
9.2.1 The strict settlement
308(2)
9.2.2 The trust for sale
310(1)
9.3 Reform of the law
310(1)
9.3.1 Criticism of the trust for sale
311(1)
9.3.2 Criticism of the strict settlement
311(1)
9.4 Trusts of land
311(1)
9.4.1 Definition of a `trust of land'
311(1)
9.5 Powers and duties of the trustees
312(5)
9.5.1 General
312(1)
9.5.2 Power to buy, lease and mortgage land
313(1)
9.5.3 Power to partition the land
313(1)
9.5.4 Power to force the beneficiaries to take a conveyance of the land
314(1)
9.5.5 Power to delegate their powers in relation to the land
315(1)
9.5.6 Duty to consult the beneficiaries
316(1)
9.5.7 Duty to seek consents
316(1)
9.6 Rights of the beneficiaries of a trust of land
317(10)
9.6.1 General
317(1)
9.6.2 The right to occupy the trust property
317(6)
9.6.3 The right to be consulted
323(2)
9.6.4 The right to require that consents be obtained
325(1)
9.6.5 The right to appoint trustees and to remove trustees
326(1)
9.7 Resolution by the court of disputes in a trust of land
327(13)
9.7.1 Who can make an application under s 14?
327(1)
9.7.2 Matters to be considered by the court in deciding applications
328(6)
9.7.3 Disputes likely to come to court
334(1)
9.7.4 Applications by the trustee in bankruptcy
334(6)
9.7.5 Applications by secured creditors
340(1)
9.8 The protection of the purchaser
340(7)
9.8.1 What does `overreaching' mean?
340(1)
9.8.2 How does overreaching protect the purchaser?
341(1)
9.8.3 Conditions necessary for overreaching
341(4)
9.8.4 Impact of overreaching on the purchaser
345(1)
9.8.5 The effect of s 16 of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 on purchasers
345(1)
9.8.6 Reform of the rules of overreaching
346(1)
Summary
347(4)
Further reading
351(2)
10 Easements
353(54)
Aims and objectives
353(1)
10.1 The characteristics of easements
353(19)
10.1.1 Definition of an `easement'
353(1)
10.1.2 The nature of an easement
354(18)
10.2 Easements compared with other rights
372(3)
10.3 The grant of easements
375(18)
10.3.1 Express grant
377(1)
10.3.2 Implied grant
377(10)
10.3.3 Prescription
387(6)
10.4 Access to Neighbouring Land Act 1992
393(2)
10.5 Legal and equitable easements
395(1)
10.6 Extinguishment of easements
396(2)
10.7 Profits a prendre
398(1)
10.7.1 Types of profits a prendre
398(1)
10.8 Changes made by the Land Registration Act 2002
399(2)
10.8.1 Overriding interests: equitable easements
399(1)
10.8.2 Overriding interests: legal interests
400(1)
10.9 Reform of the law on easements and profits a prendre
401(1)
Summary
401(4)
Further reading
405(2)
11 Freehold Covenants
407(40)
Aims and objectives
407(1)
11.1 The nature of a covenant
408(1)
11.2 Covenants at law
409(15)
11.2.1 Statutory methods of transmitting the benefit of a covenant at law
409(2)
11.2.2 The passing of the benefit at law
411(4)
11.2.3 The running of the burden at law
415(3)
11.2.4 Methods by which the rule in Austerberry v Oldham Corporation (1885) can be avoided
418(6)
11.3 Covenants in equity
424(12)
11.3.1 Annexation
425(5)
11.3.2 Assignment
430(1)
11.3.3 Building schemes
430(3)
11.3.4 The running of the burden in equity
433(2)
11.3.5 Notice of the covenant
435(1)
11.4 Breach of covenants and the consequences
436(2)
11.4.1 Damages or an injunction?
436(2)
11.5 Discharge and modification of restrictive covenants
438(2)
11.5.1 Section 84 of the Law of Property Act 1925
439(1)
11.6 Proposals for reform
440(1)
11.6.1 What are the main problems with the law on restrictive covenants?
440(1)
Summary
441(4)
Further reading
445(2)
12 Mortgages
447(44)
Aims and objectives
447(1)
12.1 Introduction
447(3)
12.1.1 Definition of a `mortgage'
448(1)
12.1.2 What is a mortgage?
448(2)
12.2 The development of mortgages at common law and in equity
450(3)
12.2.1 Mortgages at common law
450(1)
12.2.2 Mortgages in equity
451(1)
12.2.3 The equitable right to redeem
451(2)
12.3 The creation of mortgages
453(5)
12.3.1 Before 1925
453(1)
12.3.2 Post-1925
454(1)
12.3.3 Post-2002
454(1)
12.3.4 Creating equitable mortgages
455(2)
12.3.5 Equitable charges
457(1)
12.4 Protection for the mortgagor
458(15)
12.4.1 The equity of redemption
458(3)
12.4.2 The mortgagor is protected from the mortgagee gaining any collateral advantages
461(4)
12.4.3 A mortgage will be set aside if it has been obtained through undue influence or oppression
465(7)
12.4.4 Statutory protection
472(1)
12.5 Rights of the mortgagee
473(12)
12.5.1 The right to sue on the covenant
473(1)
12.5.2 The right to possession
474(6)
12.5.3 The power of sale
480(3)
12.5.4 The right to appoint a receiver
483(1)
12.5.5 The right of foreclosure
483(2)
12.6 Priority of mortgages
485(1)
Summary
486(3)
Further reading
489(2)
13 Leases
491(52)
Aims and objectives
491(1)
13.1 Characteristics of a lease
492(9)
13.1.1 Exclusive possession
493(3)
13.1.2 A determinate period
496(5)
13.1.3 For a rent
501(1)
13.2 The distinction between a lease and a licence
501(3)
13.2.1 The significance of the lease/licence distinction in law
502(2)
13.3 Types of leases
504(9)
13.3.1 Fixed-term leases
504(1)
13.3.2 Periodic leases
504(1)
13.3.3 Tenancy at will
505(1)
13.3.4 Tenancy at sufferance
506(1)
13.3.5 Leases for life
506(1)
13.3.6 Perpetually renewable leases
507(1)
13.3.7 Tenancies by estoppel
508(1)
13.3.8 Bruton Tenancies
509(4)
13.4 The creation of a lease
513(4)
13.4.1 Creation of a lease exceeding three years
513(1)
13.4.2 Creation of a lease for less than three years
514(1)
13.4.3 Contracts to create a lease for more than three years: equitable leases
514(1)
13.4.4 The doctrine of Walsh v Lonsdale (1882)
515(1)
13.4.5 Is a Walsh v Lonsdale (1882) lease as good as a legal lease?
516(1)
13.5 The terms in a lease
517(6)
13.5.1 The landlord's covenants
518(3)
13.5.2 Implied covenants of the tenant
521(2)
13.6 The determination of leases
523(3)
13.6.1 The effect of determination
523(1)
13.6.2 Ways of determining a lease
524(2)
13.7 Remedies of the landlord
526(6)
13.7.1 Distress
526(1)
13.7.2 Forfeiture
526(6)
13.7.3 Specific performance
532(1)
13.7.4 Injunction
532(1)
13.7.5 Damages
532(1)
13.8 Enforceability of covenants against third parties on assignment
532(6)
13.8.1 Privity of estate and privity of contract
532(2)
13.8.2 The pre-1996 law on assignment of covenants
534(2)
13.8.3 The post-1996 law on assignment of covenants
536(2)
Summary
538(4)
Further reading
542(1)
14 Adverse Possession
543(36)
Aims and objectives
543(1)
14.1 Introduction
543(3)
14.1.1 Long use of the land
544(1)
14.1.2 Why allow adverse possession at all?
545(1)
14.1.3 The Land Registration Act 2002
545(1)
14.1.4 The meaning of `adverse possession'
546(1)
14.2 Factual possession
546(6)
14.2.1 What constitutes factual possession?
547(5)
14.3 The intention to possess
552(7)
14.3.1 Proving intention to possess
552(2)
14.3.2 Conduct indicating an intention to possess
554(5)
14.4 Possession for sufficient length of time
559(6)
14.4.1 The Limitation Act 1980
559(1)
14.4.2 The Land Registration Act 2002
560(5)
14.5 Adverse possession in leasehold property
565(3)
14.5.1 The tenant as the squatter
565(1)
14.5.2 Adverse possession against tenants
566(1)
14.5.3 Adverse possession against a trustee's title
567(1)
14.6 The nature of the rights in adverse possession
568(1)
14.6.1 Unregistered land
568(1)
14.6.2 Registered land
568(1)
14.7 Recovery of possession by the paper title owner
569(1)
14.8 Adverse possession and the Human Rights Act 1998
569(4)
14.9 Adverse possession and the criminal law
573(2)
Summary
575(3)
Further reading
578(1)
15 Commonhold
579(10)
Aims and objectives
579(1)
15.1 Introduction
579(2)
15.2 The legislation
581(4)
15.3 Comments on the nature of commonhold
585(2)
Summary
587(1)
Further reading
587(2)
Index 589
Judith Bray is Emeritus Professor of Law at the University of Buckingham. She has taught property law for many years and writes extensively on land law and other subjects. She is also a qualified Barrister.
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