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E-raamat: Vacuum in Particle Accelerators - Modelling, Design and Operation of Beam Vacuum Systems: Modelling, Design and Operation of Beam Vacuum Systems [Wiley Online]

  • Formaat: 552 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527809139
  • ISBN-13: 9783527809134
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 248,47 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Vacuum in Particle Accelerators - Modelling, Design and Operation of Beam Vacuum Systems: Modelling, Design and Operation of Beam Vacuum SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 552 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527809139
  • ISBN-13: 9783527809134
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527809134
A unique guide on how to model and make the best vacuum chambers

Vacuum in Particle Accelerators offers a comprehensive overview of ultra-high vacuum systems that are used in charge particle accelerators. The book?s contributors ? noted experts in the field ? also highlight the design and modeling of vacuum particle accelerators.

The book reviews vacuum requirements, identifies sources of gas in vacuum chambers and explores methods of removing them. In addition, Vacuum in Particle Accelerators offers an in-depth explanation of the control of the beam and the beam aperture. In the final part of the book, the focus is on the modelling approaches for vacuum chambers under various operating conditions. This important guide:

-Offers a review of vacuum systems in charge particle accelerators
-Contains contributions from an international panel of noted experts in the field
-Highlights the systems, modelling, and design of vacuum particle accelerators
-Includes information on vacuum requirements, beam-gas interactions, cryogenic temperatures, ion induced pressure instability, heavy ion machines
-Presents the most up-to-date information on the topic for scientists and engineers

Written for vacuum physicists, vacuum engineers, plasma physicists, materials scientists, and engineering scientists, Vacuum Particle Accelerators is an essential reference offering an in-depth exploration of vacuum systems and the modelling and design of charged particle accelerators.
Acknowledgements xv
Nomenclature xvii
Introduction 1(2)
Oleg B. Malyshev
References 3(2)
1 Vacuum Requirements
5(24)
Oleg B. Malyshev
1.1 Definition of Vacuum
5(1)
1.2 Vacuum Specification for Particle Accelerators
6(7)
1.2.1 Why Particle Accelerators Need Vacuum?
6(2)
1.2.2 Problems Associated with Beam-Gas Interaction
8(1)
1.2.2.1 Beam Particle Loss
8(1)
1.2.2.2 Background Noise in Detectors
8(1)
1.2.2.3 Residual Gas Ionisation and Related Problems
9(1)
1.2.2.4 Contamination of Sensitive Surfaces
9(1)
1.2.2.5 Safety and Radiation Damage of Instruments
10(1)
1.2.3 Vacuum Specifications
11(1)
1.2.4 How Vacuum Chamber Affects the Beam Properties
12(1)
1.3 First Considerations Before Starting Vacuum System Design
13(7)
1.3.1 What Is the Task?
13(1)
1.3.2 Beam Lattice
14(1)
1.3.3 Beam Aperture and Vacuum Chamber Cross Section
15(1)
1.3.3.1 Required Mechanical Aperture
15(2)
1.3.3.2 Magnet Design
17(1)
1.3.3.3 Mechanical Engineering
17(1)
1.3.3.4 Other Factors Limiting a Maximum Size of Beam Vacuum Chamber
17(1)
1.3.4 Vacuum Chamber Cross Sections and Preliminary Mechanical Layout
18(1)
1.3.5 Possible Pumping Layouts
19(1)
1.4 First and Very Rough Estimations
20(2)
1.5 First Run of an Accurate Vacuum Modelling
22(1)
1.6 Towards the Final Design
22(3)
1.7 Final Remarks
25(1)
References
25(4)
2 Synchrotron Radiation in Particle Accelerators
29(32)
Olivier Marcouille
2.1 Emission of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
29(3)
2.1.1 Radiated Energy Density and Power Density
31(1)
2.1.2 Angular Flux
32(1)
2.2 SR from Dipoles
32(10)
2.2.1 Emission Duration and Critical Energy
33(1)
2.2.2 Photon Flux
34(3)
2.2.3 Vertical Angular Distribution of Photon Flux
37(2)
2.2.4 Photon Power
39(2)
2.2.5 Vertical Angular Distribution of Power
41(1)
2.3 SR from Quadruples
42(1)
2.4 SR from Insertion Devices
43(12)
2.4.1 Motion of Charged Particles Inside a Planar Insertion Device
44(1)
2.4.2 Resonance Wavelength
45(1)
2.4.3 Radiation from Undulators and Wigglers
46(5)
2.4.4 Angular Aperture of ID at Resonant Wavelength
51(1)
2.4.5 Estimation of Power Distribution Radiated in a Wiggler
52(2)
2.4.6 Estimation of the Power Collected by Simple Geometry Aperture
54(1)
2.4.7 Method for Estimation Absorbed Power on the Complex Shapes
54(1)
2.5 Software Dedicated to Evaluation of the Photon Flux and Power Distribution from the Insertion Devices
55(4)
2.5.1 XOP
56(1)
2.5.2 Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW)
56(1)
2.5.3 SPECTRA
57(1)
2.5.4 SYNRAD
58(1)
2.5.5 OSCARS
59(1)
Acknowledgements
59(1)
References
60(1)
Further Reading
60(1)
3 Interaction Between SR and Vacuum Chamber Walls
61(18)
Vincent Baglin
Oleg B. Malyshev
3.1 Photon Reflectivity
61(8)
3.2 Photoelectron Production
69(7)
3.2.1 Total Photoelectron Yield
69(3)
3.2.2 Effect of the Photon Energy
72(4)
3.2.3 Effect of the Incidence Angle
76(1)
References
76(3)
4 Sources of Gas in an Accelerator Vacuum Chamber
79(96)
Oleg B. Malyshev
Junichiro Kamiya
4.1 Residual Gases in Vacuum Chamber
79(2)
4.2 Materials Used for and in Vacuum Chambers and Built-in Elements
81(6)
4.2.1 Stainless Steel
82(1)
4.2.2 Aluminium Alloys
83(1)
4.2.3 Copper and Its Alloys
84(1)
4.2.4 Titanium and Its Alloys
85(1)
4.2.5 Ceramics
85(1)
4.2.6 Other Vacuum Materials
86(1)
4.3 Thermal Outgassing
87(15)
4.3.1 Thermal Outgassing Mechanism During Pumping
88(1)
4.3.2 Equilibrium Pressure
89(2)
4.3.3 Vapour Pressure
91(2)
4.3.4 Thermal Outgassing Rate of Materials
93(4)
4.3.5 Outgassing Rate Measurements
97(1)
4.3.5.1 Throughput Method
97(1)
4.3.5.2 Conductance Modulation Method
98(1)
4.3.5.3 Two-Path Method
98(1)
4.3.5.4 Gas Accumulation Method
99(1)
4.3.6 Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy
100(2)
4.4 Surface Treatments to Reduce Outgassing
102(7)
4.4.1 Cleaning
102(3)
4.4.2 Bakeout
105(1)
4.4.3 Air Bake
106(1)
4.4.4 Vacuum Firing
106(2)
4.4.5 Surface Coatings
108(1)
4.4.5.1 Coating the Surface by Thin Films of Material with Low Hydrogen Permeability and Low Outgassing
108(1)
4.4.5.2 Coating the Surface by Thin Film of Getter Materials
108(1)
4.5 Electron-Stimulated Desorption
109(19)
4.5.1 ESD Definition and ESD Facilities
109(3)
4.5.2 ESD for Different Materials as a Function of Dose
112(1)
4.5.3 ESD as a Function of Amount of Desorbed Gas
113(1)
4.5.4 Effect of Pumping Duration
114(5)
4.5.5 ESD as a Function of Electron Energy
119(3)
4.5.6 Effect of Bakeout on ESD
122(1)
4.5.7 Effectiveness of Surface Polishing and Vacuum Firing on ESD
123(2)
4.5.8 A Role of Oxide Layer on Copper
125(1)
4.5.9 Effect of Surface Treatment
125(1)
4.5.10 Effect of Vacuum Chamber Temperature
125(3)
4.6 Photon-Stimulated Desorption
128(27)
4.6.1 PSD Definition and PSD Facilities
128(3)
4.6.2 PSD as a Function of Dose
131(1)
4.6.3 PSD for Different Materials
131(4)
4.6.4 PSD as a Function of Amount of Desorbed Gas
135(1)
4.6.5 PSD as a Function of Critical Energy of SR
136(1)
4.6.6 Effect of Bakeout
137(3)
4.6.7 Effect of Vacuum Chamber Temperature
140(2)
4.6.8 Effect of Incident Angle
142(2)
4.6.9 PSD versus ESD
144(1)
4.6.10 How to Use the PSD Yield Data
145(1)
4.6.10.1 Scaling the Photon Dose
145(1)
4.6.10.2 Synchrotron Radiation from Dipole Magnets
145(3)
4.6.10.3 PSD Yield and Flux as a Function of Distance from a Dipole Magnet
148(3)
4.6.10.4 PSD from a Lump SR Absorber
151(2)
4.6.10.5 Combining PSD from Distributed and Lump SR Absorbers
153(2)
4.7 Ion-Stimulated Desorption
155(11)
4.7.1 ISD Definition and ISD Facilities
155(1)
4.7.2 ISD as a Function of Dose
156(2)
4.7.3 ISD Yield as a Function of Ion Energy
158(1)
4.7.4 ISD Yield as a Function of Ion Mass
159(1)
4.7.5 ISD for Different Materials
160(1)
4.7.6 Effect of Bakeout and Argon Discharge Cleaning
161(1)
4.7.7 ISD versus ESD
161(1)
4.7.8 ISD Yield as a Function of Temperature
161(2)
4.7.9 ISD Yields for Condensed Gases
163(3)
Acknowledgements
166(1)
References
166(9)
5 Non-evaporable Getter (NEG)-Coated Vacuum Chamber
175(40)
Oleg B. Malyshev
5.1 Two Concepts of the Ideal Vacuum Chamber
175(2)
5.2 What Is NEG Coating?
177(2)
5.3 Deposition Methods
179(2)
5.4 NEG Film Characterisation
181(1)
5.5 NEG Coating Activation Procedure
182(6)
5.6 NEG Coating Pumping Properties
188(5)
5.6.1 NEG Coating Pumping Optimisation at CERN
188(2)
5.6.2 NEG Coating Pumping Optimisation at ASTeC
190(3)
5.7 NEG Coating Lifetime
193(2)
5.8 Ultimate Pressure in NEG-Coated Vacuum Chambers
195(1)
5.9 NEG-Coated Vacuum Chamber Under SR
196(4)
5.10 Reducing PSD/ESD from NEG Coating
200(4)
5.10.1 Initial Considerations
200(1)
5.10.2 ESD from Vacuum Chamber Coated with Columnar and Dense NEG Films
201(1)
5.10.3 Dual Layer
202(2)
5.10.4 Vacuum Firing Before NEG Deposition
204(1)
5.11 ESD as a Function of Electron Energy
204(1)
5.12 PEY and SEY from NEG Coating
204(2)
5.13 NEG Coating Surface Resistance
206(1)
5.14 NEG at Low Temperature
207(1)
5.15 Main NEG Coating Benefits
207(1)
5.16 Use of NEG-Coated Vacuum Chambers
208(1)
References
209(6)
6 Vacuum System Modelling
215(54)
Oleg B. Malyshev
6.1 A Few Highlights from Vacuum Gas Dynamics
215(13)
6.1.1 Gas in a Closed Volume
216(1)
6.1.1.1 Gas Density and Pressure
216(1)
6.1.1.2 Amount of Gas and Gas Flow
217(1)
6.1.2 Total Pressure and Partial Pressure
218(1)
6.1.3 Velocity of Gas Molecules
218(2)
6.1.4 Gas Flow Rate Regimes
220(1)
6.1.5 Pumping Characteristics
221(2)
6.1.6 Vacuum System with a Pump
223(1)
6.1.7 Vacuum Conductance
223(1)
6.1.7.1 Orifice
224(1)
6.1.7.2 Vacuum Conductance of Long Tubes
224(1)
6.1.7.3 Vacuum Conductance of Short Tubes
225(1)
6.1.7.4 Serial and Parallel Connections of Vacuum Tubes
226(1)
6.1.8 Effective Pumping Speed
226(2)
6.2 One-Dimensional Approach in Modelling Accelerator Vacuum Systems
228(17)
6.2.1 A Gas Diffusion Model
229(2)
6.2.2 A Section of Accelerator Vacuum Chamber in a Gas Diffusion Model
231(1)
6.2.3 Boundary Conditions
232(6)
6.2.4 Global and Local Coordinates for Each Element
238(2)
6.2.5 Using the Results
240(1)
6.2.6 A Few Practical Formulas
241(1)
6.2.6.1 Gas Injection into a Tubular Vacuum Chamber
241(1)
6.2.6.2 Vacuum Chamber with Known Pumping Speed at the Ends
241(3)
6.2.6.3 Vacuum Chamber with Known Pressures at the Ends
244(1)
6.3 Three-Dimensional Modelling: Test Particle Monte Carlo
245(12)
6.3.1 Introduction
245(1)
6.3.2 A Vacuum Chamber in the TPMC Model
246(1)
6.3.3 TPMC Code Input
246(2)
6.3.4 TPMC Code Output
248(1)
6.3.4.1 Gas Flow Rate
248(2)
6.3.4.2 Gas Density and Pressure
250(1)
6.3.4.3 Transmission Probability and Vacuum Conductance
250(1)
6.3.4.4 Pump-Effective Capture Coefficient
251(1)
6.3.4.5 Effect of Temperature and Mass of Molecules
251(1)
6.3.5 What Can Be Done with TPMC Results?
251(1)
6.3.5.1 A Direct Model with a Defined Set of Parameters
252(1)
6.3.5.2 Models with Variable Parameters
253(3)
6.3.6 TPMC Result Accuracy
256(1)
6.4 Combining One-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Approaches in Optimising the UHV Pumping System
257(3)
6.4.1 Comparison of Two Methods
257(1)
6.4.2 Combining of Two Methods
258(2)
6.5 Molecular Beaming Effect
260(5)
6.6 Concluding Remarks
265(2)
6.A Differential Pumping
265(1)
6.B Modelling a Turbo-Molecular Pump
266(1)
Acknowledgements
267(1)
References
267(2)
7 Vacuum Chamber at Cryogenic Temperatures
269(37)
Oleg Malyshev
Vincent Baglin
Erik Wallen
7.1 Pressure and Gas Density
269(3)
7.2 Equilibrium Pressure: Isotherms
272(17)
7.2.1 Isotherms
273(6)
7.2.2 Cryotrapping
279(2)
7.2.3 Physisorption on Gas Condensates
281(1)
7.2.4 Temperature Dependence of the H2 Isotherms
282(4)
7.2.5 Choice of Operating Temperature for Cryogenic Vacuum Systems
286(3)
7.3 Gas Dynamics Model of Cryogenic Vacuum Chamber Irradiated by SR
289(11)
7.3.1 Infinitely Long Vacuum Chamber Solution
291(1)
7.3.1.1 Vacuum Chamber Without a Beam Screen
292(1)
7.3.1.2 Vacuum Chamber with Holes in the Beam Screen
292(2)
7.3.2 Short Vacuum Chamber Solution
294(2)
7.3.2.1 Solution for a Short Vacuum Chamber with a Given Pressure at the Ends
296(2)
7.3.2.2 Solution for a Short Vacuum Chamber with a Given Pumping Speed at the Ends
298(2)
7.4 Experimental Data on PSD from Cryogenic Surface
300(6)
7.4.1 Experimental Facility for Studying PSD at Cryogenic Temperatures
301(1)
7.4.2 Discovery of Secondary PSD
301(5)
7 A3 Calculation of the Desorption Yields from Experimental Data
306(43)
7.4.4 Primary PSD Yields
308(2)
7.4.5 Secondary PSD Yields
310(2)
7.4.6 Photon-Induced Molecular Cracking of Cryosorbed Gas
312(1)
7.4.6.1 Experimental Measurements
312(3)
7.4.6.2 How to Include Cracking into the Model
315(1)
7.4.6.3 Example
316(2)
7.4.7 Temperature of Desorbed Gas
318(3)
7.5 In-Depth Studies with COLDEX
321(10)
7.5.1 COLDEX Experimental Facility
321(3)
7.5.2 PSD of Cu as a Function of Temperature
324(1)
7.5.3 Secondary PSD Yields
325(1)
7.5.4 PSD of a BS with Sawtooth for Lowering Photon Reflectivity and PEY
326(2)
7.5.5 Vacuum Transient
328(1)
7.5.6 Temperature Oscillations
329(2)
7.6 Cryosorbers for the Beam Screen at 4.5 K
331(11)
7.6.1 Carbon-Based Adsorbers
333(1)
7.6.1.1 Activated Charcoal
333(1)
7.6.1.2 Carbon Fibre
334(3)
7.6.2 Amorphous Carbon Coating Absorption Properties
337(1)
7.6.3 Metal-Based Absorbers
338(1)
7.6.3.1 Aluminium-Based Absorbers
338(2)
7.6.3.2 Copper-Based Absorbers
340(1)
7.6.3.3 LASE for Providing Cryosorbing Surface
341(1)
7.6.4 Using Cryosorbers in a Beam Chamber
341(1)
7.7 Beam Screen with Distributed Cryosorber
342(1)
7.8 Final Remarks
343(1)
References
344(5)
8 Beam-Induced Electron Multipacting, Electron Cloud, and Vacuum Design
349(72)
Vincent Baglin
Oleg B. Malyshev
8.1 BIEM and E-Cloud
349(7)
8.1.1 Introduction
349(2)
8.1.2 E-Cloud Models
351(5)
8.2 Mitigation Techniques and Their Impact on Vacuum Design
356(9)
8.2.1 Passive Methods
357(6)
8.2.2 Active Methods
363(2)
8.2.3 What Techniques Suit the Best
365(1)
8.3 Secondary Electron Emission (Laboratory Studies)
365(11)
8.3.1 SEY Measurement Method
365(2)
8.3.2 SEY as a Function of the Incident Electron Energy
367(1)
8.3.3 Effect of Surface Treatments by Bakeout and Photon, Electron, and Ion Bombardment
367(1)
8.3.4 Effect of Surface Material
368(1)
8.3.5 Effect of Surface Roughness
369(2)
8.3.6 `True' Secondary Electrons, Re-Diffused Electrons, and Reflected Electrons
371(3)
8.3.7 Effect of Incidence Angle
374(1)
8.3.8 Insulating Materials
374(2)
8.4 How the BIEM and E-Cloud Affect Vacuum
376(3)
8.4.1 Estimation of Electron Energy and Incident Electron Flux
376(2)
8.4.2 Estimation of Initial ESD
378(1)
8.5 BIEM and E-Cloud Observation in Machines
379(26)
8.5.1 Measurements in Machines
379(2)
8.5.1.1 Vacuum Pressure
381(1)
8.5.1.2 Vacuum Chamber Wall Properties
382(4)
8.5.1.3 Specific Tools for BIEM and Electron Cloud Observation
386(4)
8.5.2 Machines Operating at Cryogenic Temperature
390(1)
8.5.2.1 Surface Properties at Cryogenic Temperature
391(3)
8.5.2.2 Observations with Beams
394(7)
8.5.2.3 The CERN Large Hadron Collider Cryogenic Vacuum System
401(4)
8.6 Contribution of BIEM to Vacuum Stability
405(2)
8.7 Past, Present, and Future Machines
407(2)
Acknowledgements
409(1)
References
409(12)
9 Ion-Induced Pressure Instability
421(50)
Oleg B. Malyshev
Adriana Rossi
9.1 Introduction
421(1)
9.2 Theoretical
422(25)
9.2.1 Basic Equations
422(3)
9.2.2 Solutions for an Infinitely Long Vacuum Chamber
425(1)
9.2.2.1 Room Temperature Vacuum Chamber
425(1)
9.2.2.2 Cryogenic Vacuum Chamber
426(1)
9.2.2.3 Summary for an Infinitely Long Vacuum Chamber
427(1)
9.2.3 Short Vacuum Chamber
428(1)
9.2.3.1 Solution for a Short Vacuum Chamber with a Given Gas Density at the Ends
428(3)
9.2.3.2 Solution for a Short Vacuum Chamber with a Given Pumping Speed at the Ends
431(3)
9.2.3.3 Solution for a Short Vacuum Chamber Without a Beam Screen Between Two Chambers With a Beam Screen
434(3)
9.2.3.4 Some Remarks to Solutions for Short Tubes
437(1)
9.2.4 Multi-Gas System
437(1)
9.2.5 Two-Gas System
438(1)
9.2.5.1 Solutions for an Infinitely Long Vacuum Chamber
439(1)
9.2.5.2 Solution for a Short Vacuum Chamber in the Equilibrium State
439(1)
9.2.6 Some Comments to the Analytical Solutions
440(1)
9.2.7 Effect of the Ion-Stimulated Desorption on the Gas Density
441(1)
9.2.7.1 Infinitely Long Vacuum Chamber (One Gas)
441(1)
9.2.7.2 Vacuum Chamber with a Given Pumping Speed at the Ends (One Gas)
441(2)
9.2.7.3 Two-Gas System
443(1)
9.2.8 Some Numeric Examples from the LHC Design
443(1)
9.2.8.1 The Critical Current for an Infinitely Long Vacuum Chamber
444(1)
9.2.8.2 Short Vacuum Chambers
445(1)
9.2.8.3 Effect of the Ion-Stimulated Desorption on the Gas Density
445(2)
9.3 VASCO as Multi-Gas Code for Studying the Ion-Induced Pressure Instability
447(8)
9.3.1 Basic Equations and Assumptions
447(1)
9.3.2 Multi-Gas Model in Matrix Form and Fragmentation in Several Vacuum Chamber Elements
448(1)
9.3.2.1 Boundary Conditions
449(1)
9.3.3 Transformation of the Second-Order Differential Linear Equation into a System of First-Order Equations
450(1)
9.3.3.1 Boundary Conditions
451(1)
9.3.4 Set of Equations to be Solved
451(1)
9.3.5 `Single Gas Model' Against `Multi-Gas Model'
452(3)
9.4 Energy of Ions Hitting Vacuum Chamber
455(9)
9.4.1 Ion Energy in the Vacuum Chamber Without a Magnetic Field
455(1)
9.4.1.1 Circular Beams
455(3)
9.4.1.2 Flat Beams
458(2)
9.4.2 Ion Energy in a Vacuum Chamber with a Magnetic Field
460(1)
9.4.2.1 Vacuum Chamber in a Dipole Magnetic Field
461(1)
9.4.2.2 Vacuum Chamber in a Quadrupole Magnetic Field
461(1)
9.4.2.3 Vacuum Chamber in a Solenoid Magnetic Field
462(2)
9.5 Errors in Estimating the Critical Currents Ic
464(3)
9.5.1 Beam-Gas Ionisation
465(1)
9.5.2 Ion Impact Energy
465(1)
9.5.3 Ion-Stimulated Desorption Yields
465(1)
9.5.4 Pumping
466(1)
9.5.5 Total Error in Critical Current
466(1)
9.6 Summary
467(1)
References
467(4)
10 Pressure Instabilities in Heavy Ion Accelerators
471(44)
Markus Bender
10.1 Introduction
471(1)
10.2 Pressure Instabilities
472(8)
10.2.1 Model Calculations of the Dynamic Pressure and Beam Lifetime
476(1)
10.2.1.1 Closed System (Vessel)
476(2)
10.2.1.2 Vessel Including Collimation
478(1)
10.2.1.3 Longitudinal Profile
478(1)
10.2.2 Consequences
479(1)
10.3 Investigations on Heavy Ion-Induced Desorption
480(25)
10.3.1 Desorption Yield Measurements
481(2)
10.3.2 Materials Analysis
483(2)
10.3.3 Dedicated Set-ups to Measure Ion-Induced Desorption Yields
485(4)
10.3.4 Results
489(1)
10.3.4.1 Materials
490(3)
10.3.4.2 Surface Coatings
493(1)
10.3.4.3 Cleaning Methods
494(1)
10.3.4.4 Energy Loss Scaling
495(1)
10.3.4.5 Angle Dependence
496(1)
10.3.4.6 Conditioning
497(1)
10.3.4.7 Cryogenic Targets
498(1)
10.3.5 Theoretic
499(1)
10.3.5.1 Interaction of Ions with Matter
499(2)
10.3.5.2 Inelastic Thermal Spike Model
501(4)
10.4 Conclusion: Mitigation of Dynamic Vacuum Instabilities
505(2)
Acknowledgement
507(1)
References
507(8)
Index 515
Oleg B. Malyshev is a Lead Scientist for Vacuum Science and Technology in Accelerator Science and Technology Centre at STFC Daresbury Laboratory near Warrington, UK.
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