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E-raamat: Vibration Control Engineering: Passive and Feedback Systems [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, Canada)
  • Formaat: 354 pages, 18 Tables, black and white; 197 Line drawings, black and white; 197 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003175230
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Vibration Control Engineering: Passive and Feedback SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 354 pages, 18 Tables, black and white; 197 Line drawings, black and white; 197 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003175230
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003175230

This book applies vibration engineering to turbomachinery, covering installation, maintenance and operation. With a practical approach based on clear theoretical principles and formulas, the book is an essential how-to guide for all professional engineers dealing with vibration issues within turbomachinery.



This book applies vibration engineering to turbomachinery, covering installation, maintenance and operation. With a practical approach based on clear theoretical principles and formulas, the book is an essential how-to guide for all professional engineers dealing with vibration issues within turbomachinery. Vibration problems in turbines, large fans, blowers, and other rotating machines are common issues within turbomachinery. Applicable to industries such as oil and gas mining, cement, pharmaceutical and naval engineering, the ability to predict vibration based on frequency spectrum patterns is essential for many professional engineers. In this book, the theory behind vibration is clearly detailed, providing an easy to follow methodology through which to calculate vibration propagation. Describing lateral and torsional vibration and how this impacts turbine shaft integrity, the book uses mechanics of materials theory and formulas alongside the matrix method to provide clear solutions to vibration problems. Additionally, it describes how to carry out a risk assessment of vibration fatigue. Other topics covered include vibration control techniques, the design of passive and active absorbers and rigid, non-rigid and Z foundations. The book will be of interest to professionals working with turbomachinery, naval engineering corps and those working on ISO standards 10816 and 13374. It will also aid mechanical engineering students working on vibration and machine design.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
About the Author xxiii
Abbreviations xxv
PART I Vibration Theory of SDOF, MDOF and Continuous Dynamic Systems
Chapter 1 Dynamics of Linear SDOF Systems
3(62)
1.1 Introduction to Machine's Vibration
3(1)
1.2 The Basics of Vibrating Systems
4(7)
1.2.1 Time Response
5(1)
1.2.1.1 Transient Response Classification
6(1)
1.2.2 Frequency Response
7(1)
1.2.3 Vibration Graphical Representation
8(1)
1.2.3.1 Resonance
9(1)
1.2.4 Friction Damping
10(1)
1.2.5 Vibration Causes and Consequences
10(1)
1.3 Linear Mechanical System Description
11(1)
1.4 Equation of Motion of Dynamic Systems
12(4)
1.4.1 Vector Interpretation of the Equation of Motion
15(1)
1.5 Natural Frequency
16(2)
1.5.1 The Natural Frequency of Linear Systems
16(1)
1.5.2 The Natural Frequency of Rotating Systems
17(1)
1.6 Natural Response of Second-Order Systems
18(1)
1.7 Derivation of the Time Natural Response
18(14)
1.7.1 Damping Ratio and Damped Frequency
20(1)
1.7.2 Natural Transient Response Formula
21(1)
1.7.3 Vector Interpretation of the Natural Time Response
22(1)
1.7.4 Concepts to Remember Regarding Second-Order Systems
23(1)
1.7.5 Natural Response and Decay Curves
24(2)
1.7.5.1 Settling Time and Number of Cycles
26(2)
1.7.5.2 Decay Ratio
28(1)
1.7.5.3 The First Peak Time
29(1)
1.7.5.4 Practical Assessment of Time Parameters
30(2)
1.8 Transient Response to a Step Force Input
32(5)
1.8.1 Conceptual Description
33(1)
1.8.2 Transient Response Formula
33(1)
1.8.2.1 Equation of Motion for a Step Input Force
34(1)
1.8.2.2 Natural Response to a Step Input
34(2)
1.8.3 Transient Response Overshoots to a Unit Step Input
36(1)
1.9 Transient Response to a Harmonic Force Input
37(9)
1.9.1 Conservative Vibrating System
37(2)
1.9.1.1 Resonance of the Forced Response
39(1)
1.9.2 Non-Conservative Vibrating System
40(2)
1.9.2.1 Permanent Forced Response
42(1)
1.9.2.2 Total Vibration
43(1)
1.9.3 Practical Assessment of a Transient Response
43(2)
1.9.3.1 Technical Assessment Summary
45(1)
1.10 Frequency Response
46(7)
1.10.1 Frequency Response of Second-Order Systems
46(4)
1.10.2 Frequency Response Charts of Second-Order Systems
50(1)
1.10.3 Resonance Parameters
51(2)
1.11 Fundamental Vibration Forms
53(12)
1.11.1 Externally Excited Mode
53(2)
1.11.2 Self-Excited Mode
55(3)
1.11.2.1 Note About the Recommended Velocities Range
58(1)
1.11.3 Base-Excited Form
59(2)
1.11.4 Transmitted Force Mode
61(1)
1.11.5 Comparison of the Four Fundamental Vibration Forms
62(1)
Notes
63(2)
Chapter 2 Dynamics of Rotating SDOF Systems
65(20)
2.1 Introduction to Torsional Vibration
65(1)
2.2 Torsional Vibration of SDOF Systems
66(19)
2.2.1 Torsional System Response
67(1)
2.2.1.1 Natural Frequency of Rotating Systems
67(1)
2.2.1.2 Damping Ratio
68(1)
2.2.2 Transient Response With a Step Torque Input
68(2)
2.2.2.1 Torsional Natural Response
70(1)
2.2.2.2 Transient Response to a Step Torque
71(1)
2.2.3 Velocity Transient of a Turbine-Generator Set
72(1)
2.2.4 Frequency Response
73(2)
2.2.5 Torsional Stress Under Vibration
75(1)
2.2.6 Cumulative Fatigue Generated by Turbomachines Startup
76(1)
2.2.7 Multidisciplinary Assessment of Torsional Vibration
77(1)
2.2.7.1 Technical Scenario
77(2)
2.2.7.2 Calculation Model
79(3)
2.2.7.3 Technical Summary
82(2)
Notes
84(1)
Chapter 3 Dynamics of Linear and Rotating MDOF and Continuous Systems
85(40)
3.1 Introduction to MDOF and Continuous Systems
85(2)
3.1.1 Discrete Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems
85(1)
3.1.2 Continuous Systems
86(1)
3.1.2.1 Stress Waves and Propagation Velocity
86(1)
3.2 Linear Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems
87(7)
3.2.1 Matrix Model of Multi-Degree Systems
89(3)
3.2.2 Natural Frequencies of a System with Three Degrees of Freedom
92(2)
3.3 Rotating Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems
94(5)
3.3.1 Natural Frequencies of Two Degrees of Freedom System
97(1)
3.3.2 Practical Assessment of Natural Frequencies
98(1)
3.4 The Euler-Bernoulli Equation
99(13)
3.4.1 Deflections and Efforts at Beam's Supports
100(1)
3.4.1.1 Boundary Conditions at Beam Supports
101(1)
3.4.2 Derivation of the Euler-Bernoulli Equation
102(1)
3.4.3 Solution to the Euler-Bernoulli Equation
102(1)
3.4.3.1 Solution to the Spatial Equation
103(2)
3.4.3.2 Beam's Vibration Shapes
105(1)
3.4.3.3 Solution to the Temporal Equation
106(1)
3.4.3.4 General Solution of the Euler-Bernoulli Equation
107(1)
3.4.4 Natural Frequencies with the Euler-Bernoulli Equation
108(3)
3.4.5 Practical Assessment. Turbogenerator Set Frequencies
111(1)
3.5 The Wave Equation
112(13)
3.5.1 Derivation of the Wave Equation
113(2)
3.5.2 Solution to the Wave Equation
115(1)
3.5.2.1 Solution to the Spatial Equation
116(1)
3.5.2.2 Solution to the Temporal Equation
117(1)
3.5.2.3 General Solution of the Wave Equation
118(1)
3.5.3 Torsional Natural Frequencies With the Wave Equation
118(2)
3.5.4 Practical Assessment. Oil Drill Rig
120(1)
Notes
121(4)
Part II Turbo Machines And Ship Vibrations
Chapter 4 Critical Velocity of Turbomachines
125(20)
4.1 Introduction to the Critical Velocity
125(2)
4.1.1 Calculation and Measurement of the Resonant Frequency
126(1)
4.1.2 Type of Rotors
126(1)
4.2 Rayleigh-Ritz Method
127(5)
4.2.1 Critical Velocity Versus Static Deflection
129(1)
4.2.2 A Practical Determination of Critical Velocity
129(1)
4.2.3 Stepped Shafts
130(2)
4.3 Dunkerley Method
132(2)
4.3.1 Turbomachines With More than One Wheel
132(2)
4.4 Critical Velocity Assessment. Example
134(2)
4.5 Rotor Balancing
136(9)
4.5.1 Conceptual Introduction to Balancing
136(1)
4.5.2 Causes of an Unbalanced Rotor
137(1)
4.5.3 Static Balancing
138(1)
4.5.4 Dynamic Balancing
139(1)
4.5.4.1 Dynamically Unbalanced Rotor
139(2)
4.5.4.2 Balancing Masses Calculation
141(1)
4.5.5 Balancing Machine
142(1)
Notes
143(2)
Chapter 5 Lateral Vibration of Turbomachines
145(16)
5.1 Introduction to Lateral Vibration
145(2)
5.2 Lateral Vibration Formulas
147(1)
5.3 Centrifugal Deflection
148(2)
5.4 Gyration Radius Frequency Response
150(3)
5.4.1 Deflections and Gyration Radius at Singular Angles a
151(2)
5.5 Natural Frequency Versus Deflection
153(3)
5.5.1 Correction by the Rotor Mass
154(1)
5.5.2 Calculation of Shaft Deflection
155(1)
5.6 Natural Frequency Versus Stress Propagation Velocity
156(5)
5.6.1 Shaft Lateral Resonance in Power Plants
157(2)
Notes
159(2)
Chapter 6 Vibratory Forces in Turbomachines
161(26)
6.1 Introduction to Vibratory Forces
161(1)
6.2 Forces on Blades and Bearings
162(3)
6.3 Radial Vibratory Forces
165(4)
6.3.1 Assessment of Radial Vibratory Forces
167(1)
6.3.2 Technical Scenario and Assessment Request
168(1)
6.4 Vertical and Horizontal Vibratory Forces
169(7)
6.4.1 Horizontal Vibratory Force
170(2)
6.4.1.1 Maximum Horizontal Force
172(2)
6.4.2 Assessment of Vibratory Forces on Pedestals
174(2)
6.5 Frequency Response of Vibratory Forces
176(3)
6.5.1 Frequency Response of the Vertical Force
176(1)
6.5.2 Frequency Response of the Horizontal Force
177(2)
6.6 Blade Subject to Impulse Force
179(4)
6.6.1 Example of Centrifugal Force on a Blade
180(1)
6.6.2 Vibration Produced by the Flow Impact on Blades
181(1)
6.6.3 Assessment of Blades Resonance Risk
182(1)
6.7 Rotor-Shaft Subject to Pulsating Torque
183(4)
Notes
185(2)
Chapter 7 Ship's Oscillation and Vibration
187(34)
7.1 Introduction to Ships
187(1)
7.2 Ship's Propulsion System
188(1)
7.3 Ship's Motions and Oscillation
189(11)
7.3.1 Ship's Transversal Oscillation
190(2)
7.3.1.1 Roll's Natural Frequency
192(2)
7.3.2 Ship's Longitudinal Oscillation
194(1)
7.3.3 Ship's Equation of Motion
195(1)
7.3.4 Absorption of Ship's Oscillations
195(1)
7.3.4.1 Anti-Roll Tanks
196(3)
7.3.4.2 Bilge Keels and Stabilizer Fins
199(1)
7.4 Ship's Mechanical Vibration
200(9)
7.4.1 Longitudinal Vibration Excited by the Propeller
202(1)
7.4.2 Isolation of Longitudinal Vibration
203(3)
7.4.3 Isolation of Shaft Torsional Vibration
206(2)
7.4.4 Diesel Motors Excitation
208(1)
7.5 Beam Ship Vibration
209(12)
7.5.1 Beam-Ship Natural Frequencies
209(1)
7.5.1.1 Natural Frequencies by Euler-Bernoulli Equation
210(1)
7.5.1.2 Hull Girder's Natural Frequencies
211(2)
7.5.2 The Hull Resonance Diagram
213(2)
7.5.3 Finite Element Method. Brief Description
215(1)
7.5.3.1 Ship's Deformation by Torsional Torques
215(1)
7.5.4 Vibration Tolerance Standards
216(1)
Notes
217(4)
Part III Vibration Control Systems
Chapter 8 Vibration Isolation
221(30)
8.1 Introduction to Transmissibility of Foundations
221(1)
8.2 Transmissibility of Rigid Foundation
222(10)
8.2.1 Mechanical Impedance Definition
222(2)
8.2.2 Transmissibility Ratio
224(5)
8.2.3 Spring-Damper Set Design
229(2)
8.2.4 Practical Assessment of Transmissibility Attenuation. Perfectly Rigid Foundation
231(1)
8.3 Transmissibility of a Non-Rigid Foundation of Known Mass
232(9)
8.3.1 The Undamped Non-Rigid Foundation of Known Mass
235(2)
8.3.1.1 Vibration Amplitude Ratios
237(1)
8.3.2 Isolator Design
238(1)
8.3.2.1 Practical Assessment of Spring Rigidity for a Non-Rigid Foundation
239(2)
8.4 Transmissibility of Off-Land Z Foundation
241(10)
8.4.1 Frequency Response Test of a Z Foundation
243(1)
8.4.1.1 Frequency Response With No Resonance Peak
244(1)
8.4.1.2 Frequency Response With Resonance Peak
245(1)
8.4.2 Impedances Calculation of a Z Foundation
246(1)
8.4.2.1 Z Model of First-Order
246(1)
8.4.2.2 Z model of Second-Order
247(1)
8.4.2.3 Frequency Response Curve with No Peak (σ > 0.707)
247(1)
8.4.2.4 Frequency Response Test With Peak (σ<0.707)
247(1)
8.4.3 Example of Spring Calculation to Isolate a Z Foundation
248(2)
Notes
250(1)
Chapter 9 Vibration Absorption
251(34)
9.1 Introduction to Vibration Absorption
251(1)
9.2 Vibration Absorbers for Rotating Machines
252(2)
9.2.1 Conceptual Description of Frahm's Absorber
254(1)
9.3 Frahm's Absorber Model
254(27)
9.3.1 Equations of Motion
254(1)
9.3.1.1 Machine and Absorber Vibration Amplitude
255(1)
9.3.1.2 Vibration Absorption Condition
256(1)
9.3.2 Example of Forces in a Machine-Absorber Assembly
257(1)
9.3.2.1 Forces With a Tuned Absorber
257(1)
9.3.2.2 Forces With an Untuned Absorber
257(1)
9.3.3 Frequency Response of Machine-Absorbers
258(1)
9.3.3.1 Definition of Non-Dimensional Variables and Parameters
258(1)
9.3.3.2 Vibration Amplitudes and Frequency Response
259(3)
9.3.3.3 Resonant Frequencies
262(1)
9.3.4 Frahm's Absorber Design and Performance
263(1)
9.3.4.1 Frequency Difference to Resonance (FDTR)
264(1)
9.3.4.2 Absorber Design Procedure
264(1)
9.3.4.3 Mass Ratio Determination
265(1)
9.3.4.4 Tuning Error
266(2)
9.3.4.5 Tolerance to the Frequency Deviation
268(2)
9.3.5 Damped Absorption
270(1)
9.3.5.1 Conceptual Description
270(1)
9.3.5.2 Equations of Motion
271(1)
9.3.5.3 Derivation of Impedance Ratios z
272(3)
9.3.5.4 Den Hartog's Method
275(4)
9.3.6 Practical Assessment of a Fan Vibration Neutralization
279(1)
9.3.6.1 Scenario
279(1)
9.3.6.2 Undamped Absorber Design
279(1)
9.3.6.3 Damped Absorber Design
280(1)
9.4 Absorption of Overhead Lines Vibration
281(4)
9.4.1.1 Example of Force Produced by Karman Vortices
282(1)
9.4.2 Stockbridge Absorbers
283(1)
Notes
284(1)
Chapter 10 Vibration Control Techniques
285(18)
10.1 Introduction to Techniques to Reduce Vibration
285(1)
10.2 Control Vibration Philosophy
286(1)
10.3 Techniques General Procedure
287(10)
10.3.1 Scenario Description
288(1)
10.3.2 General Calculation Procedure
289(1)
10.3.2.1 Initial Scenario. Point 1 Calculation
289(1)
10.3.2.2 Final Scenario. Point 2 Calculation
290(1)
10.3.2.3 Design Ratios
291(1)
10.3.2.4 Example of the General Procedure Applied to the Four Fundamental Vibration Forms
292(1)
10.3.3 Description of the Seven Basic Techniques
292(3)
10.3.3.1 Technique
1. Externally-Excited Machine
295(1)
10.3.3.2 Technique
2. Self-Excited Machine
296(1)
10.3.3.3 Techniques 3 and
4. Base-Excited and Force Transmitted Machine
296(1)
10.4 Predicting and Preventing Harmful Vibrations
297(6)
10.4.1 Admissible Vibration Amplitude
299(1)
10.4.1.1 Turbomachine Rotor
299(1)
10.4.1.2 Machine Case and Bearings Cap
300(1)
Notes
301(2)
Chapter 11 Feedback Control Techniques
303(45)
11.1 Introduction to Feedback Control Techniques
303(1)
11.1.1 Main Definitions of Feedback Control Theory
303(1)
11.2 Control Systems Basics
304(5)
11.2.1 Closed-Loop Systems
306(3)
11.3 Time Response of Linear Systems
309(2)
11.4 Control Actions in Closed-Loop Systems
311(14)
11.4.1 Proportional Control Action
312(1)
11.4.1.1 Error with a P Controller
312(2)
11.4.1.2 Time Response With a P Controller
314(3)
11.4.2 Proportional Plus Integral Control Action
317(1)
11.4.2.1 Error With a PI Controller
318(1)
11.4.3 Proportional Plus Derivative Action
318(4)
11.4.4 PID Control Action
322(3)
11.5 Closed-Loop Stability
325(6)
11.5.1 Absolute Stability Determination
326(3)
11.5.1.1 Numerical Determination of the Absolute Stability
329(1)
11.5.2 Relative Stability Determination
330(1)
11.6 Controller Settings Calculation
331(7)
11.6.1 Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Methods
331(1)
11.6.1.1 Ziegler-Nichols Method Based on the S Reaction Curve
332(3)
11.6.1.2 Ziegler-Nichols Method Based on Ultimate Dynamic Gain and Frequency
335(3)
11.7 Active Vibration Control
338(10)
11.7.1 Design of Active Control for a Vibrating Structure
338(2)
11.7.1.1 Converting the Transfer Function to Obtain the Frequency Response
340(1)
11.7.1.2 Frequency Response
341(1)
11.7.1.3 Controller's Design
342(3)
11.7.2 Absorption of Ship's Roll
345(3)
Bibliography about Feedback Control Systems 348(1)
Books 348(1)
Classical Papers Based on the Frequency Response 348(1)
Notes 349(2)
Index 351
Ernesto Novillo has a strong academic background and field experience in power

plants, cement industry, oil fields and naval ship propulsion, where vibration

problems are significant. A former Naval officer, he earned two university engineering

degrees: Electrical-Electronics (Summa Cum Laude) and Mechanical.

Working for General Electric, he delivered large energy engineering projects to

many countries in Asia, Europe, and America throughout his long professional

career. He was a university professor of Automatic Control Systems and Oil

Engineering. His experience encompasses living in several countries, where he

assumed important management positions. He has published books about relativity

science and turbine engineering. In this book, Ernesto combines vibration

theory with his valuable experience in land and marine machinery and automatic

control systems.
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