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E-raamat: Wireless Sensor Networks [Wiley Online]

(Georgia Institute of Technology, USA), (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA)
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Wireless Sensor NetworksSuurem pilt
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Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470515181
This book presents an in-depth study on the recent advances in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The authors describe the existing WSN applications and discuss the research efforts being undertaken in this field. Theoretical analysis and factors influencing protocol design are also highlighted. The authors explore state-of-the-art protocols for WSN protocol stack in transport, routing, data link, and physical layers. Moreover, the synchronization and localization problems in WSNs are investigated along with existing solutions. Furthermore, cross-layer solutions are described. Finally, developing areas of WSNs including sensor-actor networks, multimedia sensor networks, and WSN applications in underwater and underground environments are explored. The book is written in an accessible, textbook style, and includes problems and solutions to assist learning.

Key Features:





The ultimate guide to recent advances and research into WSNs Discusses the most important problems and issues that arise when programming and designing WSN systems Shows why the unique features of WSNs self-organization, cooperation, correlation -- will enable new applications that will provide the end user with intelligence and a better understanding of the environment Provides an overview of the existing evaluation approaches for WSNs including physical testbeds and software simulation environments Includes examples and learning exercises with a solutions manual; supplemented by an accompanying website containing PPT-slides.

Wireless Sensor Networks is an essential textbook for advanced students on courses in wireless communications, networking and computer science. It will also be of interest to researchers, system and chip designers, network planners, technical mangers and other professionals in these fields.
About the Series Editor xvii
Preface xix
1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 Sensor Mote Platforms
2(8)
1.1.1 Low-End Platforms
2(2)
1.1.2 High-End Platforms
4(1)
1.1.3 Standdardization Efforts
5(4)
1.1.4 Software
9(1)
1.2 WSN Architecture and Protocol Stack
10(7)
1.2.1 Physical Layer
12(1)
1.2.2 Data Link Layer
12(1)
1.2.3 Network Layer
13(1)
1.2.4 Transport Layer
13(1)
1.2.5 Application Layer
14(1)
References
15(2)
2 WSN Applications
17(20)
2.1 Military Applications
17(4)
2.1.1 Smart Dust
17(1)
2.1.2 Sniper Detection System
18(1)
2.1.3 VigilNet
19(2)
2.2 Environmental Applications
21(5)
2.2.1 Great Duck Island
21(2)
2.2.2 Corie
23(1)
2.2.3 ZebraNet
23(1)
2.2.4 Volcano Monitoring
24(1)
2.2.5 Early Flood Detection
25(1)
2.3 Health Applications
26(3)
2.3.1 Artificial Retina
26(2)
2.3.2 Patient Monitoring
28(1)
2.3.3 Emergency Response
29(1)
2.4 Home Applications
29(2)
2.4.1 Water Monitoring
30(1)
2.5 Industrial Applications
31(6)
2.5.1 Preventive Maintenance
31(1)
2.5.2 Structural Health Monitoring
32(1)
2.5.3 Other commercial Applications
33(1)
References
33(4)
3 Factors Influencing WSN Design
37(16)
3.1 Hardware Constraints
37(2)
3.2 Fault Tolerance
39(1)
3.3 Scalability
40(1)
3.4 Production Costs
40(1)
3.5 WSN Topology
40(1)
3.5.1 Pre-deployment and Deployment Phase
41(1)
3.5.2 Post-deployment Phase
41(1)
3.5.3 Re-deployment Phase of Additional Nodes
41(1)
3.6 Transmission Media
41(2)
3.7 Power Consumption
43(10)
3.7.1 Sensing
43(1)
3.7.2 Data Processing
44(2)
3.7.3 Communication
46(3)
References
49(4)
4 Physical Layer
53(24)
4.1 Physical Layer Technologies
53(4)
4.1.1 RF
54(1)
4.1.2 Other Techniques
55(2)
4.2 Overview of RF Wireless Communication
57(2)
4.3 Channel Coding (Error Control Coding)
59(3)
4.3.1 Block Codes
59(1)
4.3.2 Joint Source-Channel Coding
60(2)
4.4 Modulation
62(4)
4.4.1 FSK
64(1)
4.4.2 QPSK
64(1)
4.4.3 Binary vs. M-ary Modulation
64(2)
4.5 Wireless Channel Effects
66(6)
4.5.1 Attenuation
67(1)
4.5.2 Multi-path Effects
68(1)
4.5.3 Channel Error Rate
68(2)
4.5.4 Unit Dise Graph vs. Statistical Channel Models
70(2)
4.6 PHY Layer Standards
72(5)
4.6.1 IEEE 802.15.4
72(2)
4.6.2 Existing Transceivers
74(1)
References
75(2)
5 Medium Access Control
77(40)
5.1 Challenges for MAC
77(3)
5.1.1 Energy Consumption
78(1)
5.1.2 Architecture
79(1)
5.1.3 Event-Based Networking
79(1)
5.1.4 Correlation
79(1)
5.2 CSMA Mechanism
80(3)
5.3 Contention-Based Medium Access
83(20)
5.3.1 S-MAC
84(5)
5.3.2 B-MAC
89(3)
5.3.3 CC-MAC
92(6)
5.3.4 Other Contention-Based MAC Protocols
98(5)
5.3.5 Summary
103(1)
5.4 Reservation-Based Medium Access
103(7)
5.4.1 TRAMA
103(3)
5.4.2 Other Reservation-Based MAC Protocols
106(4)
5.4.3 Summary
110(1)
5.5 Hybrid Medium Access
110(7)
5.5.1 Zebra-MAC
111(4)
References
115(2)
6 Error Control
117(22)
6.1 Classification of Error Control Schemes
117(3)
6.1.1 Power Control
117(1)
6.1.2 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
118(1)
6.1.3 Forward Error Correction (FEC)
119(1)
6.1.4 Hybrid ARQ
119(1)
6.2 Error Control in WSNs
120(3)
6.3 Cross-layer Analysis Model
123(8)
6.3.1 Network Model
124(1)
6.3.2 Expected Hop Distance
125(2)
6.3.3 Energy Consumption Analysis
127(2)
6.3.4 Latency Analysis
129(1)
6.3.5 Decoding Latency and Energy
130(1)
6.3.6 BER and PER
130(1)
6.4 Comparison of Error Control Schemes
131(8)
6.4.1 Hop Length Extension
131(3)
6.4.2 Transmit Power Control
134(1)
6.4.3 Hybrid Error Control
134(2)
6.4.4 Overview of Results
136(1)
References
137(2)
7 Network Layer
139(28)
7.1 Challenges for Routing
139(2)
7.1.1 Energy Consumption
139(1)
7.1.2 Scalability
140(1)
7.1.3 Addressing
140(1)
7.1.4 Robustness
140(1)
7.1.5 Topology
141(1)
7.1.6 Application
141(1)
7.2 Data-centric and Flat-Architecture Protocols
141(7)
7.2.1 Flooding
143(1)
7.2.2 Gossiping
143(1)
7.2.3 Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiations (SPIN)
144(2)
7.2.4 Directed Diffusion
146(2)
7.2.5 Qualitative Evaluation
148(1)
7.3 Hierarchical Protocols
148(4)
7.3.1 Leach
148(2)
7.3.2 Pegasis
150(1)
7.3.3 Teen and Apteen
151(1)
7.3.4 Qualitative Evaluation
152(1)
7.4 Geographical Routing Protocols
152(7)
7.4.1 MECN and SMECN
153(2)
7.4.2 Geographical Forwarding Schemes for Lossy Links
155(2)
7.4.3 Prada
157(2)
7.4.4 Qualitative Evaluation
159(1)
7.5 QoS-Based Protocols
159(8)
7.5.1 Sar
160(1)
7.5.2 Minimum Coat Path Forwarding
160(2)
7.5.3 Speed
162(1)
7.5.4 Qualitative Evaluation
163(1)
References
163(4)
8 Transport Layer
167(24)
8.1 Challenges for Transport Layer
167(2)
8.1.1 End-to-End Measures
168(1)
8.1.2 Application-Dependent Operation
168(1)
8.1.3 Energy Consumption
168(1)
8.1.4 Biased Implementation
169(1)
8.1.5 Constrained Routing/Addressing
169(1)
8.2 Reliable Multi-Segment Transport (RMST) Protocol
169(2)
8.2.1 Qualitative Evaluation
170(1)
8.3 Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) Protocol
171(4)
8.3.1 Qualitative Evaluation
175(1)
8.4 Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA) Protocol
175(2)
8.4.1 Qualitative Evaluation
177(1)
8.5 Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) Protocol
177(3)
8.5.1 Qualitative Evaluation
177(3)
8.6 Garuda
180(5)
8.6.1 Qualitative Evaluation
185(1)
8.7 Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT)2 Protocol
185(6)
8.7.1 Qualitative Evaluation
189(1)
References
189(2)
9 Application Layer
191(30)
9.1 Source Coding (Data Compression)
191(4)
9.1.1 Sensor LZW
192(2)
9.1.2 Distributed Source Coding
194(1)
9.2 Query Processing
195(17)
9.2.1 Query Representation
196(4)
9.2.2 Data Aggregation
200(2)
9.2.3 Cougar
202(3)
9.2.4 Fjords Architecture
205(2)
9.2.5 Tiny Aggregation (TAG) Service
207(3)
9.2.6 TinyDB
210(2)
9.3 Network Management
212(9)
9.3.1 Management Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks (MANNA)
215(1)
9.3.2 Sensor Network Management System (SNMS)
216(2)
References
218(3)
10 Cross-layer Solutions
221(22)
10.1 Interlayer Effects
222(2)
10.2 Cross-layer Interactions
224(5)
10.2.1 MAC and Network Layers
224(2)
10.2.2 MAC and Application Layers
226(1)
10.2.3 Network and PHY Layers
227(1)
10.2.4 Transport and PHY Layers
228(1)
10.3 Cross-layer Module
229(14)
10.3.1 Initiative Determination
230(1)
10.3.2 Transmission Initiation
231(1)
10.3.3 Receiver Contention
232(2)
10.3.4 Angle-Based Routing
234(2)
10.3.5 Local Cross-layer Congestion Control
236(3)
10.3.6 Recap: XLP Cross-layer Interactions and Performance
239(1)
References
240(3)
11 Time Synchronization
243(22)
11.1 Challenges for Time Synchronization
243(2)
11.1.1 Low-Cost Clocks
244(1)
11.1.2 Wireless Communication
244(1)
11.1.3 Resource Constraints
245(1)
11.1.4 High Density
245(1)
11.1.5 Node Failures
245(1)
11.2 Network Time Protocol
245(1)
11.3 Definitions
246(2)
11.4 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN)
248(3)
11.4.1 Qualitative Evaluation
250(1)
11.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization (RBS)
251(2)
11.5.1 Qualitative Evaluation
251(2)
11.6 Adaptive Clock Synchronization (ACS)
253(1)
11.6.1 Qualitative Evaluation
254(1)
11.7 Time Diffuision Synchronization Protocol (TDP)
254(3)
11.7.1 Qualitative Evaluation
257(1)
11.8 Rate-Based Diffusion Protocol (RDP)
257(1)
11.8.1 Qualitative Evaluation
258(1)
11.9 Tiny-and Mini-Sync Protocols
258(2)
11.9.1 Qualitative Evaluation
260(1)
11.10 Other Protocols
260(5)
11.10.1 Lightweight Tree-Based Synchronization (LTS)
260(1)
11.10.2 TSync
261(1)
11.10.3 Asymptotically Optimal Synchronization
261(1)
11.10.4 Synchronization for Mobile Networks
261(1)
References
262(3)
12 Localization
265(22)
12.1 Challenges in Localization
265(3)
12.1.1 Physical Layer Measurements
265(2)
12.1.2 Computational Constraints
267(1)
12.1.3 Lack of GPS
267(1)
12.1.4 Low-End Sensor Nodes
267(1)
12.2 Ranging Techniques
268(4)
12.2.1 Received Signal Strength
269(1)
12.2.2 Time of Arrival
269(1)
12.2.3 Time Difference of Arrival
270(1)
12.2.4 Angle of Arrival
271(1)
12.3 Range-Based Localization Protocols
272(8)
12.3.1 Ad Hoc Localization Protocols
272(3)
12.3.2 Localization with Noisy Range Measurments
275(1)
12.3.3 Time-Based Positioning Scheme
276(3)
12.3.4 Mobile-Assisted Localization
279(1)
12.4 Range-Free Localization Protocols
280(7)
12.4.1 Convex Position Estimation
280(3)
12.4.2 Approximate Point-in-Triangulation (APIT) Protocol
283(1)
References
284(3)
13 Topology Management
287(32)
13.1 Deployment
288(1)
13.2 Power Control
289(7)
13.2.1 LMST
290(1)
13.2.2 LMA and LMN
291(1)
13.2.3 Interference-Aware Power Control
292(2)
13.2.4 Conreap
294(2)
13.3 Activity Scheduling
296(12)
13.3.1 GAF
297(2)
13.3.2 Ascent
299(1)
13.3.3 Span
300(3)
13.3.4 Peas
303(2)
13.3.5 Stem
305(3)
13.4 Clustering
308(11)
13.4.1 Hierarchical Clustering
309(2)
13.4.2 Heed
311(2)
13.4.3 Coverage-Preserving Clustering
313(4)
References
317(2)
14 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks
319(30)
14.1 Characteristics of WSANs
321(4)
14.1.1 Network Architecture
321(2)
14.1.2 Physical Architecture
323(2)
14.2 Sensor-Actor Coordination
325(12)
14.2.1 Requirements of Sensor-Actor Communication
325(1)
14.2.2 Actor Selection
326(2)
14.2.3 Optimal Solution
328(2)
14.2.4 Distributed Event-Driven Clustering and Routing (DECR) Protocol
330(3)
14.2.5 Performance
333(4)
14.2.6 Challenges for Sensor-Actor Coordination
337(1)
14.3 Actor-Actor Coordination
337(8)
14.3.1 Task Assignment
339(1)
14.3.2 Optimal Solution
340(3)
14.3.3 Localized Auction Protocol
343(1)
14.3.4 Performance Evaluation
343(2)
14.3.5 Challeges for Actor-Actor Coordination
345(1)
14.4 WSAN Protocol Stack
345(4)
14.4.1 Management Plane
346(1)
14.4.2 Coordination Plane
346(1)
14.4.3 Communication Plane
347(1)
References
348(1)
15 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
349(50)
15.1 Design Challenges
350(3)
15.1.1 Multimedia Source Coding
350(1)
15.1.2 High Bandwidth Demand
351(1)
15.1.3 Application- Specific Qos Requirements
351(1)
15.1.4 Multimedia In-network Processing
352(1)
15.1.5 Energy Consumption
352(1)
15.1.6 Coverage
352(1)
15.1.7 Resource Constraints
352(1)
15.1.8 Variable Channel Capacity
352(1)
15.1.9 Cross-layer Coupling of Functionalities
353(1)
15.2 Network Architecture
353(4)
15.2.1 Single Tier Architectures
353(1)
15.2.2 Multi-tier Architiecture
354(1)
15.2.3 Coverage
355(2)
15.3 Multimedia Sensor Hardware
357(8)
15.3.1 Audio Sensors
357(1)
15.3.2 Low-Resolution Video Sensors
358(3)
15.3.3 Medium-Resolution Video Sensors
361(1)
15.3.4 Examples of Deployed Multimedia Sensor Networks
362(3)
15.4 Physical Layer
365(2)
15.4.1 Time-Hopping Impulse Radio UWB (TH-IR-UWB)
366(1)
15.4.2 Multicarrier UWB (MC-UWB)
367(1)
15.4.3 Distance Measurenments through UWB
367(1)
15.5 MAC Layer
367(4)
15.5.1 Frame Sharing (Frash) MAC Protocol
369(1)
15.5.2 Real-Time Independent Channels (RICH) MAC Protocol
370(1)
15.5.3 MIMO Technology
370(1)
15.5.4 Open Research Issues
371(1)
15.6 Error Control
371(3)
15.6.1 Joint Source Channel Coding and Power Control
372(1)
15.6.2 Open Research Issues
373(1)
15.7 Network Layer
374(5)
15.7.1 Multi-path and Multi-speed Routing (MMSPEED) Protocol
375(3)
15.7.2 Open Research Issues
378(1)
15.8 Transport Layer
379(4)
15.8.1 Multi-hop Buffering and Adaptation
380(1)
15.8.2 Error Robust Image Transport
380(2)
15.8.3 Open Research Issues
382(1)
15.9 Application Layer
383(5)
15.9.1 Traffic Management and Admissionn Control
383(1)
15.9.2 Multimedia Encoding Techniques
384(1)
15.9.3 Still Image Encoding
384(2)
15.9.4 Distributed Source Coding
386(2)
15.9.5 Open Research Issues
388(1)
15.10 Cross-layer Design
388(4)
15.10.1 Cross-layer Control Unit
389(3)
15.11 Further Research Issues
392(7)
15.11.1 Collaborative In-network Processing
392(2)
15.11.2 Synchronization
394(1)
References
394(5)
16 Wireless Underwater Sensor Networks
399(44)
16.1 Design Challenges
401(1)
16.1.1 Terrestrial Sensor Networks vs. Underwater Networks
401(1)
16.1.2 Real-Time Networking vs. Delay-Tolerant Networking
402(1)
16.2 Underwater Sensor Network Components
402(3)
16.2.1 Underwater Sensors
402(1)
16.2.2 AUVs
403(2)
16.3 Communication Architecture
405(4)
16.3.1 The 2-D UWSNs
406(1)
16.3.2 The 3-D UWSNs
407(1)
16.3.3 Sensor Networks with AUVs
408(1)
16.4 Basics of Underwater Acoustic Propagation
409(5)
16.4.1 Urick Propagation Model
411(1)
16.4.2 Deep-Water Channel Model
412(2)
16.4.3 Shallow-Water Channel Model
414(1)
16.5 Physical Layer
414(2)
16.6 Mac Layer
416(10)
16.6.1 CSMA-Based MAC Protocols
416(5)
16.6.2 CDMA-Based MAC Protocols
421(4)
16.6.3 Hybrid MAC Protocols
425(1)
16.7 Network Layer
426(9)
16.7.1 Centralized Solutions
427(2)
16.7.2 Distributed Solutions
429(6)
16.7.3 Hybrid Solutions
435(1)
16.8 Transport Layer
435(2)
16.8.1 Open Research Issues
436(1)
16.9 Application Layer
437(1)
16.10 Cross-layer Design
437(6)
References
440(3)
17 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks
443(40)
17.1 Applications
445(2)
17.1.1 Environmental Monitoring
445(1)
17.1.2 Infrastructure Monitoring
446(1)
17.1.3 Location Determination of Objects
446(1)
17.1.4 Border Patrol and Security Monitoring
447(1)
17.2 Design Challenges
447(3)
17.2.1 Energy Efficiency
447(1)
17.2.2 Topology Design
448(1)
17.2.3 Antenna Design
449(1)
17.2.4 Environmental Extremes
449(1)
17.3 Network Architecture
450(3)
17.3.1 WUSNs in Soil
450(2)
17.3.2 WUSNs in Mines and Tunnels
452(1)
17.4 Underground Wireless Channel for EM Waves
453(10)
17.4.1 Underground Channel Properties
454(1)
17.4.2 Effect of Soil Properties on the Underground Channel
455(1)
17.4.3 Soil Dielectric Constant
455(2)
17.4.4 Underground Signal Propagation
457(1)
17.4.5 Reflection from Ground Surface
458(2)
17.4.6 Multi-path Fading and Bit Error Rate
460(3)
17.5 Underground Wireless Channel for Magnetic Induction
463(3)
17.5.1 MI Channel Model
463(1)
17.5.2 MI Waveguide
464(2)
17.5.3 Characteristics of MI Waves and MI Waveguide in Soil
466(1)
17.6 Wireless Communication in Mines and Road/Subway Tunnels
466(8)
17.6.1 Tunnel Environment
467(5)
17.6.2 Room-and-Pillar Environment
472(2)
17.6.3 Comparison with Experimental Measurements
474(1)
17.7 Communication Architecture
474(9)
17.7.1 Physical Layer
474(1)
17.7.2 Data Link Layer
474(3)
17.7.3 Network Layer
477(1)
17.7.4 Transport Layer
478(1)
17.7.5 Cross-layer Design
479(1)
References
480(3)
18 Grand Challenges
483(8)
18.1 Intergration of Sensor Network and the Internet
483(1)
18.2 Real-Time and Multimedia Communication
484(1)
18.3 Protocol Stack
485(1)
18.4 Synchronization and Localization
485(1)
18.5 WSNs in Challenging Environments
486(2)
18.6 Practical Considerations
488(1)
18.7 Wireless Nano-sensor Networks
488(3)
References
489(2)
Index 491
Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz is Ken Byers Distinguished Chair Professor in Telecommunications at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Director of the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory. Current research interests are Sensor Networks, InterPlanetary Internet, Wireless Networks, Satellite Networks and Next Generation Internet. ?Ian has published over 200 journal and conference papers, is Editor-in-Chief of the Computer Networks and Ad Hoc Networks Journals (Elsevier), and an Editor for the ACM-Kluwer Journal of Wireless Networks. Ian is an IEEE Fellow (1996) with the citation: "For contributions to performance analysis of computer communication networks," and an ACM Fellow (1997) "for fundamental research contributions in: finite capacity queuing network models; performance evaluation of Time Warp parallel simulations; traffic Control in ATM networks, and mobility management in wireless networks".

M. Can Vuran received his B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2002. He received his M.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, in 2004. He is currently a Research Assistant in the Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory and pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. His current research interests include cross-layer communication protocols for heterogeneous wireless architectures, wireless sensor networks, next generation wireless networks and deep space communication networks.
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