| Preface |
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v | (10) |
| List of abbreviations |
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xv | (2) |
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xvii | (2) |
| Introduction |
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xix | |
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CHAPTER I THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF WHO |
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 International Sanitary Conferences |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The First International Health Organizations |
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2 | (4) |
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1.2.1 The Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.2 The Office international d'hygiene publique (OIHP) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.3 The League of Nations Health Organization |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.4 The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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CHAPTER II THE BIRTH OF WHO, ITS OBJECTIVES, THE EVOLUTION OF ITS STRATEGY AND PROGRAMMES |
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9 | (22) |
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9 | (4) |
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2.1.1 The International Health Conference (New York, 1946) |
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9 | (2) |
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2.1.2 The achievements of the Interim Commission (1946-1948) |
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11 | (1) |
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2.1.3 The First World Health Assembly (1948) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (3) |
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2.3 The evolution of WHO's strategy and programmes |
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16 | (15) |
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2.3.1 1948-1962 The first challenges |
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17 | (3) |
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2.3.2 1963-1972 Health and development |
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20 | (1) |
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2.3.3 1973-1991 The new strategy of the "Health for All by the Year 2000" |
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21 | (3) |
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2.3.3.1 The Health for All concept |
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24 | (3) |
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2.3.3.2 Criticisms and obstacles |
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27 | (4) |
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CHAPTER III THE EVOLUTION OF WHO'S STRUCTURE |
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31 | (40) |
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31 | (5) |
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3.1.1 The status of WHO Members |
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31 | (1) |
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3.1.2 The World Health Assembly |
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32 | (1) |
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3.1.3 The Executive Board |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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3.1.5 The regional structure |
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35 | (1) |
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3.2 The World Health Assembly: membership and working methods |
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36 | (8) |
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3.2.1 Evolution of membership |
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36 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Composition of delegations |
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38 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Linguistic questions |
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40 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Frequency of sessions |
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40 | (2) |
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3.2.5 Place of Assembly sessions |
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42 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Rules of Procedures |
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43 | (1) |
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3.3 Changes in the composition of the Executive Board |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (7) |
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3.4.1 Staffing of the Secretariat |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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3.4.2.1 Geographical representation |
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49 | (2) |
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3.4.2.2 Employment of women |
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51 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Employment conditions |
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52 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Headquarters' internal structure |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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3.6 The regional organizations |
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57 | (11) |
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59 | (3) |
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3.6.2 The decentralized regions |
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62 | (1) |
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3.6.2.1 Towards more decentralization |
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62 | (3) |
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3.6.2.2 The regional decentralization under criticisms |
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65 | (2) |
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3.6.2.3 WHO studies and proposals |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (3) |
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CHAPTER IV WHO'S NORMATIVE ACTION |
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71 | (16) |
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71 | (1) |
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4.2 International regulations |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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4.4 The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes |
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75 | (8) |
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4.4.1 WHO's relations with NGOs |
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76 | (1) |
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4.4.2 The adoption of the Code as a recommendation |
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77 | (6) |
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4.5 An aborted internal codification: The Action Programme on Essential Drugs |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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CHAPTER V RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND TRAINING, AND INFORMATION |
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87 | (18) |
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87 | (7) |
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5.1.1 The use of national resources |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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5.1.2.1 The International Agency for Research on Cancer |
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89 | (1) |
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5.1.2.2 The Special programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank) |
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90 | (1) |
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5.1.2.3 The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases |
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91 | (3) |
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5.2 Education and training |
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94 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Nursing education and training |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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5.3 Information through publications |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (3) |
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CHAPTER VI TECHNICAL COOPERATION |
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105 | (22) |
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6.1 The statutory basis of technical cooperation |
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105 | (1) |
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6.2 WHO's participation in the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (EPTA) |
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106 | (5) |
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6.3 WHO's participation in the UN Development Programme (UNDP) |
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111 | (1) |
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6.4 Financial questions related to technical cooperation |
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112 | (4) |
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6.4.1 Financial costs to developing countries |
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112 | (3) |
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6.4.2 The issue of administrative costs in operational activities |
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115 | (1) |
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6.5 The assistance to developing countries under the regular programme |
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116 | (5) |
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6.5.1 Principles of action |
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117 | (1) |
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6.5.2 The main characters of WHO's programmes of assistance to new States and their evolution |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (6) |
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CHAPTER VII WHO'S OPERATIONAL ROLE: DISEASE CONTROL OR ERADICATION |
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127 | (23) |
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7.1 A failure: the Malaria Eradication Programme |
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127 | (5) |
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7.1.1 Creation and evolution of the Programme |
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127 | (1) |
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7.1.2 The technical basis of the Programme |
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128 | (1) |
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7.1.3 The implementation of the Programme |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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7.1.5 Recent developments |
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131 | (1) |
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7.2 The "victorious crusade" against smallpox |
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132 | (3) |
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7.2.1 The creation of the Programme |
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132 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Technical bases of eradication |
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133 | (1) |
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7.2.3 The implementation of the Programme |
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134 | (1) |
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7.3 Another WHO success: the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa |
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135 | (2) |
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7.4 The immunization of all the world's children |
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137 | (3) |
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7.5 The global fight against AIDS |
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140 | (6) |
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7.5.1 The creation of the Global Programme |
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141 | (1) |
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7.5.2 The Global AIDS Strategy |
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142 | (2) |
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7.5.3 The creation of the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (4) |
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CHAPTER VIII BUDGETARY AND FINANCIAL QUESTIONS |
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150 | (21) |
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8.1 General aspects of budgetary questions |
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150 | (11) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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8.1.3 The financial crisis of 1986-1987 and the adoption of the budgetary "consensus" |
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154 | (1) |
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8.1.4 Financial and management control |
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155 | (3) |
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8.1.5 Currency of contributions |
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158 | (2) |
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8.1.6 National taxation on staff's emoluments |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (7) |
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8.2.1 Member States' contributions to the regular budget |
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161 | (2) |
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8.2.1.1 Delayed payments of contributions: sanctions and incentives |
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163 | (2) |
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8.2.1.2 The Working Capital Fund |
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165 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Extrabudgetary resources |
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165 | (3) |
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8.3 Apportionment of expenditures |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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CHAPTER IX WHO'S COORDINATION AND COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS |
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171 | (17) |
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9.1 Coordination with the UN system |
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171 | (9) |
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9.1.1 Operational coordination with UNDP |
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174 | (2) |
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9.1.2 WHO's coordination and cooperation with UNICEF |
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176 | (3) |
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9.1.3 WHO's cooperation with the UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) |
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179 | (1) |
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9.2 WHO's coordination and cooperation with the humanitarian organizations |
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180 | (4) |
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9.3 WHO's cooperation with other intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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CHAPTER X GENERAL CONCLUSION: THE ORGANIZATION'S ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE, CHALLENGES, CRITICISMS AND REFORM |
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188 | (7) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (2) |
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10.3 The necessary reforms |
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192 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
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195 | (4) |
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199 | |
