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E-raamat: World Health Organization

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This work presents the broad lines of the action and evolution of the World Health Organization (WHO). It identifies some of the problems WHO has had to face in the past, and will have to confront in the future. It discusses in detail the historical origins, WHO's objectives and the evolution of its strategy and programmes. It reviews its structures as well as the problems raised by its decentralization. It examines the Organization's action in the field of technical cooperation and looks into several of WHO's more important past and present programmes. In its general conclusion, it attempts to envisage the future of the Organization. The present study is based essentially on the official documentation of the WHO, open and restricted. The strength of this book lies in the personal experience of the main author, a former WHO official, who has orientated the book's research in specific directions and has added some complementary information.
Preface v(10)
List of abbreviations xv(2)
List of tables
xvii(2)
Introduction xix
CHAPTER I THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF WHO
1(8)
1.1 International Sanitary Conferences
1(1)
1.2 The First International Health Organizations
2(4)
1.2.1 The Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB)
3(1)
1.2.2 The Office international d'hygiene publique (OIHP)
4(1)
1.2.3 The League of Nations Health Organization
4(1)
1.2.4 The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
5(1)
1.3 The legacy
6(3)
CHAPTER II THE BIRTH OF WHO, ITS OBJECTIVES, THE EVOLUTION OF ITS STRATEGY AND PROGRAMMES
9(22)
2.1 The birth of WHO
9(4)
2.1.1 The International Health Conference (New York, 1946)
9(2)
2.1.2 The achievements of the Interim Commission (1946-1948)
11(1)
2.1.3 The First World Health Assembly (1948)
12(1)
2.2 WHO's objectives
13(3)
2.3 The evolution of WHO's strategy and programmes
16(15)
2.3.1 1948-1962 The first challenges
17(3)
2.3.2 1963-1972 Health and development
20(1)
2.3.3 1973-1991 The new strategy of the "Health for All by the Year 2000"
21(3)
2.3.3.1 The Health for All concept
24(3)
2.3.3.2 Criticisms and obstacles
27(4)
CHAPTER III THE EVOLUTION OF WHO'S STRUCTURE
31(40)
3.1 WHO's structure
31(5)
3.1.1 The status of WHO Members
31(1)
3.1.2 The World Health Assembly
32(1)
3.1.3 The Executive Board
33(1)
3.1.4 The Secretariat
34(1)
3.1.5 The regional structure
35(1)
3.2 The World Health Assembly: membership and working methods
36(8)
3.2.1 Evolution of membership
36(2)
3.2.2 Composition of delegations
38(2)
3.2.3 Linguistic questions
40(1)
3.2.4 Frequency of sessions
40(2)
3.2.5 Place of Assembly sessions
42(1)
3.2.6 Rules of Procedures
43(1)
3.3 Changes in the composition of the Executive Board
44(4)
3.4 The Secretariat
48(7)
3.4.1 Staffing of the Secretariat
48(1)
3.4.2 Staff recruitment
49(1)
3.4.2.1 Geographical representation
49(2)
3.4.2.2 Employment of women
51(1)
3.4.3 Employment conditions
52(2)
3.4.4 Headquarters' internal structure
54(1)
3.5 The Director-General
55(2)
3.6 The regional organizations
57(11)
3.6.1 Defining regions
59(3)
3.6.2 The decentralized regions
62(1)
3.6.2.1 Towards more decentralization
62(3)
3.6.2.2 The regional decentralization under criticisms
65(2)
3.6.2.3 WHO studies and proposals
67(1)
3.7 Conclusion
68(3)
CHAPTER IV WHO'S NORMATIVE ACTION
71(16)
4.1 Conventions
71(1)
4.2 International regulations
72(2)
4.3 Recommendations
74(1)
4.4 The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
75(8)
4.4.1 WHO's relations with NGOs
76(1)
4.4.2 The adoption of the Code as a recommendation
77(6)
4.5 An aborted internal codification: The Action Programme on Essential Drugs
83(1)
4.6 Conclusion
84(3)
CHAPTER V RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND TRAINING, AND INFORMATION
87(18)
5.1 Research programmes
87(7)
5.1.1 The use of national resources
87(1)
5.1.2 WHO's own research
88(1)
5.1.2.1 The International Agency for Research on Cancer
89(1)
5.1.2.2 The Special programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank)
90(1)
5.1.2.3 The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
91(3)
5.2 Education and training
94(5)
5.2.1 Nursing education and training
96(1)
5.2.2 Fellowships
97(2)
5.3 Information through publications
99(3)
5.4 Conclusion
102(3)
CHAPTER VI TECHNICAL COOPERATION
105(22)
6.1 The statutory basis of technical cooperation
105(1)
6.2 WHO's participation in the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (EPTA)
106(5)
6.3 WHO's participation in the UN Development Programme (UNDP)
111(1)
6.4 Financial questions related to technical cooperation
112(4)
6.4.1 Financial costs to developing countries
112(3)
6.4.2 The issue of administrative costs in operational activities
115(1)
6.5 The assistance to developing countries under the regular programme
116(5)
6.5.1 Principles of action
117(1)
6.5.2 The main characters of WHO's programmes of assistance to new States and their evolution
118(3)
6.6 Conclusion
121(6)
CHAPTER VII WHO'S OPERATIONAL ROLE: DISEASE CONTROL OR ERADICATION
127(23)
7.1 A failure: the Malaria Eradication Programme
127(5)
7.1.1 Creation and evolution of the Programme
127(1)
7.1.2 The technical basis of the Programme
128(1)
7.1.3 The implementation of the Programme
129(1)
7.1.4 Obstacles
130(1)
7.1.5 Recent developments
131(1)
7.2 The "victorious crusade" against smallpox
132(3)
7.2.1 The creation of the Programme
132(1)
7.2.2 Technical bases of eradication
133(1)
7.2.3 The implementation of the Programme
134(1)
7.3 Another WHO success: the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa
135(2)
7.4 The immunization of all the world's children
137(3)
7.5 The global fight against AIDS
140(6)
7.5.1 The creation of the Global Programme
141(1)
7.5.2 The Global AIDS Strategy
142(2)
7.5.3 The creation of the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
144(2)
7.6 Conclusion
146(4)
CHAPTER VIII BUDGETARY AND FINANCIAL QUESTIONS
150(21)
8.1 General aspects of budgetary questions
150(11)
8.1.1 Statutory basis
150(1)
8.1.2 Budget review
151(3)
8.1.3 The financial crisis of 1986-1987 and the adoption of the budgetary "consensus"
154(1)
8.1.4 Financial and management control
155(3)
8.1.5 Currency of contributions
158(2)
8.1.6 National taxation on staff's emoluments
160(1)
8.2 The financing of WHO
161(7)
8.2.1 Member States' contributions to the regular budget
161(2)
8.2.1.1 Delayed payments of contributions: sanctions and incentives
163(2)
8.2.1.2 The Working Capital Fund
165(1)
8.2.2 Extrabudgetary resources
165(3)
8.3 Apportionment of expenditures
168(1)
8.4 Budgetary reform
168(1)
8.5 Conclusion
169(2)
CHAPTER IX WHO'S COORDINATION AND COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
171(17)
9.1 Coordination with the UN system
171(9)
9.1.1 Operational coordination with UNDP
174(2)
9.1.2 WHO's coordination and cooperation with UNICEF
176(3)
9.1.3 WHO's cooperation with the UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA)
179(1)
9.2 WHO's coordination and cooperation with the humanitarian organizations
180(4)
9.3 WHO's cooperation with other intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations
184(1)
9.4 Conclusion
185(3)
CHAPTER X GENERAL CONCLUSION: THE ORGANIZATION'S ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE, CHALLENGES, CRITICISMS AND REFORM
188(7)
10.1 Challenges
188(2)
10.2 Criticisms
190(2)
10.3 The necessary reforms
192(3)
Bibliography 195(4)
Tables
199
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