| Preface |
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xxiii | |
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1 A Preliminary Study on Grain Size Analyses of Reservoir Rocks of the Upper Assam Basin |
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1 | (28) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (5) |
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1.4 Results and Discussion |
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9 | (19) |
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28 | (1) |
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2 Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Source Potential of the Barail and Disang Groups of Rocks along the Tuli-Mokokchung Road Section, Nagaland |
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29 | (20) |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (3) |
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2.4 Depositional Environment |
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38 | (4) |
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2.4.1 Granulometric Analysis |
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38 | (1) |
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2.4.1.1 Cumulative curves |
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38 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Relationship between Textural Parameters |
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39 | (1) |
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2.4.2.1 Kurtosis [ Kg) vs. skewness (5k) |
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39 | (3) |
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2.5 Evaluation of the Hydrocarbon Source Potential |
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42 | (5) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (2) |
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3 Characterisation of Barail Sandstones of Mizoram: A Sedimentological Approach |
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49 | (28) |
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50 | (3) |
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3.2 Field Characteristics |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (20) |
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3.3.1 Depositional Environment |
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57 | (1) |
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3.3.1.1 Lithofacies analysis |
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57 | (2) |
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3.3.1.2 Granulometric analysis |
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59 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Porosity Determination |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (5) |
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68 | (7) |
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75 | (2) |
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4 Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery with Special Reference to the Upper Assam Basin |
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77 | (16) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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4.2.2.2 Selection of a CEOR slug |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.2.2.4 Areal displacement efficiency (Fd) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.2.2.5 Areal sweep efficiency [ Ea) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.2.2.6 Overall efficiency [ E0) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.2.2.7 Thermogravimetric analysis |
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82 | (1) |
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4.3 Results and Discussion |
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83 | (7) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Effect of Polymer on the CEOR Slug |
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88 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Effect of Alkali on the CEOR Slug |
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88 | (2) |
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4.3.5 Stability of ASP Slugs |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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5 Formulation of a Stable Microemulsion Slug for Enhanced Oil Recovery in the Upper Assam Basin |
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93 | (10) |
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94 | (2) |
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5.2 Materials and Methods |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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5.2.2.1 Experiment on IFT measurements |
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96 | (1) |
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5.2.2.2 Experiment on phase behaviour |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2.2.3 Characterisation of microemulsions |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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5.3 Results and Discussion |
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97 | (4) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Characterisation of Microemulsions |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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6 Systematic Study of Low-Cost, High-Performance Chemical Flooding as EOR for Depleted Oilfields of the Upper Assam Basin |
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103 | (18) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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6.2.2.3 Crude oil, formation water and synthetic soft brine |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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6.2.3.1 IFT determination |
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107 | (1) |
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6.2.3.2 Aqueous stability |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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6.2.3.4 Thermal stability |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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6.3 Results and Discussion |
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110 | (8) |
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6.3.1 Chemical Formula Design |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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7 Characterisation of Reservoir Rock and Fluids for CO2 Foam Enhanced Oil Recovery Application |
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121 | (26) |
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122 | (4) |
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126 | (4) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Formation Water Analysis |
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129 | (1) |
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7.3 Results and Discussion |
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130 | (14) |
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130 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Determination of Porosity |
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130 | (2) |
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7.3.2.1 Determination of permeability [ K] |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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7.3.4.2 Crude oil viscosity |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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7.3.4.4 Resin, asphaltene and wax content |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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7.3.4.6 Formation water analyses |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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8 Formulation of an Optimum Surfactant Combination for EOR Applications |
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147 | (10) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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8.2.2.1 Measuring the surface tension |
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151 | (1) |
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8.2.2.2 Measuring the interfacial tension |
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151 | (1) |
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8.2.2.3 Measuring the ST and IFT |
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151 | (1) |
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8.3 Results and Discussion |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (3) |
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9 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Technological Perspective |
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157 | (28) |
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158 | (2) |
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9.2 Crude Oil and Its Importance in India |
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160 | (1) |
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9.3 Conventional Oil Recovery Methods |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (5) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Microbes and Their Metabolites in MEOR |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (5) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Phospholipids, Fatty Acids and Neutral Lipids |
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173 | (1) |
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9.7 Biosurfactant-Mediated MEOR Study at the Laboratory Level |
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174 | (2) |
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9.8 Biosurfactant-Mediated MEOR in Field Studies |
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176 | (1) |
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9.9 Why Biosurfactant over Chemical Surfactant in MEOR |
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177 | (1) |
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9.10 Production of Biosurfactants |
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178 | (4) |
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9.10.1 Usage of Waste or Cheap Substrates |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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9.10.3 Bioprocess Engineering |
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179 | (2) |
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9.10.4 Genetic Engineering |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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10 A Preliminary Theoretical Study on Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery |
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185 | (8) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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10.4 Factors under Consideration |
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188 | (2) |
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10.4.1 Selecting the Reservoir |
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188 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Selecting Microbes |
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189 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Selecting Nutrients |
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189 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Preparation of a Microbial Slug |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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11 Revisiting Evaluation of Crude Oil in a Cost-Effective Way |
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193 | (12) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Materials and Instruments |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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11.2.2.1 ASTM distillation |
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195 | (5) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (3) |
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12 A Study on the Effects of Iron Nanoparticles in Water-Based Drilling Mud |
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205 | (16) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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12.2.2.1 Formulation of bentonite-based drilling fluid |
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208 | (1) |
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12.2.2.2 Synthesis of iron NPs |
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208 | (1) |
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12.2.2.3 Characterisation of iron NPs |
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209 | (1) |
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12.2.2.4 Formulation of nanobased mud |
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209 | (1) |
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12.3 Results and Discussion |
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209 | (10) |
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12.3.1 Characterisation of Iron NPs |
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209 | (1) |
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12.3.1.1 Particle size determination |
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209 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Rheological Properties |
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210 | (1) |
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12.3.2.1 Rheological properties of base mud without NPs |
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210 | (2) |
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12.3.2.2 Effect of iron NPs on rheological properties |
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212 | (1) |
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12.3.2.3 Comparative analyses of rheological properties of 0.1 M and 0.2 M iron NPs in drilling fluid |
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213 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Filtration Properties |
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214 | (1) |
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12.3.3.1 Filtration properties of base mud without NPs |
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214 | (1) |
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12.3.3.2 Effect of iron NPs on filtration properties |
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214 | (1) |
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12.3.3.3 Comparative analyses of filtration properties of 0.1 M and 0.2 M iron NPs in drilling fluid |
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215 | (2) |
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12.3.4 Cationic Exchange Capacity of NBM |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (2) |
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13 Use of Environment-Friendly Additives for Improving the Properties of Water-Based Mud for Drilling Reactive Formations |
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221 | (18) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (3) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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13.2.3.1 Preparation of base mud |
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224 | (1) |
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13.2.3.2 Preparation of CMC mud and PEG4000 mud |
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225 | (1) |
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13.2.3.3 Preparation of CMC-PEG4000 mud |
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225 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Property Analyses of Prepared Mud Samples |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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13.2.4.2 Funnel viscosity |
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225 | (1) |
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13.2.4.3 Rheological properties |
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226 | (1) |
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13.2.4.4 Filtrate loss and mud cake thickness |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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13.3 Results and Discussion |
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227 | (8) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Rheological Properties |
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229 | (3) |
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13.3.4 Filtration Properties |
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232 | (3) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (4) |
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14 Effect of Different Plant Extracts on Enhancing Rheological Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids |
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239 | (20) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (4) |
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242 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Experimental Setup |
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242 | (2) |
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14.2.3 Experimental Procedure |
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244 | (2) |
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14.3 Results and Discussion |
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246 | (10) |
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14.3.1 Formulation of Base Mud |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (5) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (3) |
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15 Effects of Temperature on the Transportation of Assam Crude Oil through Pipelines |
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259 | (16) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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15.2.1 Materials and Instruments |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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15.2.2.1 Rheological properties |
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263 | (1) |
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15.2.2.2 Shear stress, shear rate and viscosity |
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263 | (1) |
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15.3 Results and Discussion |
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263 | (9) |
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263 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity |
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263 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Effect of Temperature on Shear Stress |
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264 | (5) |
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15.3.4 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (3) |
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16 Average Angle Method with Microsoft Excel for Directional Well Path Planning and Risk Monitoring |
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275 | (12) |
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276 | (3) |
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16.1.1 Reasons for Directional Drilling |
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277 | (1) |
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16.1.2 Fundamental Concepts of Directional Drilling |
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278 | (1) |
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16.1.2.1 Directional surveying |
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278 | (1) |
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16.1.2.2 Types of survey instruments |
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278 | (1) |
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16.1.2.3 Methods of calculating wellbore trajectories |
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279 | (1) |
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16.2 Average Angle Method for Directional Drilling Calculations |
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279 | (1) |
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16.2.1 Calculations Involved |
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279 | (1) |
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16.2.1.1 Wellbore geometry using the average angle method |
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279 | (1) |
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16.3 Microsoft Excel Programme Development |
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280 | (4) |
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280 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Introduction to Coding in Visual Basic |
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281 | (1) |
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16.3.2.1 Field data interface |
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281 | (1) |
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16.3.3 Survey Input Data and Coordinate Generation Interface |
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282 | (2) |
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16.4 Results and Discussion |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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16.4.2 Programme-Generated Results |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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17 Using Digital Capabilities in Geoscience Software for Estimating the Resource Volume of a Reservoir Using the Map-Based Method: A Quick Evaluation Procedure |
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287 | (12) |
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288 | (1) |
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17.2 Concept and Need of Screening Volumetrics in Geoscience Software for Quick Resource Evaluation by the Map-Based Method |
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289 | (1) |
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17.3 Methodology and Work Done |
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290 | (8) |
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291 | (1) |
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17.3.2 Digitising the Map Using Geoscience Software |
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292 | (1) |
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17.3.3 Making the Reservoir Top Surface |
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293 | (2) |
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17.3.4 Prospect Differentiation |
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295 | (1) |
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17.3.5 Volume Calculation |
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296 | (1) |
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17.3.6 Uncertainty Analysis |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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18 Chemical Consolidation as a Sand Control Method in Oilfields of the Upper Assam Basin |
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299 | (10) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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301 | (1) |
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18.2.2 Experimental Setup |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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18.3 Results and Discussion |
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303 | (4) |
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303 | (1) |
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18.3.2 Rock Thin Slide Analysis |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (2) |
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19 A Review of Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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309 | (10) |
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310 | (1) |
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19.2 Identification of Microorganisms |
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311 | (1) |
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19.3 Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (5) |
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19.5 Factors Influencing the Degradation of Hydrocarbons |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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19.5.5 Oxygen Availability |
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317 | (1) |
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19.5.6 Nutrient Availability |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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20 Evaluation of the Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Oilfield Produced Water of the Upper Assam Basin |
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319 | (22) |
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320 | (3) |
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20.2 Materials and Methods |
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323 | (7) |
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20.2.1 Materials and Equipment |
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323 | (1) |
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20.2.2 Physical and Chemical Characterisation |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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20.2.2.6 Flame photometer |
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326 | (1) |
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20.2.2.7 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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20.2.4 Water Stability Indices |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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20.3 Results and Discussion |
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330 | (9) |
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20.3.1 Physical and Chemical Characterisation |
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330 | (3) |
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20.3.2 Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient |
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333 | (2) |
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20.3.3 Water Stability Indices |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (4) |
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339 | (2) |
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21 A Review on Treatment and Management of Oilfield Produced Water |
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341 | (20) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (3) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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21.2.1.2 Dissolved organic compounds |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
21.2.1.3 Treatment chemicals |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
21.2.2 Theory of Oil-Water Emulsion |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
21.2.3 Particle Size Analyses |
|
|
345 | (1) |
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346 | (8) |
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21.3.1 Physical Treatment |
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|
346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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|
347 | (1) |
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|
|
347 | (1) |
|
21.3.1.4 Dissolved air precipitation |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
21.3.1.5 Freeze-thaw process |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
21.3.1.6 Physical adsorption |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
21.3.2 Chemical Treatment |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
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21.3.2.4 Electrochemical process |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
21.3.3 Biological Process |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
21.3.4 Membrane Separation |
|
|
352 | (2) |
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21.4 Management Practices |
|
|
354 | (2) |
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|
|
355 | (1) |
|
21.4.2 Injection into Disposal Wells |
|
|
355 | (1) |
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|
|
356 | (1) |
|
21.4.4 Consumption for Beneficial Use |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
21.5 Opportunities and Challenges |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
22 Experimental Work to Evaluate the Effects of Disposed Produced Water on the Surrounding Environment: A Case Study in Libya |
|
|
361 | (10) |
|
|
|
Juhairiaris Muhamad Shuhili |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim |
|
|
|
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|
362 | (1) |
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363 | (4) |
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|
363 | (1) |
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|
|
363 | (1) |
|
22.2.2.1 Spectrophotometry |
|
|
363 | (4) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
22.2.2.3 Gravimetry and titration |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
22.3 Results and Discussion |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
22.3.1 Sulphate Concentration |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
22.3.2 Bicarbonate Concentration |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
22.3.3 Calcium and Sodium Concentration |
|
|
368 | (1) |
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|
369 | (2) |
|
23 Role of Sand Particle Size in the Retention of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals |
|
|
371 | (14) |
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|
|
372 | (1) |
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23.2 Materials and Methods |
|
|
373 | (1) |
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|
373 | (1) |
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|
373 | (1) |
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|
|
373 | (1) |
|
23.3 Results and Discussion |
|
|
374 | (8) |
|
23.3.1 Characterisation of PW |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
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|
375 | (7) |
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|
|
382 | (3) |
|
24 A Review on Characterisation and Treatment of Oilfield Produced Water |
|
|
385 | (12) |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
24.1.1 Production of OFPW |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
24.2 Composition of Produced Water |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
24.2.1 Dissolved and Dispersed Oil Components |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
24.2.2 Dissolved Minerals |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
24.2.3 Production Chemicals |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
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|
|
389 | (1) |
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|
389 | (6) |
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|
|
389 | (1) |
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|
|
390 | (1) |
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|
|
391 | (1) |
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|
|
392 | (1) |
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|
|
392 | (3) |
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|
|
395 | (2) |
|
25 Application of Membrane Bioreactors for the Modification of Microfiltration Membrane Surface for Enhanced Antibiofouling Capability in Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
397 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
398 | (5) |
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|
|
401 | (1) |
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|
|
401 | (1) |
|
25.1.3 Characteristics of Industrial Wastewaters |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (4) |
|
25.2.1 Materials for Membrane Modification |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
25.2.2.1 Spectroscopic studies |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
25.2.2.2 Membrane antibiofouling potential |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
25.2.2.3 Stability of VA-modified membranes |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
25.3 Results and Discussion |
|
|
407 | (5) |
|
25.3.1 Membrane Modification |
|
|
407 | (3) |
|
25.3.2 Modified Membrane Stability |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
25.3.3 Membrane Biofilm Production |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
|
415 | (50) |
| Index |
|
465 | |