Preface |
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xv | |
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Section 1 Biological Control |
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1 Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi: Mechanisms and Potentials |
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3 | (38) |
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Priscila Jane Romano Gonfalves Selari |
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Tiago Tognolli de Almeida |
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4 | (3) |
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1.2 Endophytic Microorganisms as a Source of Potential Antifungal Compounds |
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7 | (3) |
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1.3 Bacteria as Antifungal Compound Source: A Sustainable Alternative |
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10 | (3) |
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1.4 Bacterial Secondary Metabolites |
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13 | (2) |
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1.4.1 Diffusible Antifungal Substances |
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13 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Volatile Organic Compounds |
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14 | (1) |
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1.5 Other Strategies for Fungal Biocontrol |
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15 | (15) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.5.3 Induced Systemic Resistance |
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16 | (1) |
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1.5.4 Fungi as Biological Control Agents |
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17 | (2) |
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1.5.5 Virus-Induced Hypovirulence as Biological Control Tool Against Plant Fungal Diseases |
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19 | (5) |
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1.5.6 Archaea: A Possible Source of Antimicrobial Compounds |
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24 | (2) |
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1.5.7 Suppressive Soils Inhibit Soilborne Fungus Pathogen |
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26 | (4) |
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1.6 Register of Biological Products Against Phytopathogenic Fungi |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (11) |
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2 Sustainable Phage-Based Strategies to Control Bacterial Diseases in Agriculture |
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41 | (40) |
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42 | (2) |
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2.2 Bacteriophages: A Brief Overview on History, Ecology, and Physiology |
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44 | (4) |
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2.2.1 History of Bacteriophage Research |
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44 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Phages |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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2.4 Bacteriophages as Biocontrol Agents |
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49 | (11) |
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2.4.1 Whole Phages as Antimicrobial Agents |
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50 | (3) |
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2.4.2 Engineered Bacteriolytic Phages with Improved Host Range and Biocontrol Activities |
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53 | (5) |
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2.4.3 Phage-Derived Lytic Enzymes |
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58 | (2) |
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2.4.4 Bacteriophages as Sources of Novel Antibacterial Molecules |
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60 | (1) |
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2.5 Temperate Phages as Targeted Carrier Systems |
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60 | (4) |
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2.6 Phages as Biosensors for Pathogen Detection |
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64 | (1) |
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2.7 Phage-Based Biocontrol Strategies in Agriculture |
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65 | (3) |
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2.8 Summary and Conclusion |
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68 | (13) |
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3 Elimination of Gut Bacteria from Helicoverpa armigera Using Antibiotics Reduces the Binding and Pore-Forming Activity of Cry Toxins |
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81 | (22) |
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82 | (2) |
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3.2 Optimization of Antibiotic Dose for Elimination of Midgut Bacteria |
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84 | (1) |
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3.3 Proteolytic Processing of CrylAc Protoxin |
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85 | (1) |
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3.4 Diet Absorption Studies |
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86 | (1) |
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3.5 Enzymes Activity Assay |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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3.7 Binding of Cry Toxins to Larval BBMVS |
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90 | (2) |
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3.8 Pore-Forming Activity of CrylAc and CrylAb |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (6) |
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Section 2 Plant Uptake and Plant Growth |
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4 Metal Nanoparticles Applications and Their Release into Surrounding: Perspectives of Plant Uptake and Effects on Phytohormones |
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103 | (28) |
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104 | (2) |
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4.2 Metal NPs Applications and Presence in the Environment |
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106 | (7) |
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4.2.1 Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmetics Applications of Metal NPs |
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108 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Metal NPs in Food Industry |
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109 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Metal NPs in Environmental Fields |
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109 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Metal NPs in Construction Field |
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110 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Metal NPs in Electronics |
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110 | (1) |
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4.2.6 Applications of Metal NPs in Other Industries |
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110 | (1) |
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4.2.7 Potential Applications of Metal NPs in Agriculture |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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4.3 Mechanism of Metal NPs Uptake and Translocation by Plants |
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113 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Metal NPs Uptake by Plants |
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114 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Metal NPs Translocation and Accumulationin Plant Tissues |
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115 | (2) |
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4.3.2.1 Root exposure and uptake of metal NPs |
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117 | (1) |
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4.3.2.2 Foliar exposure and uptake of metal NPs |
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117 | (1) |
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4.4 Phytotoxicity of Metal NPs: Insight into Plant Hormones |
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118 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Phytotoxic Effect of Metal NPs on Phytohormones at Molecular Level |
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121 | (3) |
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124 | (7) |
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5 Utilization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria with Multiple Beneficial Traits in Agricultural Biotechnology for Crop Improvement |
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131 | (44) |
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132 | (3) |
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5.2 Improvement of Crop Health by PGPR |
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135 | (15) |
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5.2.1 Direct Effects of PGPR on Plant Growth |
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139 | (1) |
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5.2.1.1 Nitrogen fixation |
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139 | (1) |
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5.2.1.2 Solubilization of insoluble minerals by PGPR |
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140 | (2) |
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5.2.1.3 Phytohormone production |
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142 | (4) |
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5.2.2 Indirect Effects of PGPR on Plant Health |
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146 | (1) |
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5.2.2.1 Direct effects on pathogens |
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146 | (2) |
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5.2.2.2 Indirect effect on pathogens - ISR |
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148 | (2) |
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5.3 Alleviation of Stresses |
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150 | (7) |
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5.4 Bioformulation of PGPR, Marketing, and its Commercialization |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (16) |
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6 Salinity Stress in Plants and Role of Microbes in Its Alleviation |
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175 | (40) |
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176 | (2) |
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6.2 Soil Salinity and Its Effect on Plants |
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178 | (3) |
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6.3 Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Salt Tolerance |
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181 | (8) |
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6.4 Role of ROS in Salt Stress |
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189 | (1) |
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6.5 Alternate Splicing in Plants During Saline Stress |
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190 | (1) |
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6.6 Role of Microorganism in Alleviating Salt Stress in Crops |
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191 | (4) |
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6.7 Microbes Produce Plant Growth Regulators in Salt Tolerance |
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195 | (2) |
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6.8 Microbial Biofilms in Salt Stress |
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197 | (2) |
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6.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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199 | (16) |
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7 Auxin and Stringolactone Interaction in Extreme Phosphate Conditions |
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215 | (36) |
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216 | (2) |
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7.2 Plant Material, Plant Growth, and Cultivation Conditions |
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218 | (2) |
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7.3 Performed Analyses of In Vitro Transgenic and WT Seedlings of M. Truncatula Grown in Conditions of Phosphate Deficiency or Excess, and in Normal Conditions |
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220 | (12) |
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7.3.1 Phenotypic Analyses of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT |
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221 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Biometric Measurements of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT |
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223 | (3) |
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7.3.3 Morphological Evaluation of Leaf and Root Epidermis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT |
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226 | (2) |
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7.3.4 qRT-PCR Analysis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT |
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228 | (3) |
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7.3.5 Statistical Analyses |
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231 | (1) |
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7.4 Application of Exogenous 2,4-D on In Vitro Transgenic and WT Seedlings of M. Truncatula Grown in Conditions of Phosphate Deficiency or Excess, and in Normal Conditions |
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232 | (13) |
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7.4.1 Phenotypic Analyses of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D |
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233 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Biometric Measurements of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D |
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235 | (3) |
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7.4.3 Morphological Evaluation of Leaf and Root Epidermis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D |
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238 | (2) |
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7.4.4 qRT-PCR Analysis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT after Treatment with 2,4-D |
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240 | (4) |
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7.4.5 Statistical Analyses |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (6) |
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Section 4 Genome Editing in Plants |
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8 Food and Feed Safety Considerations for Gene-Edited and Other Genetically Modified Crops |
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251 | (34) |
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252 | (1) |
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8.2 Background: Gene Editing |
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253 | (4) |
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8.3 Safety Assessment of Food and Feeds from GM Crops |
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257 | (17) |
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8.3.1 Comparative Safety Assessment Approach |
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257 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Potential Unintended Effects |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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8.3.3.1 General considerations |
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262 | (1) |
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8.3.3.2 Newly expressed proteins |
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263 | (3) |
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8.3.3.3 Non-protein plant constituents |
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266 | (1) |
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8.3.3.4 Whole food in vivo testing |
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267 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Potential Allergenicity |
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267 | (1) |
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8.3.4.1 General considerations |
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267 | (1) |
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8.3.4.2 Newly expressed proteins |
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268 | (4) |
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8.3.4.3 Whole food allergenicity |
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272 | (1) |
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8.3.5 Nutritional Assessment |
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272 | (2) |
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8.3.6 Post-Market Monitoring |
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274 | (1) |
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8.4 Specific Considerations for Safety Assessment of Gene-Edited Crops |
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274 | (4) |
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8.5 Regulation of Gene-Edited Crops |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (5) |
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9 Agrobacterium rumefaciens-Mediated Transformation Systems for Genetic Manipulation in Agriculturally Important Fungi |
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285 | (30) |
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286 | (1) |
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9.2 The Key Components of ATMT Systems |
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287 | (5) |
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9.2.1 A. tumefaciens and Molecular Mechanism of Gene Transfer |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (3) |
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9.2.4 Fungal Strains as Recipients for the ATMT Systems |
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292 | (1) |
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9.3 A Typical Experimental Procedure of ATMT in Fungi |
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292 | (2) |
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9.4 Applications of ATMT in Studies on Agriculturally Important Fungi |
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294 | (8) |
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9.4.1 As a Tool for Inspecting Molecular Mechanism of Plant Infection by Fungal Pathogens |
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295 | (3) |
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9.4.2 As a Tool for Studies on Plant-Beneficial Fungi |
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298 | (2) |
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9.4.3 As a Tool for Improving or Eliminating Fungal Metabolites |
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300 | (1) |
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9.4.4 As a Tool for Genetic Manipulation in Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (13) |
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10 Potential Effect of Organophosphate Compounds on Non-Target Sites of Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa Armigera |
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315 | (22) |
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316 | (3) |
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10.2 Bioassay of Insecticides |
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319 | (14) |
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10.2.1 In vivo Assay of Acetylcholine Esterase |
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320 | (1) |
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10.2.2 In vitro Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Respiration |
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321 | (1) |
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10.2.3 In vivo Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Respiration |
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321 | (3) |
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10.2.4 In vitro and in vivo Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Enzyme Complexes |
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324 | (1) |
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10.2.5 In vitro Release of Cytochrome C |
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324 | (1) |
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10.2.6 Influence of Insecticides on Oxidative Stress |
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324 | (6) |
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10.2.7 Influence of Insecticides on Antioxidant Enzymes |
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330 | (3) |
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333 | (4) |
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11 Agricultural Fungicides Targeting the Cytochrome bcx Complex |
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337 | (22) |
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338 | (1) |
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11.2 An Overview of Cytochrome bc1 Complex, Structure, and Function |
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338 | (3) |
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11.3 Inhibitors of bc1 Complex and Their Mode of Binding |
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341 | (4) |
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11.4 Tools to Study Mode of Action of bc1 Complex Inhibitors |
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345 | (2) |
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11.5 Agricultural Fungicides Targeting bc1 Complex and Target Site Resistance Mutations |
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347 | (6) |
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11.5.1 Quinone Outside Inhibitors |
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347 | (5) |
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11.5.2 Quinone Inside Inhibitors |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (6) |
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359 | (50) |
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360 | (1) |
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12.2 Stereochemistry Approach in Modern Crop Protection |
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361 | (9) |
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12.2.1 Importance of Chirality in Agrochemicals |
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361 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Technical Manufacturing Methods for Preparing Chiral Agrochemicals |
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361 | (6) |
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12.2.3 Regulatory Consequences for Chiral Agrochemicals |
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367 | (2) |
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12.2.4 Chiral Agrochemicals in the Past 10 Years |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (5) |
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12.3.1 Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors |
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370 | (3) |
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12.3.2 AHAS/ALS Inhibitors |
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373 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Selected Chiral Development Candidate Herbicides |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (14) |
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12.4.1 Fungicidal Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors |
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375 | (4) |
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12.4.2 Fungicidal Quinone Outside Inhibitors |
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379 | (2) |
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12.4.3 Fungicidal Quinone Inside Inhibitors |
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381 | (2) |
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12.4.4 Fungicidal Sterolbiosynthesis Inhibitors |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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12.4.6 Fungicidal OBP Inhibitors |
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386 | (2) |
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12.4.7 Selected Chiral Fungicide Development Candidates |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (7) |
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12.5.1 nAChR Competitive Modulators |
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389 | (2) |
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12.5.2 GluCl Channel Allosteric Modulators |
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391 | (1) |
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12.5.3 GABA-Gated Chloride Channel Allosteric Modulators |
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392 | (2) |
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12.5.4 Chordotonal Organ TRPV Channel Modulators |
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394 | (1) |
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12.5.5 Selected Chiral Development Candidate Insecticides |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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12.6.1 Selected Chiral Development Candidate Acaricides |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
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12.7.1 Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitors |
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396 | (1) |
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12.7.2 Selected Chiral Development Candidate Nematicides |
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397 | (1) |
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12.8 Summary and Prospects |
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398 | (11) |
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13 Asymmetric Biosynthesis of L-Phosphinothricin |
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409 | (24) |
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410 | (4) |
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13.2 Asymmetric Resolution of D.L-PPT to L-PPT by D-Amino Acid Oxidase |
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414 | (5) |
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13.2.1 Flavin-Dependent Substrate Dehydrogenation Mechanism of DAAO |
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415 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Redesign DAAO for Synthesis |
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416 | (2) |
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13.2.3 Application of DAAO |
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418 | (1) |
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13.3 Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT by Transaminase |
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419 | (3) |
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13.3.1 Mechanism of Biocatalysis of TA |
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419 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Screening of TA for Synthesizing L-PPT |
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420 | (2) |
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13.4 Asymmetric Biosynthesis of L-PPT by Amino Acid Dehydrogenase |
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422 | (4) |
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13.4.1 Mechanism of Biocatalysis of AADH |
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423 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Redesign of GluDH for Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT |
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424 | (2) |
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13.5 Enzyme Cascade for Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT |
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426 | (2) |
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13.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects |
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428 | (5) |
Index |
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433 | |