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E-raamat: Agricultural Biocatalysis: Biological and Chemical Applications

Edited by (Kobe University, Japan), Edited by (Bayer AG, Germany)
  • Formaat: 442 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2022
  • Kirjastus: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000635287
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Agricultural Biocatalysis: Biological and Chemical ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 442 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2022
  • Kirjastus: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000635287
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Agricultural biocatalysis is of immense scientific interest nowadays owing to its increasing importance in the efforts for more sustainable agriculture while optimizing environmental impacts. Plant compatibility is essential for developing eco-friendly and sustainable microbial products. Therefore, our search for novel technologies ought to be in the foreground, for which a thorough understanding of biochemical processes, applications of agricultural enzymes, traits, and viruses should get the highest priority.

Volumes 8 to 10 in this series compile the recent research on agricultural biocatalysis by interdisciplinary teams from international institutes for chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, and materials and chemical engineering, who have been investigating agricultural-biocatalytic topics related to biochemical conversions or bioremediation, and modern biological and chemical applications exemplified by the use of selected and highly innovative agricultural enzymes, traits, and viruses. The editors are prominent researchers in agrochemistry and theoretical biophysical chemistry, and these three volumes are useful references for the students and researchers in the fields of agrochemistry, biochemistry, biology, biophysical chemistry, natural product chemistry, materials, and drug design. Volume 10 covers the research on biological control, plant uptake and plant growth aspects, plant stress, including genome editing in plants, and selected agrochemical classes as well as the importance of modern chiral agrochemicals.
Preface xv
Section 1 Biological Control
1 Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi: Mechanisms and Potentials
3(38)
Priscila Jane Romano Gonfalves Selari
Sarina Tsui
Tiago Tognolli de Almeida
Luiz Ricardo Olchanheski
Manuella Nobrega Dourado
1.1 Introduction
4(3)
1.2 Endophytic Microorganisms as a Source of Potential Antifungal Compounds
7(3)
1.3 Bacteria as Antifungal Compound Source: A Sustainable Alternative
10(3)
1.4 Bacterial Secondary Metabolites
13(2)
1.4.1 Diffusible Antifungal Substances
13(1)
1.4.2 Volatile Organic Compounds
14(1)
1.5 Other Strategies for Fungal Biocontrol
15(15)
1.5.1 Hydrolytic Enzymes
15(1)
1.5.2 Competition
15(1)
1.5.3 Induced Systemic Resistance
16(1)
1.5.4 Fungi as Biological Control Agents
17(2)
1.5.5 Virus-Induced Hypovirulence as Biological Control Tool Against Plant Fungal Diseases
19(5)
1.5.6 Archaea: A Possible Source of Antimicrobial Compounds
24(2)
1.5.7 Suppressive Soils Inhibit Soilborne Fungus Pathogen
26(4)
1.6 Register of Biological Products Against Phytopathogenic Fungi
30(1)
1.7 Final Consideration
30(11)
2 Sustainable Phage-Based Strategies to Control Bacterial Diseases in Agriculture
41(40)
Maria Aiko Ascano
Miguel Antonio Cafiiza
Ron Leonard Dy
2.1 Introduction
42(2)
2.2 Bacteriophages: A Brief Overview on History, Ecology, and Physiology
44(4)
2.2.1 History of Bacteriophage Research
44(1)
2.2.2 Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Phages
45(1)
2.2.3 Phage Physiology
46(2)
2.3 Phage Life Cycles
48(1)
2.4 Bacteriophages as Biocontrol Agents
49(11)
2.4.1 Whole Phages as Antimicrobial Agents
50(3)
2.4.2 Engineered Bacteriolytic Phages with Improved Host Range and Biocontrol Activities
53(5)
2.4.3 Phage-Derived Lytic Enzymes
58(2)
2.4.4 Bacteriophages as Sources of Novel Antibacterial Molecules
60(1)
2.5 Temperate Phages as Targeted Carrier Systems
60(4)
2.6 Phages as Biosensors for Pathogen Detection
64(1)
2.7 Phage-Based Biocontrol Strategies in Agriculture
65(3)
2.8 Summary and Conclusion
68(13)
3 Elimination of Gut Bacteria from Helicoverpa armigera Using Antibiotics Reduces the Binding and Pore-Forming Activity of Cry Toxins
81(22)
Visweshwar Regode
Hari Chand Sharma
Kuruba Sreeramulu
3.1 Introduction
82(2)
3.2 Optimization of Antibiotic Dose for Elimination of Midgut Bacteria
84(1)
3.3 Proteolytic Processing of CrylAc Protoxin
85(1)
3.4 Diet Absorption Studies
86(1)
3.5 Enzymes Activity Assay
87(2)
3.6 Dot Immunoblotting
89(1)
3.7 Binding of Cry Toxins to Larval BBMVS
90(2)
3.8 Pore-Forming Activity of CrylAc and CrylAb
92(5)
3.9 Conclusion
97(6)
Section 2 Plant Uptake and Plant Growth
4 Metal Nanoparticles Applications and Their Release into Surrounding: Perspectives of Plant Uptake and Effects on Phytohormones
103(28)
Murta A. Ali
Kareem A. Mosa
4.1 Introduction
104(2)
4.2 Metal NPs Applications and Presence in the Environment
106(7)
4.2.1 Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmetics Applications of Metal NPs
108(1)
4.2.2 Metal NPs in Food Industry
109(1)
4.2.3 Metal NPs in Environmental Fields
109(1)
4.2.4 Metal NPs in Construction Field
110(1)
4.2.5 Metal NPs in Electronics
110(1)
4.2.6 Applications of Metal NPs in Other Industries
110(1)
4.2.7 Potential Applications of Metal NPs in Agriculture
111(1)
4.2.7.1 Nano fertilizers
112(1)
4.2.7.2 Nano-pesticides
112(1)
4.2.7.3 Nano-sensors
112(1)
4.3 Mechanism of Metal NPs Uptake and Translocation by Plants
113(5)
4.3.1 Metal NPs Uptake by Plants
114(1)
4.3.2 Metal NPs Translocation and Accumulationin Plant Tissues
115(2)
4.3.2.1 Root exposure and uptake of metal NPs
117(1)
4.3.2.2 Foliar exposure and uptake of metal NPs
117(1)
4.4 Phytotoxicity of Metal NPs: Insight into Plant Hormones
118(6)
4.4.1 Phytotoxic Effect of Metal NPs on Phytohormones at Molecular Level
121(3)
4.5 Conclusion
124(7)
5 Utilization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria with Multiple Beneficial Traits in Agricultural Biotechnology for Crop Improvement
131(44)
Usha Chakrctborty
Bishwanath Chakraborty
5.1 Introduction
132(3)
5.2 Improvement of Crop Health by PGPR
135(15)
5.2.1 Direct Effects of PGPR on Plant Growth
139(1)
5.2.1.1 Nitrogen fixation
139(1)
5.2.1.2 Solubilization of insoluble minerals by PGPR
140(2)
5.2.1.3 Phytohormone production
142(4)
5.2.2 Indirect Effects of PGPR on Plant Health
146(1)
5.2.2.1 Direct effects on pathogens
146(2)
5.2.2.2 Indirect effect on pathogens - ISR
148(2)
5.3 Alleviation of Stresses
150(7)
5.4 Bioformulation of PGPR, Marketing, and its Commercialization
157(2)
5.5 Conclusion
159(16)
Section 3 Plant Stress
6 Salinity Stress in Plants and Role of Microbes in Its Alleviation
175(40)
Richa Salwan
Vivek Sharma
6.1 Introduction
176(2)
6.2 Soil Salinity and Its Effect on Plants
178(3)
6.3 Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Salt Tolerance
181(8)
6.4 Role of ROS in Salt Stress
189(1)
6.5 Alternate Splicing in Plants During Saline Stress
190(1)
6.6 Role of Microorganism in Alleviating Salt Stress in Crops
191(4)
6.7 Microbes Produce Plant Growth Regulators in Salt Tolerance
195(2)
6.8 Microbial Biofilms in Salt Stress
197(2)
6.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
199(16)
7 Auxin and Stringolactone Interaction in Extreme Phosphate Conditions
215(36)
Miglena Revalska
Anelia Iantcheva
7.1 Introduction
216(2)
7.2 Plant Material, Plant Growth, and Cultivation Conditions
218(2)
7.3 Performed Analyses of In Vitro Transgenic and WT Seedlings of M. Truncatula Grown in Conditions of Phosphate Deficiency or Excess, and in Normal Conditions
220(12)
7.3.1 Phenotypic Analyses of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT
221(2)
7.3.2 Biometric Measurements of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT
223(3)
7.3.3 Morphological Evaluation of Leaf and Root Epidermis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT
226(2)
7.3.4 qRT-PCR Analysis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT
228(3)
7.3.5 Statistical Analyses
231(1)
7.4 Application of Exogenous 2,4-D on In Vitro Transgenic and WT Seedlings of M. Truncatula Grown in Conditions of Phosphate Deficiency or Excess, and in Normal Conditions
232(13)
7.4.1 Phenotypic Analyses of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D
233(2)
7.4.2 Biometric Measurements of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D
235(3)
7.4.3 Morphological Evaluation of Leaf and Root Epidermis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D
238(2)
7.4.4 qRT-PCR Analysis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT after Treatment with 2,4-D
240(4)
7.4.5 Statistical Analyses
244(1)
7.5 Conclusion
245(6)
Section 4 Genome Editing in Plants
8 Food and Feed Safety Considerations for Gene-Edited and Other Genetically Modified Crops
251(34)
Gijs A. Kleter
8.1 Introduction
252(1)
8.2 Background: Gene Editing
253(4)
8.3 Safety Assessment of Food and Feeds from GM Crops
257(17)
8.3.1 Comparative Safety Assessment Approach
257(3)
8.3.2 Potential Unintended Effects
260(2)
8.3.3 Potential Toxicity
262(1)
8.3.3.1 General considerations
262(1)
8.3.3.2 Newly expressed proteins
263(3)
8.3.3.3 Non-protein plant constituents
266(1)
8.3.3.4 Whole food in vivo testing
267(1)
8.3.4 Potential Allergenicity
267(1)
8.3.4.1 General considerations
267(1)
8.3.4.2 Newly expressed proteins
268(4)
8.3.4.3 Whole food allergenicity
272(1)
8.3.5 Nutritional Assessment
272(2)
8.3.6 Post-Market Monitoring
274(1)
8.4 Specific Considerations for Safety Assessment of Gene-Edited Crops
274(4)
8.5 Regulation of Gene-Edited Crops
278(2)
8.6 Conclusion
280(5)
9 Agrobacterium rumefaciens-Mediated Transformation Systems for Genetic Manipulation in Agriculturally Important Fungi
285(30)
Van-Tuan Tran
Hanh-Dung Thai
TaoXuan Vu
9.1 Introduction
286(1)
9.2 The Key Components of ATMT Systems
287(5)
9.2.1 A. tumefaciens and Molecular Mechanism of Gene Transfer
287(1)
9.2.2 Binary Vectors
288(1)
9.2.3 Selection Markers
289(3)
9.2.4 Fungal Strains as Recipients for the ATMT Systems
292(1)
9.3 A Typical Experimental Procedure of ATMT in Fungi
292(2)
9.4 Applications of ATMT in Studies on Agriculturally Important Fungi
294(8)
9.4.1 As a Tool for Inspecting Molecular Mechanism of Plant Infection by Fungal Pathogens
295(3)
9.4.2 As a Tool for Studies on Plant-Beneficial Fungi
298(2)
9.4.3 As a Tool for Improving or Eliminating Fungal Metabolites
300(1)
9.4.4 As a Tool for Genetic Manipulation in Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms
301(1)
9.5 Future Perspectives
302(13)
Section 5 Agrochemicals
10 Potential Effect of Organophosphate Compounds on Non-Target Sites of Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa Armigera
315(22)
Bharat Naresh Kumar
Kuruba Sreeramulu
10.1 Introduction
316(3)
10.2 Bioassay of Insecticides
319(14)
10.2.1 In vivo Assay of Acetylcholine Esterase
320(1)
10.2.2 In vitro Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Respiration
321(1)
10.2.3 In vivo Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Respiration
321(3)
10.2.4 In vitro and in vivo Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Enzyme Complexes
324(1)
10.2.5 In vitro Release of Cytochrome C
324(1)
10.2.6 Influence of Insecticides on Oxidative Stress
324(6)
10.2.7 Influence of Insecticides on Antioxidant Enzymes
330(3)
10.3 Conclusion
333(4)
11 Agricultural Fungicides Targeting the Cytochrome bcx Complex
337(22)
Brigitte Meunier
Nicholas Fisher
11.1 Introduction
338(1)
11.2 An Overview of Cytochrome bc1 Complex, Structure, and Function
338(3)
11.3 Inhibitors of bc1 Complex and Their Mode of Binding
341(4)
11.4 Tools to Study Mode of Action of bc1 Complex Inhibitors
345(2)
11.5 Agricultural Fungicides Targeting bc1 Complex and Target Site Resistance Mutations
347(6)
11.5.1 Quinone Outside Inhibitors
347(5)
11.5.2 Quinone Inside Inhibitors
352(1)
11.6 Conclusion
353(6)
12 Chiral Agrochemicals
359(50)
Peter Jeschke
12.1 Introduction
360(1)
12.2 Stereochemistry Approach in Modern Crop Protection
361(9)
12.2.1 Importance of Chirality in Agrochemicals
361(1)
12.2.2 Technical Manufacturing Methods for Preparing Chiral Agrochemicals
361(6)
12.2.3 Regulatory Consequences for Chiral Agrochemicals
367(2)
12.2.4 Chiral Agrochemicals in the Past 10 Years
369(1)
12.3 Chiral Herbicides
370(5)
12.3.1 Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors
370(3)
12.3.2 AHAS/ALS Inhibitors
373(1)
12.3.3 Selected Chiral Development Candidate Herbicides
374(1)
12.4 Chiral Fungicides
375(14)
12.4.1 Fungicidal Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors
375(4)
12.4.2 Fungicidal Quinone Outside Inhibitors
379(2)
12.4.3 Fungicidal Quinone Inside Inhibitors
381(2)
12.4.4 Fungicidal Sterolbiosynthesis Inhibitors
383(1)
12.4.5 PKS Inhibitors
384(2)
12.4.6 Fungicidal OBP Inhibitors
386(2)
12.4.7 Selected Chiral Fungicide Development Candidates
388(1)
12.5 Chiral Insecticides
389(7)
12.5.1 nAChR Competitive Modulators
389(2)
12.5.2 GluCl Channel Allosteric Modulators
391(1)
12.5.3 GABA-Gated Chloride Channel Allosteric Modulators
392(2)
12.5.4 Chordotonal Organ TRPV Channel Modulators
394(1)
12.5.5 Selected Chiral Development Candidate Insecticides
395(1)
12.6 Chiral Acaricides
396(1)
12.6.1 Selected Chiral Development Candidate Acaricides
396(1)
12.7 Chiral Nematicides
396(2)
12.7.1 Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitors
396(1)
12.7.2 Selected Chiral Development Candidate Nematicides
397(1)
12.8 Summary and Prospects
398(11)
13 Asymmetric Biosynthesis of L-Phosphinothricin
409(24)
Liu-Yu Wang
Ya-Ping Xue
Yu-Guo Zheng
13.1 Introduction
410(4)
13.2 Asymmetric Resolution of D.L-PPT to L-PPT by D-Amino Acid Oxidase
414(5)
13.2.1 Flavin-Dependent Substrate Dehydrogenation Mechanism of DAAO
415(1)
13.2.2 Redesign DAAO for Synthesis
416(2)
13.2.3 Application of DAAO
418(1)
13.3 Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT by Transaminase
419(3)
13.3.1 Mechanism of Biocatalysis of TA
419(1)
13.3.2 Screening of TA for Synthesizing L-PPT
420(2)
13.4 Asymmetric Biosynthesis of L-PPT by Amino Acid Dehydrogenase
422(4)
13.4.1 Mechanism of Biocatalysis of AADH
423(1)
13.4.2 Redesign of GluDH for Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT
424(2)
13.5 Enzyme Cascade for Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT
426(2)
13.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
428(5)
Index 433
Peter Jeschke gained his PhD in organic chemistry at the University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, after which he moved to Fahlberg-List Company, Germany, to pursue agrochemical research before moving to the Institute of Neurobiology and Brain Research, German Academy of Sciences. In 1989, he joined Bayer AG in animal health research and eight years later took a position in insecticide research, where he was a senior fellow in Research and Development, Pest Control Chemistry, Crop Science Division. Since 2011, he has been honorary professor at the Universität Düsseldorf, Germany. Prof. Jeschke is an associate editor for Pest Management Science (Society of Chemical Industry, UK) and also a member of the editorial advisory board for Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley-VCH). Retired since 2022, he has authored more than 250 patent applications and publications.

Evgeni B. Starikov is a specialist in theoretical biophysical chemistry with nearly 40 years of professional experience. Currently, he is a freelance researcher at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and Kobe University, Japan. Prof. Starikov has authored more than 100 articles and a monograph and co-edited two books. His current research interests include applications of thermodynamics.
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