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Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Error Analysis and their Uncertainties in Dimensional Metrology Applied to Science and Technology |
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1 | (84) |
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1.1 Introduction to uncertainties in dimensional metrology |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Definition of standards |
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4 | (5) |
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1.3 Definition of errors and uncertainties in dimensional metrology |
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9 | (6) |
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1.3.1 What is the difference between error and uncertainty? |
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10 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Why make a calculation of errors' uncertainty? |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Reminder of basic errors and uncertainties |
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11 | (2) |
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1.3.4 Properties of uncertainty propagation |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3.5 Reminder of random basic variables and their functions |
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14 | (1) |
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1.3.6 Properties of random variables of common functions |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4 Errors and their impact on the calculation of uncertainties |
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15 | (20) |
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1.4.1 Accidental or fortuitous errors |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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1.4.3 Errors due to apparatus |
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18 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Errors due to the operator |
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18 | (1) |
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1.4.5 Errors due to temperature differences |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (14) |
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1.5 Applications based on errors in dimensional metrology |
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35 | (7) |
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1.5.1 Absolute error |δ| = Ea |
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35 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Relative error δ = Er |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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1.5.4 Accidental error (fortuitous error) |
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36 | (1) |
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1.5.5 Expansion effect on a bore/shaft assembly |
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36 | (6) |
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1.6 Correction of possible measurement errors |
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42 | (6) |
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1.6.1 Overall error and uncertainty |
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45 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Uncertainty due to calibration methods |
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46 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Capability of measuring instruments |
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47 | (1) |
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1.7 Estimation of uncertainties of measurement errors in metrology |
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48 | (5) |
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1.7.1 Definitions of simplified equations of uncertainty measurements |
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48 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Issue of mathematical statistics evaluation of uncertainties in dimensional metrology |
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49 | (2) |
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1.7.3 Uncertainty range, coverage factor k and range of relative uncertainty |
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51 | (2) |
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1.8 Approaches for determining type A and B uncertainties according to the GUM |
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53 | (16) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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1.8.3 Brief description of type-A uncertainty evaluation method |
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57 | (2) |
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1.8.4 Type-B uncertainty methods |
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59 | (10) |
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1.9 Principle of uncertainty calculation: types A and B |
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69 | (13) |
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1.9.1 Error on the repeated measure: calculation of compound standard uncertainty |
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71 | (3) |
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1.9.2 Applications on the laboratory calculations of uncertainties |
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74 | (1) |
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1.9.3 Simplified models for the calculations of measurement uncertainties |
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75 | (4) |
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1.9.4 Laboratory model of dimensional metrology |
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79 | (1) |
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1.9.5 Measurement uncertainty evaluation discussion |
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79 | (2) |
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1.9.6 Contribution of the GUM in dimensional metrology |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Dimensional and Geometrical Tolerances According to ISO, CSA (Canada), and ANSI (USA) |
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85 | (78) |
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2.1 Introduction to geometrical products specification |
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85 | (4) |
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2.2 Dimensional tolerances and adjustments |
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89 | (8) |
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2.2.1 Adjustments with clearance: ø80 H8/f7 |
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91 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Adjustments with uncertain clearance: ø80 H7/k6 |
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91 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Adjustments with clamping or interference |
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91 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Approach for the calculation of an adjustment with clearance |
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93 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Dimensioning according to ANSI and CSA |
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94 | (2) |
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2.2.6 Definition of geometrical form constraints |
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96 | (1) |
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2.3 International vocabulary of metrology |
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97 | (6) |
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2.3.1 Local nominal dimensions according to ISO/DIS 14660-1996 |
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97 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Definition of the axis extracted from a cylinder or a cone |
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98 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Definition of the local size extracted from a cylinder |
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99 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Definition of local size extracted from two parallel surfaces |
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100 | (1) |
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2.3.5 Notion of simulated element and associated element |
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101 | (2) |
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2.4 GPS standard covering ISO/TR1463 8-1995 |
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103 | (33) |
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2.4.1 Principle of independency according to ISO 8015-1985 (classic case) |
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103 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Envelope requirement according to ISO 8015 |
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104 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Maximum material principle according to ISO 2692-1988 (classic case) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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2.4.5 Flatness tolerances |
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109 | (1) |
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2.4.6 Straightness tolerance |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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2.4.9 Orientation tolerances |
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113 | (1) |
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2.4.10 Parallelism (straight line/straight line) |
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114 | (2) |
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2.4.11 Parallelism plane/plane (plane/straight line) on CMM |
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116 | (2) |
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2.4.12 A workshop exercise on dimensional metrology |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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2.4.14 Positioning tolerances |
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119 | (8) |
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2.4.15 Tolerance of single radial flap (radial runout) |
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127 | (1) |
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2.4.16 Tolerance of single axial flap (axial runout) |
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127 | (3) |
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2.4.17 Zone of tolerance applied to a restricted portion of the piece (as in // and in) |
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130 | (1) |
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2.4.18 Projected tolerance zone according to ISO 10578 (classic case) |
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131 | (5) |
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2.5 Conicity according to ISO 3040-1990 |
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136 | (3) |
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2.5.1 Conicity calculation: slope, tan(α), large and small diameter |
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138 | (1) |
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2.6 Linear dimensional tolerances |
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139 | (4) |
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2.6.1 Consequence: "size" tolerancing |
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141 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Consequence: independency with regard to the form |
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142 | (1) |
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2.7 Positioning a group of elements |
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143 | (2) |
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2.8 GPS standards according to the report CR ISO/TR14638 of 1996 |
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145 | (2) |
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2.9 Rational dimensioning for a controlled metrology: indices of capability and performance indices statistical process specification |
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147 | (12) |
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2.10 Summary and discussion |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Measurement and Controls Using Linear and Angular Standards |
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163 | (74) |
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3.1 Key dimensional metrology standards |
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163 | (5) |
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3.1.1 Time and frequency standards |
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164 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Force and pressure standards |
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165 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Electrical standards |
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165 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Temperature standards |
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166 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Photometric standards |
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166 | (1) |
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3.1.6 Measurement, comparison, and control |
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166 | (2) |
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3.2 Meter, time, and mass |
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168 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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3.3 Deformations and mechanical causes of errors |
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170 | (10) |
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3.3.1 Quantitative assessment of gauge blocks |
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170 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Assessment of cylindrical rod and ball gauges (spheres). Local crashing of cylindrical rods K1 |
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172 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Recommendations for correct block staking |
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173 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Punctual contact (spherical buttons, beads, and thread flanks of a thread buffer) K2° |
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174 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Total flattening of cylindrical gauges (kp) |
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175 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Total flattening of balls (spheres)Ksph |
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176 | (1) |
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3.3.7 Measurement and precision with micrometer |
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177 | (3) |
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3.4 Marble, V-blocks, gauge blocks, and dial gauges |
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180 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Control of flat surfaces on marble |
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180 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Measurement by comparison of small marble surfaces |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (14) |
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3.5.1 Mechanical dial gauges with inside and outside contacts |
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188 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Sizes of fixed dimensions, or Max-Min |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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3.5.7 Inside gauges (micrometer) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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3.5.9 Telescopic bore gauges |
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196 | (3) |
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3.6 Example of a laboratory model |
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199 | (1) |
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3.6.1 Table of experimental measurements |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (5) |
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3.7.1 Directions for use of height masters (or height gauges) |
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201 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Adjustable parallel gauge blocks and holding accessories |
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201 | (2) |
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3.7.3 Example of a laboratory model |
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203 | (1) |
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3.7.4 Table of experimental measurements |
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203 | (1) |
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3.7.5 Precision height gauge check master |
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204 | (1) |
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3.7.6 Caliper gauge control |
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205 | (1) |
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3.8 The universal protractor vernier |
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205 | (6) |
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3.8.1 Direct angle measurement |
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207 | (1) |
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3.8.2 Indirect angular measurement |
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208 | (1) |
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3.8.3 Vernier height gauge |
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208 | (1) |
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3.8.4 Gear tooth vernier caliper |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (5) |
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3.9.1 Various measurements of a dimension using a caliper |
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213 | (1) |
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3.9.2 Possible errors when using a caliper |
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214 | (2) |
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3.10 Micrometer or Palmer |
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216 | (18) |
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3.10.1 Principle of micrometric screw |
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217 | (1) |
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3.10.2 Manipulations to perform a measurement with a Palmer |
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217 | (3) |
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3.10.3 Adjusting micrometers |
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220 | (1) |
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3.10.4 Control of parallelism and flatness of the micrometer's measuring surfaces using optical glass |
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221 | (5) |
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3.10.5 Measurement of screw threads by three-wire method |
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226 | (2) |
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3.10.6 Ruler and gauges for the control of screw threads |
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228 | (1) |
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3.10.7 Micrometer with fine point |
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229 | (1) |
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3.10.8 Disc micrometers to measure shoulder distances |
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230 | (1) |
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3.10.9 Outside micrometer caliper type |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Surface Control |
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237 | (72) |
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4.1 Control and measurement of angles |
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237 | (4) |
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239 | (2) |
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4.2 Surfaces of revolution |
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241 | (17) |
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4.2.1 Fundamentals of the analysis of conical surfaces control |
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243 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Control by comparison to a standard |
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245 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Using the buffer and the cone-shaped ring |
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246 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Measuring angles with gauges and balls |
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246 | (7) |
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4.2.5 Principle of measurement called "sine" |
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253 | (5) |
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4.2 Metric thread (M) measurement on gauge |
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258 | (3) |
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4.3.1 Laboratory control of the conicity with balls and gauges |
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259 | (2) |
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4.4 Controls of cones on machine-tools |
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261 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Method of swivel slide |
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261 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Method of lateral displacement of the tailstock of a lathe |
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263 | (1) |
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4.5 Control of flat surfaces |
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264 | (6) |
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4.5.1 Properties of a dihedron |
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265 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Control of large flat surfaces |
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266 | (4) |
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4.6 Control of cylindrical surfaces (of revolution) |
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270 | (11) |
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4.6.1 Cylindrical surface |
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270 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Associated definitions |
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270 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Cylindricity defects |
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271 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Control of a cylinder on three contact tips on a V-block |
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272 | (8) |
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4.6.5 Practical control of the straightness of the generatrix of a cylinder |
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280 | (1) |
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4.6.6 Control of the perpendicularity of the generatrix and the drive circle |
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280 | (1) |
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4.7 Control of surfaces of revolution with spherical forms |
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281 | (9) |
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4.7.1 Description and functioning of a spherometer |
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282 | (2) |
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4.7.2 Laboratory (workshop) simulated on the appropriate use of spherometer |
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284 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Control and measurement with spherometer (second approach) |
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285 | (2) |
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4.7.4 Generating a spherical surface |
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287 | (3) |
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4.8 Control of the relative positions of surfaces |
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290 | (4) |
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4.8.1 Control of parallelism for surfaces or edges |
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291 | (1) |
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4.8.2 Control of parallelism for two dihedral edges |
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291 | (1) |
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4.8.3 Control of the angular position of surfaces, distance between the axis of a bore and the plane |
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292 | (1) |
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4.8.4 Control of distance between the sphere center and the plane |
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293 | (1) |
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4.8.5 Control of the position of the edge of a dihedron |
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294 | (1) |
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4.9 Methods of dimensional measurement |
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294 | (14) |
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4.9.1 Direct method (calibration curve) |
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294 | (1) |
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4.9.2 Indirect method (by comparison or differential) |
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294 | (1) |
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4.9.3 Indirect method known under the term "at zero" |
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295 | (1) |
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4.9.4 Measurement of flatness defect |
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296 | (1) |
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4.9.5 Method for measuring flatness deviation |
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296 | (3) |
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4.9.6 Operating procedure for flatness deviation measurement |
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299 | (3) |
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4.9.7 Relative position of measuring instruments and the workpiece |
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302 | (1) |
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4.9.8 Control of the perpendicularity of a line to a plane |
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303 | (2) |
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4.9.9 Relative position of measuring instruments and the workpiece |
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305 | (1) |
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4.9.10 Other controls of dimensions in relative positions |
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305 | (1) |
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4.9.11 Direct measurement of an intrinsic dimension using micrometer |
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306 | (1) |
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4.9.12 Summary on relative positions |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Opto-Mechanical Metrology |
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309 | (32) |
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5.1 Introduction to measurement by optical methods |
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309 | (13) |
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5.1.1 Description of profile projector (type Mitutoyo PH-350H) |
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309 | (3) |
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5.1.2 Presentation of the main operating functions of GEOCHECK |
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312 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Selecting the point of origin (preset operation, zero reset) |
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313 | (2) |
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5.1.4 The main functions of optical comparator |
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315 | (3) |
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5.1.5 Metrology laboratories on profile projector |
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318 | (3) |
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5.1.6 Plates measurement standards for profile projector |
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321 | (1) |
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5.2 Principle of interferential metrology (example: prism spectroscope) |
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322 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Function of two sine-waves interference |
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323 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Statistical description |
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324 | (1) |
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5.3 Flatness measurement by optical planes |
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325 | (1) |
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5.4 Principle of interferoscope |
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326 | (4) |
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5.5 Control of parallelism (case of parallel gauge-blocks) |
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330 | (9) |
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5.5.1 Numerical example of laboratory |
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336 | (3) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Control of Surface States |
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341 | (54) |
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6.1 Introduction to surface states control for solid materials |
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341 | (7) |
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6.1.1 Terminology and definition of surface states criteria |
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343 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Surface states (texture) and sampling lengths |
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345 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Waviness parameters |
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346 | (2) |
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6.2 Instruments for measuring surface state |
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348 | (1) |
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6.2.1 Selecting cutoff for roughness measurements |
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348 | (1) |
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6.3 Symbols used in engineering drawings to describe the appropriate surface state according to ANSI/ASME Y14. 36M-1996 |
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349 | (13) |
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6.3.1 Surface characteristics in a drawing using CAD--CAO software |
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351 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Expressions of the terms of surface roughness |
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355 | (3) |
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6.3.3 Description of the main surface states |
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358 | (4) |
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6.4 Presentation of Mitutoyo Surftest 211 |
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362 | (8) |
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6.4.1 Components of rugosimeter 211 |
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362 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Calibration of Mitutoyo rugosimeter 211 |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Practical example on the application of Surftest 211 |
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365 | (2) |
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6.4.5 Portable rugosimeter SJ-400 of Mitutoyo |
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367 | (3) |
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6.5 The main normalized parameters of surface states used in the industry, their formulas and definitions |
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370 | (13) |
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6.5.1 Waviness parameters |
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372 | (11) |
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6.6 Example on the control of the roughness of a plate grade 6061 |
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383 | (8) |
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6.6.1 Questionnaire and laboratory approach |
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385 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Table of calibrated measurement results in [ micrometer] and [ microinch] |
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386 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Plotting using MathCAD Software |
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386 | (2) |
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6.6.4 Plotting with the aid of MathCAD |
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388 | (2) |
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6.6.5 Graphical results of arithmetic means Ra |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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6.7 Calculations of the overall uncertainty in the GUM method compared to the Monte Carlo method using the software GUMic |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Computer-Aided Metrology-CAM |
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395 | (58) |
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7.1 Coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) |
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395 | (4) |
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7.1.1 Morphology of the CMM |
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395 | (2) |
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7.1.2 The CMM and its environment |
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397 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Advantages of CMM in metrology |
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398 | (1) |
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7.2 Commonly-used geometric models in dimensional metrology |
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399 | (12) |
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7.2.1 Constructive solid geometry models |
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400 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Boundary representation models (B-REP) |
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401 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Hybrid models CSG/B-REP (solid + surfaces) |
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401 | (1) |
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7.2.4 NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational Beta-Splines) |
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402 | (4) |
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7.2.5 TTRS (Technologically and Topologically Related Surfaces) models |
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406 | (3) |
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7.2.6 Real forms, real geometric elements, real geometrical surfaces |
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409 | (2) |
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7.3 Nominal geometric elements |
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411 | (4) |
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7.3.1 Modeling the ideal geometric form of a workpiece |
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411 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Model of real geometric elements, reference surface (SR) |
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412 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Substitution surfaces models |
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412 | (3) |
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7.4 Description of styli and types of probing |
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415 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Styli with ruby ball |
|
|
415 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Hemispherical-ended styli |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
7.4.3 Sharp styli or styli with small radius |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
7.4.4 Disc styli (or simply discs) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
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|
417 | (1) |
|
7.4.6 Accessories and styli extensions |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
7.5 Software and computers supporting the CMM |
|
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420 | (3) |
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|
420 | (1) |
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|
420 | (1) |
|
7.5.3 Coordinates systems and probes calibration |
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|
421 | (2) |
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7.6 Starting a B504B-Mitutoyo CMM |
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|
423 | (4) |
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7.6.1 Number of probing points |
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|
425 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Key measuring functions of the Mitutoyo B504B CMM |
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|
425 | (2) |
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7.7 Measurements on CMM using the Cosmos software |
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|
427 | (16) |
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7.7.1 Case of circle-to-circle distance |
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|
431 | (10) |
|
7.7.2 STATPAK-Win of Cosmos, Mitutoyo |
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|
441 | (2) |
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7.8 Examples of applications using CMM |
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|
443 | (7) |
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7.8.1 Compiling the technical file |
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449 | (1) |
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7.8.2 Constitution of the CMM laboratory report under Cosmos (or other) |
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|
450 | (1) |
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7.9
Chapter summary and future extensions of CMMs |
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450 | (2) |
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452 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Control of Assembly and Transmission Elements |
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453 | (78) |
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8.1 Introduction to the control of components for temporary assembly and elements for power transmission: threads, gears, and splines |
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453 | (6) |
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8.1.1 Method of obtaining threads and tapping in mechanical manufacturing |
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453 | (2) |
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8.1.2 General description of thread dimensioning |
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455 | (2) |
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8.1.3 Designation of threads and tapped holes for blind holes |
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457 | (2) |
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8.2 Helical surface for screw threads |
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459 | (2) |
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8.2.1 Technological processes for tapping and its control (Go -- Not Go) |
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459 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Tapping (by hand) with tap wrench and set of taps |
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461 | (1) |
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8.3 The main threads in the industry |
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461 | (17) |
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462 | (5) |
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8.3.2 American Standard pipe threads |
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467 | (1) |
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8.3.3 The Whitworth thread |
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468 | (1) |
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8.3.4 BRIGGS tapered threads; cone 6.25% |
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469 | (1) |
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8.3.5 American Standard thread, NC and NF series |
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470 | (1) |
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8.3.6 Pipe threads called "GAS" |
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470 | (1) |
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8.3.7 Main threads implemented in Canada |
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471 | (7) |
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8.4 Principles of threads control |
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|
478 | (9) |
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8.4.1 Defects of the helical surface |
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|
479 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Control, without measurement, of threads |
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|
480 | (6) |
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8.4.3 Control of a thread pitch using ruler and gauge |
|
|
486 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Checking the straightness of tapping tools by squaring |
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|
486 | (1) |
|
8.5 Screws resistance and quality classes |
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|
487 | (4) |
|
8.5.1 Minimum torques for screws with diameters of 1 to 10 mm |
|
|
487 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Example of calculations of efforts on threads (North American concept) |
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|
488 | (3) |
|
8.6 Control of screw thread by mechanical and optical comparison |
|
|
491 | (3) |
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8.6.1 Laboratory example on threads control |
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|
491 | (3) |
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8.7 Introduction to gear control |
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|
494 | (24) |
|
8.7.1 Parallel spur gears |
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|
495 | (9) |
|
8.7.2 Metrological control of the main types of gears |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
8.7.3 Spur gears with helical teeth |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
8.7.4 Helical gears with parallel axes |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
8.7.5 Parallel spur gears with helical teeth |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
8.7.6 Bevel or concurrent gears |
|
|
507 | (3) |
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|
|
510 | (1) |
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|
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511 | (2) |
|
8.7.9 Control of gears with a vernier calipers |
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|
513 | (2) |
|
8.7.10 Chordal thickness measurement |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
8.7.11 Over wire measurement |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
8.7.12 Measuring thickness of rack teeth |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
8.8 Introduction to spline control |
|
|
518 | (11) |
|
8.8.1 Dimensional control of splines |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
8.8.2 Control of the geometric correction of splines |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
8.8.3 Woodruff key -- standardized ANSI B17. 2-1967 (R1998) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
8.8.4 Control of key-seats |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
8.8.5 Calculating the depth of the housing (groove) and the distance from the top of the key |
|
|
522 | (7) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Chapter 9 Control of Materials Hardness Testing |
|
|
531 | (58) |
|
9.1 Introduction to non-destructive testing |
|
|
531 | (6) |
|
9.1.1 Measurements of hardness by indentation |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
9.1.2 Presentation of the main hardness tests |
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
9.2 Principle and description of the Rockwell hardness |
|
|
537 | (8) |
|
9.2.1 Comparison of indentation methods (Table 9.4) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
9.2.2 Typical applications of Rockwell scales |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
9.2.3 Rockwell superficial hardness test |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
9.2.4 Rockwell hardness tests of plastics |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
9.2.5 Comparison between Shore and Rockwell hardness ball testing |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
9.2.6 Overall description of the Rockwell hardness testing machine |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
9.3 Brinell hardness test |
|
|
545 | (5) |
|
9.3.1 Applied load and diameter of the ball |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
9.3.2 Thickness of the tested metal |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
9.3.3 Meyer hardness test (named after Rajakovico and Meyer) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
9.3.4 Operating procedure for Brinell hardness test |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
9.4 Principle of the Vickers hardness test |
|
|
550 | (3) |
|
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
9.7 Rebound hardness test by Shore test (scleroscope) |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
9.7.1 Comparison of the indenters for the Rockwell and Shore tests |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
9.8 Mohs hardness for minerals |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
9.8.1 Mohs scale of hardness minerals |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
9.8.2 How should the hardness of a mineral be measured? |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
9.9 IRHD rubber hardness tester |
|
|
560 | (2) |
|
9.9.1 Control of rubber and other elastomers by IRHD and Shore test |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
9.10 Comparison of the three main hardness tests and a practical approach for hardness testing: Brinell HB, Rockwell HR, and Vickers HV |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
9.11 Main mechanical properties of solid materials |
|
|
564 | (11) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
9.11.2 Tensile testing of solid materials |
|
|
564 | (3) |
|
9.11.3 Impact test for steels |
|
|
567 | (8) |
|
9.12 Mechanical tests on plastic materials |
|
|
575 | (3) |
|
9.12.1 Tensile strength, strain, and modulus ASTM D638 (ISO 527) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
9.12.2 Flexural strength and modulus ASTM D 790 (ISO 178) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
9.12.4 Interpretation of resistance to impacts -ASTM compared to ISO |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
9.12.5 Izod impact strength ASTM D 256 (TSO 180) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
9.13 Fatigue failure and dimensional metrology for the control of the dimensioning of materials assembled by welding |
|
|
578 | (5) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (4) |
|
9.13.3 General tolerances for welded structures according to ISO 13920 |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (4) |
|
9.14.1 There is seriously no universal solution to conduct hardness tests |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
9.14.2 Some criteria for choosing hardness testing apparatus |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
9.14.3 Indentation reading mode |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
9.14.4 The expected result |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 Overall Summary |
|
|
589 | (6) |
|
|
|
595 | (20) |
|
Lexicon of terms frequently used in metrology |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (17) |
|
|
|
613 | (2) |
| Appendix 1 |
|
615 | (16) |
| Appendix 2 |
|
631 | (6) |
| Appendix 3 |
|
637 | (4) |
| Appendix 4 |
|
641 | (4) |
| Appendix 5 |
|
645 | (20) |
| Appendix 6 |
|
665 | (8) |
| Index |
|
673 | |
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