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E-raamat: BioElectroMagnetics: Human Safety and Biomedical Applications 2nd edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

Riadh Habash (University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada)

Formaat: 506 pages, 14 Tables, black and white; 50 Illustrations, color
Ilmumisaeg: 20-May-2020
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
ISBN-13: 9780429184093

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Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Formaat: 506 pages, 14 Tables, black and white; 50 Illustrations, color
Ilmumisaeg: 20-May-2020
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
ISBN-13: 9780429184093

Teised raamatud teemal:

Rohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta

Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429184093

This book is an educational resource of evolving scientific knowledge in the area of bioelectromagnetics that may serve the interests of students and decision-makers, as well as society as a whole. It is distinguished by extensive descriptions of fundamental biophysical concepts and their relevance to human health. Reflecting the transdisciplinary approach from several different intellectual streams including physics, biology, epidemiology, medicine, environment, risk science, and engineering, the book is quite a venture into the battling studies to assess the latest research on health effects and biomedical applications of EM energy. This new edition of the book particularly looks at the potential threats from the emerging 5G wireless networks, which will deploy large numbers of low-powered smartphones, notebooks, tablets, radio access networks, and other transmitters.

Features

Introduces necessary biophysical principles of EM fields in the context of their interaction with living systems.

Strengthens understanding of cutting-edge research on several major areas in the broad area of bioelectromagnetics.

Presents safety standards and guidelines for human exposure to EM fields.

Discusses techniques that have been developed to ensure adequate EM-thermal dosimetry required for both health effects and biomedical applications.

Provides insight into the determinants of EM health risk assessment and public concerns.

Includes extensive reference list at the end of each chapter to enhance further study.

Riadh Habash is a special appointment professor and McLaughlin Research Chair in Electromagnetic Fields and Health at the University of Ottawa, Canada. He has been the recipient of many awards, including the National Wighton Fellowship Award, and has authored or co-authored over 90 research articles, six books, and five book chapters. His most recent books are Green Engineering in 2017 and Professional Practice in 2019 (CRC Press), with the remaining previous books targeting the area of bioelectromagnetics.

Preface

xxi

Acknowledgments

xxv

Author Bio

xxvii

Abbreviations

xxix

Part I Foundational Aspects of Bio + Electro + Magnetics

Chapter 1 Foundations of electromagnetism

(48)

The hypothesis

(1)

1.1 Natural and artificial electromagnetic fields

(3)

1.1.1 Natural sources

(1)

1.1.2 Artificial sources

(2)

1.2 Fields

(13)

1.2.1 Electric fields

(2)

1.2.2 Magnetic fields

(3)

1.2.3 Signals, polarization, and harmonics

(1)

1.2.4 Theory of electromagnetic fields

(2)

1.2.5 Electromagnetic waves

(1)

1.2.5.1 Wave propagation

(2)

1.2.5.2 Wave-particle duality

(1)

1.2.5.3 Near-, intermediate-, and far-field regions

(1)

1.2.5.4 Electromagnetic fields

(2)

1.3 Electromagnetic induction

(2)

1.4 Electromagnetic energy

(1)

1.5 Electromagnetic spectrum

(2)

1.6 Sources of electric and magnetic fields

(6)

1.6.1 DC sources

(1)

1.6.1.1 Magnetosphere

(1)

1.6.1.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

(1)

1.6.1.3 DC power systems

(1)

1.6.2 AC sources

(1)

1.6.2.1 Single-conductor source

(1)

1.6.2.2 Dual-conductor source

(1)

1.6.2.3 Loop source

(1)

1.6.2.4 Three-phase source

(1)

1.7 Sources of radiofrequency radiation

(9)

1.7.1 Wireless frequency allocations

(2)

1.7.2 Generators

(1)

1.7.3 Transmission paths

(1)

1.7.3.1 Transmission lines

(1)

1.7.3.2 Coaxial cables

(1)

1.7.3.3 Waveguides

(1)

1.7.4 Antennas

(1)

1.7.4.1 Antenna properties

(2)

1.7.4.2 Types of antennas

(2)

1.8 Fifth generation (5G) wireless systems

(9)

1.8.1 Millimeter wave (MMW) communications

(2)

1.8.2 State of knowledge

(1)

1.8.3 Soft and green network

(1)

1.8.3.1 Radio Access Network (RAN)

(1)

1.8.3.2 5G core network

(1)

1.8.3.3 Beamforming

(1)

1.8.4 Satellite and non-terrestrial networks

(1)

1.8.5 Internet of Things

(1)

1.8.6 The questions of electromagnetic constraint

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 2 Foundations of bioelectromagnetics

(46)

The hypothesis

(1)

2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.2 Biophysical aspects of bioelectromagnetics

(11)

2.2.1 Interaction mechanisms for electric and magnetic fields

(1)

2.2.1.1 Induced fields and currents

(2)

2.2.1.2 Electrostimulation

(1)

2.2.1.3 Magnetic biosubstances

(1)

2.2.1.4 Free radical

(1)

2.2.2 Interaction mechanisms for radio frequency radiation

(1)

2.2.2.1 Thermal mechanisms

(2)

2.2.2.2 Nonthermal/athermal mechanisms

(1)

2.2.2.3 Thermal- or nonthermal-based exposure limits?

(1)

2.2.3 Cell membrane and the chemical link

(1)

2.2.3.1 The role of cell membranes

(1)

2.2.3.2 Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs)

(1)

2.3 Biological and health effects

(12)

2.3.1 Cells and membranes

(1)

2.3.2 Tissues

(1)

2.3.3 Changes in protein conformation

(1)

2.3.4 Changes in binding probability

(1)

2.3.5 Vibrational states of biological components

(1)

2.3.6 Genetic material

(1)

2.3.7 Carcinogenesis

(1)

2.3.8 Hypothesis of melatonin

(2)

2.3.9 Cancer mechanisms

(1)

2.3.10 Brain and nervous system

(2)

2.3.10.1 Brain

(1)

2.3.10.2 Neurological effects

(1)

2.4 Bioelectromagnetic dosimetry

(10)

2.4.1 Macrodosimetry

(1)

2.4.1.1 Induced current density

(1)

2.4.1.2 Specific absorption rate

(2)

2.4.1.3 Power density

(1)

2.4.1.4 Exposure-ratio metric

(1)

2.4.1.5 Dose

(1)

2.4.1.6 Composite metric

(1)

2.4.1.7 Thermal dosimetry

(2)

2.4.2 Microdosimetry

(1)

2.4.3 Impact of frequency

(1)

2.4.4 Impact of dielectric constant

(1)

2.5 Toward health-based safety standards

(1)

References

(10)

Part II Extremely Low Frequency Fields

Chapter 3 Extremely low frequency field safety

(42)

The hypothesis

(1)

3.1 Introduction

(2)

3.2 Safety standards and guidelines

(9)

3.2.1 Standardization process

(2)

3.2.2 IEEE standard

101

(1)

3.2.3 ICNIRP guidelines

102

(2)

3.2.4 Exposure limits

104

(1)

3.2.5 Precautionary exposure models

105

(3)

3.3 Potential sources

108

(3)

3.3.1 Residential areas

108

(1)

3.3.2 Power systems

109

(1)

3.3.3 Transportation systems

110

(1)

3.4 Dosimetry

111

(2)

3.5 Measurement techniques

113

(6)

3.5.1 Electric field measurements

114

(1)

3.5.2 Magnetic field measurements

115

(2)

3.5.3 Test and survey protocol

117

(2)

3.6 Exposure assessments and exposimetry

119

(4)

3.6.1 Outdoor and indoor environmental surveys

119

(1)

3.6.2 Residential exposure

120

(1)

3.6.3 Transport systems exposure

121

(1)

3.6.4 Personal exposimetry

122

(1)

3.7 Field management

123

(9)

3.7.1 Mitigation techniques

123

(1)

3.7.1.1 Buildings

123

(1)

3.7.1.2 Power systems

123

(2)

3.7.1.3 Electric vehicles

125

(1)

3.7.2 Shielding techniques

125

(1)

3.7.2.1 Active shielding

126

(1)

3.7.2.2 Passive shielding by conductive materials

127

(1)

3.7.2.3 Passive shielding by ferromagnetic materials

128

(1)

3.7.2.4 Shielding design

129

(1)

3.7.3 Reduction procedures

130

(1)

3.7.3.1 General

130

(1)

3.7.3.2 Computers

131

(1)

References

132

(7)

Chapter 4 Health effects of exposure to extremely low frequency fields

139

(38)

The hypothesis

139

(1)

4.1 Introduction

139

(1)

4.2 Epidemiological studies

140

(9)

4.2.1 Occupational environments

142

(1)

4.2.2 General public environments

143

(1)

4.2.2.1 Childhood cancer and leukemia

144

(1)

4.2.2.2 Adult cancer

145

(2)

4.2.2.3 Neurodegenerative diseases

147

(1)

4.2.2.4 Reproductive health effects

147

(2)

4.2.3 Summary of epidemiological studies

149

(1)

4.3 Experimental studies

149

(5)

4.3.1 Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity

149

(2)

4.3.2 Cell functions

151

(1)

4.3.3 Animal studies

152

(2)

4.4 Clinical studies

154

(5)

4.4.1 Perception

155

(1)

4.4.2 Brain and behavior

155

(1)

4.4.3 Cardiovascular system

156

(1)

4.4.4 Melatonin release

157

(1)

4.4.5 Reproductive and development effect

158

(1)

4.5 Concluding remarks

159

(2)

4.5.1 Review studies

160

(1)

4.5.2 Future research

161

(1)

References

161

(16)

Part III Radio Frequency Radiation

Chapter 5 Radio frequency radiation safety

177

(48)

The hypothesis

177

(1)

5.1 Introduction

177

(1)

5.2 Safety standards

178

(11)

5.2.1 Process of standardization

178

(2)

5.2.2 IEEE C95.1 standard

180

(2)

5.2.3 Federal Communication Commission (FCC) guidelines

182

(1)

5.2.4 ICNIRP guidelines

183

(2)

5.2.5 Compliances and restrictions

185

(2)

5.2.6 Precautionary exposure models

187

(2)

5.3 Dosimetry

189

(9)

5.3.1 Whole-body assessments

189

(2)

5.3.2 In-head assessments

191

(1)

5.3.2.1 Sources of local RFR

192

(2)

5.3.2.2 Adult size heads

194

(1)

5.3.2.3 Child size heads

195

(1)

5.3.3 Tissue and skin dosimetry

196

(2)

5.4 Exposure assessment and exposimetry

198

(13)

5.4.1 Exposure assessment approaches

198

(1)

5.4.1.1 Assessment techniques

199

(1)

5.4.1.2 Assessment units

200

(1)

5.4.2 Sources of environmental RFR

200

(1)

5.4.2.1 Cellular base stations

200

(3)

5.4.2.2 Broadcast antennas

203

(1)

5.4.2.3 Wireless internet

204

(1)

5.4.2.4 Bluetooth devices

204

(1)

5.4.2.5 Smart electricity meters

205

(1)

5.4.2.6 Baby monitoring systems

205

(1)

5.4.2.7 Microwave ovens, heaters, and dryers

205

(1)

5.4.2.8 Medical equipment

206

(1)

5.4.2.9 Other sources

206

(1)

5.4.3 Indoor environmental RFR

206

(1)

5.4.3.1 Exposure in public places

207

(1)

5.4.3.2 Exposures in residential places

208

(1)

5.4.3.3 Exposures in transportation facilities

209

(1)

5.4.3.4 Summary of results

209

(1)

5.4.4 Outdoor environmental RFR

210

(1)

5.5 Mitigation approaches

211

(2)

5.5.1 Exposure from common sources

211

(1)

5.5.2 Exposure reduction

211

(2)

5.6 Future development

213

(4)

5.6.1 Harmonizing exposure limits

213

(2)

5.6.2 5G deployment policies

215

(1)

5.6.3 Dosimetry knowledge gap

215

(2)

References

217

(8)

Chapter 6 Health effects of exposure to radio frequency radiation

225

(44)

The hypothesis

225

(1)

6.1 Introduction

225

(1)

6.2 Epidemiological studies

226

(4)

6.2.1 Occupational exposure studies

226

(1)

6.2.2 Public exposure studies

227

(1)

6.2.3 INTERPHONE study

228

(1)

6.2.4 IARC statement

229

(1)

6.2.5 COSMOS

230

(1)

6.3 Cellular and animal studies

230

(4)

6.3.1 Genetic toxicology

230

(2)

6.3.2 Cellular functions

232

(1)

6.3.3 Animal studies

233

(1)

6.4 Clinical studies

234

(3)

6.4.1 Perception and auditory response

234

(1)

6.4.2 Ocular effects

235

(1)

6.4.3 Brain function

236

(1)

6.4.4 Cardiac functions

237

(1)

6.4.5 Melatonin

237

(1)

6.5 Reproductive system and male fertility

237

(2)

6.5.1 State of the art review

238

(1)

6.5.2 Protective measures

238

(1)

6.6 Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS)

239

(4)

6.6.1 Sensitivity of children

239

(1)

6.6.2 Hypersensitivity of adults

240

(3)

6.7 Concluding remarks

243

(6)

6.7.1 International and national expert group evaluations

243

(1)

6.7.1.1 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

243

(1)

6.7.1.2 Bio-Initiatives Working Group

244

(1)

6.7.1.3 Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR)

244

(1)

6.7.1.4 World Health Organization (WHO)

244

(1)

6.7.1.5 French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES)

245

(1)

6.7.1.6 Advisory Group on Non-ionizing Radiation (AGNIR)

245

(1)

6.7.1.7 Norwegian Institute of Public Health

245

(1)

6.7.1.8 Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (SCWLSR)

245

(1)

6.7.1.9 Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET)

246

(1)

6.7.1.10 Expert Panel report on a review of Safety Code 6

246

(1)

6.7.1.11 Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)

247

(1)

6.7.1.12 Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)

247

(1)

6.7.1.13 National Toxicology Program (NTP)

248

(1)

6.7.2 Future research

248

(1)

References

249

(20)

Part IV Therapeutic Applications

Chapter 7 Diathermy therapy

269

(36)

The hypothesis

269

(1)

7.1 Introduction

269

(4)

7.1.1 Historical perspective

269

(3)

7.1.2 Literature review

272

(1)

7.2 Thermal mechanisms

273

(4)

7.2.1 Heat stress

273

(1)

7.2.2 Thermal injury

274

(1)

7.2.3 Thermotolerance

275

(2)

7.3 Therapeutic categories

277

(2)

7.4 Diathermy modalities

279

(2)

7.4.1 Short-wave diathermy

279

(1)

7.4.2 Microwave diathermy

280

(1)

7.4.3 MMW and THz therapy

281

(1)

7.5 Diathermy therapeutic applications

281

(4)

7.5.1 Pain management

281

(2)

7.5.2 Rehabilitation practice

283

(1)

7.5.3 Bone and tissue healing

284

(1)

7.6 Possible side effects of EM energy and heat

285

(7)

7.6.1 Tissue physiology and response to heat

285

(1)

7.6.2 Cellular responses

286

(1)

7.6.3 Immunological effects

287

(1)

7.6.4 Cardiovascular responses

288

(1)

7.6.5 Nervous system responses

289

(2)

7.6.6 Carcinogenic effects

291

(1)

7.7 Concluding remarks

292

(2)

7.7.1 Risk assessment

292

(1)

7.7.2 Trends in equipment development

293

(1)

7.7.3 Future research

294

(1)

References

294

(11)

Chapter 8 Hyperthermia therapy

305

(52)

The hypothesis

305

(1)

8.1 Introduction

305

(6)

8.1.1 Historical perspective

305

(1)

8.1.2 Early research work

306

(1)

8.1.3 Modern hyperthermia

307

(2)

8.1.4 Practical challenges

309

(1)

8.1.5 A wealth of literature

310

(1)

8.2 Biophysical and practical rationale

311

(3)

8.2.1 Heat alone

311

(2)

8.2.2 Heat and radiation

313

(1)

8.2.3 Heat and drugs

314

(1)

8.3 Hyperthermia in oncology

314

(8)

8.3.1 Local hyperthermia

315

(1)

8.3.1.1 External local hyperthermia

316

(1)

8.3.1.2 Intraluminal local hyperthermia

316

(1)

8.3.1.3 Interstitial local hyperthermia

317

(1)

8.3.2 Regional hyperthermia

318

(1)

8.3.2.1 Deep regional hyperthermia

318

(1)

8.3.2.2 Regional perfusion hyperthermia

319

(1)

8.3.2.3 Local regional hyperthermia or oncothermia

319

(1)

8.3.3 Whole-Body Hyperthermia (WBH)

320

(1)

8.3.4 Extracellular hyperthermia

321

(1)

8.4 Hyperthermia techniques and equipment

322

(10)

8.4.1 Techniques

322

(1)

8.4.1.1 Radio frequency (RF)

322

(1)

8.4.1.2 Microwaves

323

(1)

8.4.2 External RF applicators

324

(1)

8.4.2.1 Capacitive heating

324

(1)

8.4.2.2 Inductive heating

325

(1)

8.4.2.3 Hybrid heating systems

326

(1)

8.4.3 External radiative EM devices

326

(1)

8.4.3.1 Single applicators

327

(1)

8.4.3.2 Multielement array applicators

328

(2)

8.4.4 Interstitial and intracavitary devices

330

(1)

8.4.5 Nanotechnology-based sources

331

(1)

8.5 Hyperthermia with other modalities

332

(3)

8.5.1 Hyperthermia and radiation

333

(1)

8.5.2 Hyperthermia and chemotherapy

334

(1)

8.5.3 Hyperthermia and radiochemotherapy

335

(1)

8.6 Status and trends

335

(2)

8.6.1 Technical and clinical challenges

335

(2)

8.6.2 Standardization

337

(1)

8.7 Conclusion

337

(1)

References

338

(19)

Chapter 9 Ablation therapy

357

(52)

The hypothesis

357

(1)

9.1 Introduction

357

(1)

9.2 Procedures and techniques

358

(2)

9.2.1 Minimally invasive procedures

358

(1)

9.2.2 Ablation techniques

359

(1)

9.3 Clinical applications

360

(4)

9.3.1 Liver

361

(1)

9.3.2 Lung

361

(1)

9.3.3 Prostate

362

(1)

9.3.4 Kidney

362

(1)

9.3.5 Breast

363

(1)

9.3.6 Bone

363

(1)

9.3.7 Cardiac diseases

363

(1)

9.4 Radio frequency ablation (RFA)

364

(11)

9.4.1 Technical considerations

364

(1)

9.4.1.1 Mechanisms

364

(1)

9.4.1.2 Electrodes and approaches

365

(1)

9.4.1.3 Multiple applicators

366

(1)

9.4.1.4 Localization

367

(1)

9.4.1.5 Thermal-electrical modeling

368

(1)

9.4.2 Clinical advantages and applications

368

(1)

9.4.2.1 Cancer treatment

369

(2)

9.4.2.2 Cardiac diseases

371

(1)

9.4.2.3 Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

372

(1)

9.4.3 Limitations

373

(1)

9.4.4 Complications

374

(1)

9.5 Microwave ablation (MWA)

375

(9)

9.5.1 Technical considerations

376

(1)

9.5.1.1 Mechanisms

376

(1)

9.5.1.2 Antenna designs

377

(1)

9.5.1.3 Multiple insertions and multiple antennas

378

(1)

9.5.2 Clinical advantages and applications

379

(1)

9.5.2.1 Treating cancer

379

(1)

9.5.2.2 Cardiac diseases

380

(1)

9.5.2.3 Microwave endometrial ablation (MEA)

381

(2)

9.5.3 Limitations

383

(1)

9.5.4 Complications

384

(1)

9.6 Trends and future research

384

(3)

9.6.1 Improved techniques

384

(2)

9.6.2 Ablation in clinical practice

386

(1)

9.6.3 Future research

386

(1)

References

387

(22)

Part V Dosimetry, Thermometry, and Medical Imaging

Chapter 10 Electromagnetic-thermal dosimetry

409

(24)

The hypothesis

409

(1)

10.1 Introduction

409

(1)

10.2 Power deposition modeling

410

(2)

10.2.1 Techniques for low frequencies

410

(1)

10.2.2 Techniques for radiofrequency radiation

411

(1)

10.2.2.1 Analytical techniques

411

(1)

10.2.2.2 Numerical techniques

411

(1)

10.3 Thermoregulatory modeling

412

(2)

10.3.1 Thermal dose

412

(1)

10.3.2 Thermal measurements

413

(1)

10.4 Bioheat transfer models

414

(7)

10.4.1 Pennes model

415

(2)

10.4.2 Wissler model

417

(1)

10.4.3 Stolwijik model

418

(1)

10.4.4 Weinbaum-Jiji model

418

(2)

10.4.5 Baish model

420

(1)

10.4.6 Applications of bioheat transfer models

420

(1)

10.5 Thermal therapy planning system (TTPS)

421

(3)

10.5.1 Objectives and requirements

421

(2)

10.5.2 Developments in TTPS

423

(1)

10.5.3 Software packages

423

(1)

10.6 Status and trends

424

(1)

References

425

(8)

Chapter 11 Thermometry and medical imaging

433

(34)

The hypothesis

433

(1)

11.1 Introduction

433

(1)

11.2 Historical perspective

434

(1)

11.3 Invasive thermometry

435

(3)

11.3.1 Thermoelectric thermometry

436

(1)

11.3.2 Thermistor

437

(1)

11.3.3 Thermometer

437

(1)

11.3.4 Thermography

438

(1)

11.4 Non-invasive thermometry and imaging techniques

438

(17)

11.4.1 Ultrasound imaging

440

(1)

11.4.1.1 Apparatus

440

(1)

11.4.1.2 Advantages and limitations

441

(1)

11.4.1.3 Two-to three-dimensional ultrasonography

442

(1)

11.4.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

443

(1)

11.4.2.1 Operation

443

(2)

11.4.2.2 Advantages and limitations

445

(1)

11.4.3 Microwave imaging

446

(2)

11.4.4 THz imaging

448

(1)

11.4.4.1 Characteristics of THz radiation

448

(1)

11.4.4.2 THz-ray system

449

(2)

11.4.4.3 Challenges

451

(1)

11.4.4.4 THz-ray computed tomography (CT)

451

(1)

11.4.5 IR thermography

452

(1)

11.4.6 X-ray computed tomography

453

(1)

11.4.6.1 Conventional CT scanners

454

(1)

11.4.6.2 Spiral (helical) CT scanners

454

(1)

11.4.6.3 Multislice CT scanners

455

(1)

11.5 Status and trends

455

(1)

References

456

(11)

Chapter 12 Electromagnetic risk paradigm

467

(28)

The hypothesis

467

(1)

12.1 Introduction

467

(2)

12.2 Risk assessment

469

(5)

12.2.1 Scientific evidence

470

(2)

12.2.2 Safety standard programs

472

(1)

12.2.3 Structured risk assessment

473

(1)

12.3 Risk perception

474

(3)

12.3.1 Public perception of risk

474

(1)

12.3.2 Factors relevant to electromagnetic fields

475

(1)

12.3.3 Health consequences of risk perception

476

(1)

12.4 Risk management

477

(5)

12.4.1 Anticipatory ethics

477

(1)

12.4.2 Involving the public

478

(1)

12.4.3 Public meetings

479

(1)

12.4.4 Precautionary approaches

479

(3)

12.4.5 Public understanding of precautionary actions

482

(1)

12.5 Risk communication

482

(5)

12.5.1 Role of communication in risk assessment

484

(1)

12.5.2 Media coverage

485

(1)

12.5.3 Role of industry

485

(1)

12.5.4 Role of the internet

486

(1)

12.5.5 Communication with children

487

(1)

12.6 Trends and future research

487

(4)

12.6.1 Challenges and implications

487

(1)

12.6.2 Research and policy

488

(2)

12.6.3 Concluding remarks

490

(1)

References

491

(4)

Index

495

Professor Riadh Habash holds the McLaughlin Research Chair in Energy and Health at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. He has extensive teaching and research experience in energy and health, mechatronics, electrical power systems and green energy. He has published over 200 papers in related topics and has published four books in these areas.

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780429184093_pe.html

Märksõnad:

E-raamat: BioElectroMagnetics: Human Safety and Biomedical Applications 2nd edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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