| Contributors |
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xi | |
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1 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids: towards a new era |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Integrating behavioural ecology and chemical ecology in insect parasitoids |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 The use of chemical ecology to improve the efficacy of insect parasitoids in biological control programmes |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (182) |
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2 Plant defences and parasitoid chemical ecology |
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11 | (26) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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2.2 Plant defences against a diversity of attackers |
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13 | (11) |
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2.2.1 Plant defence signalling pathways |
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13 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Plant volatiles and parasitoids |
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16 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Plant toxins and parasitoids |
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18 | (3) |
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2.2.4 Cross-talk between plant defence pathways |
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21 | (3) |
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2.3 Above-ground-below-ground interactions and parasitoids |
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24 | (1) |
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2.4 Climate change and parasitoid chemical ecology |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (9) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (9) |
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3 Foraging strategies of parasitoids in complex chemical environments |
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37 | (27) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (8) |
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3.2.1 Plant species diversity and habitat location |
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40 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Variability in host plant traits and their effects on parasitoid host location |
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42 | (6) |
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3.3 Foraging strategies of parasitoids in chemically complex environments |
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48 | (5) |
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3.3.1 Behavioural responses to chemical complexity |
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48 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Learning, sensory filters and neural constraints affecting strategies for dealing with complexity |
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50 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Influences of life history traits on foraging strategy |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (11) |
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54 | (10) |
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4 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids in a multitrophic above- and below-ground context |
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64 | (22) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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4.2 Influence of root feeders on above-ground insect herbivores |
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67 | (2) |
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4.3 Influence of soil-borne symbionts on above-ground insect herbivores |
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69 | (1) |
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4.4 Plant-mediated effects of root feeders and soil-borne symbionts on growth and development of parasitoids |
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70 | (4) |
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4.5 Effects of root-feeding insects on HIPVs and host location of parasitoids |
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74 | (2) |
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4.6 Expanding an above-below-ground bitrophic reductionist perspective |
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76 | (10) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (7) |
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5 A hitch-hiker's guide to parasitism: the chemical ecology of phoretic insect parasitoids |
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86 | (26) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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5.2 Prevalence of phoretic parasitoids |
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87 | (3) |
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5.3 Important parasitoid and host traits |
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90 | (3) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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5.4 Chemical espionage on host pheromones |
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93 | (7) |
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5.4.1 Espionage on male aggregation pheromone |
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93 | (5) |
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5.4.2 Espionage on sex pheromones |
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98 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Espionage on anti-sex pheromones |
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99 | (1) |
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5.5 Coevolution between phoretic spies and hosts |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (9) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (7) |
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6 Novel insights into pheromone-mediated communication in parasitic hymenopterans |
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112 | (33) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (6) |
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6.2 Pheromones and sexual behaviour |
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119 | (9) |
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6.2.1 Volatile sex attractants |
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119 | (5) |
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6.2.2 Female-derived courtship pheromones |
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124 | (3) |
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6.2.3 Male-derived courtship pheromones |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Putative alarm and appeasement pheromones |
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129 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Aggregation pheromones |
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130 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Anti-aggregation pheromones |
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130 | (1) |
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6.4 Variability in pheromone-mediated sexual behaviour |
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131 | (1) |
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6.4.1 Innate plasticity of pheromone behaviour |
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131 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Learnt plasticity of pheromone behaviour |
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131 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Plasticity of pheromone behaviour caused by abiotic factors |
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132 | (1) |
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6.5 Pheromone biosynthesis |
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132 | (1) |
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6.6 Evolution of parasitoid sex pheromones |
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133 | (2) |
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6.7 Conclusions and outlook |
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135 | (10) |
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136 | (9) |
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7 Chemical ecology of tachinid parasitoids |
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145 | (23) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (9) |
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7.2 Long-range orientation |
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155 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Long-range orientation by direct type parasitoids |
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155 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Long-range orientation by indirect type parasitoids |
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157 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Host pheromones used by direct type parasitoids |
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158 | (1) |
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7.3 Short-range orientation |
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159 | (4) |
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7.3.1 Short-range orientation by direct type parasitoids |
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159 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Short-range orientation by indirect type parasitoids |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (5) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (4) |
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8 Climate change and its effects on the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids |
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168 | (23) |
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168 | (1) |
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8.1 On climate change and chemical ecology |
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169 | (2) |
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8.2 Direct climate change impacts on parasitoids |
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171 | (1) |
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8.3 Climate change and bottom-up impacts on parasitoids: herbivore host and plant host quality |
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172 | (3) |
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8.4 Impacts of climate change-related abiotic stresses on parasitoid ecology and behaviour |
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175 | (6) |
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8.4.1 Impacts of elevated temperature |
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175 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Precipitation and drought |
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176 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Gaseous reactive air pollutants |
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177 | (2) |
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8.4.4 Atmospheric CO2 concentration |
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179 | (1) |
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8.4.5 Parasitoid response to combined abiotic stresses |
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180 | (1) |
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8.5 Climate change impacts on biological control |
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181 | (1) |
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8.6 Ecosystem services provided by parasitoids: impact of changing climate |
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182 | (2) |
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8.7 Future research directions and conclusions |
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184 | (7) |
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185 | (6) |
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191 | (105) |
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9 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids: essential elements for developing effective biological control programmes |
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193 | (32) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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9.2 Essential elements in parasitoid chemical ecology |
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196 | (5) |
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9.3 Manipulation of the population levels of natural enemies by semiochemicals |
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201 | (3) |
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9.4 Limits and perspectives of behavioural manipulation of parasitoids by applying semiochemicals |
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204 | (6) |
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9.5 Cautionary example: interspecific competitive interactions in parasitoids |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (13) |
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213 | (12) |
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10 The application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for arable crops |
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225 | (20) |
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Maria Carolina Blassioli-Moraes |
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225 | (1) |
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10.1 Arable crops: characteristics of the systems and trophic interactions mediated by chemical cues |
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226 | (1) |
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10.2 Methodologies for using chemical cues to attract and retain parasitoids in arable crops |
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227 | (10) |
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10.2.1 Direct application of semiochemicals |
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228 | (8) |
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10.2.2 Environmental manipulation |
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236 | (1) |
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10.3 Final considerations |
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237 | (8) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (6) |
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11 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for orchards and vineyards |
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245 | (21) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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11.2 Pheromone-based tactics in orchards and vineyards |
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247 | (2) |
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11.2.1 Host sex pheromones |
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247 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Parasitoid pheromones |
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248 | (1) |
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11.3 Allelochemical-based manipulation in orchards and vineyards |
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249 | (11) |
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11.3.1 Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) |
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249 | (8) |
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11.3.2 Host-associated volatiles (HAVs) |
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257 | (3) |
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260 | (6) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (5) |
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12 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for organic crops |
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266 | (16) |
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266 | (1) |
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12.1 Introduction: organic farming and compatibility of chemical cues |
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267 | (1) |
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12.2 Overview of plant defences involving plant volatiles |
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268 | (1) |
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12.3 The use of synthetic HIPVs in pest management |
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269 | (4) |
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12.4 Arthropod pest management strategies used in organic farming |
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273 | (2) |
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12.5 Potential for extending chemical cue use in organic systems |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (5) |
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277 | (5) |
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13 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for forest trees |
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282 | (14) |
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282 | (1) |
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13.1 Forest insect herbivores and natural enemy host/prey finding |
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283 | (2) |
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13.2 Introduction to forest systems |
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285 | (2) |
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13.3 Examples from North America |
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287 | (3) |
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13.3.1 Native bark beetles in plantation and unmanaged forests |
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287 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Introduced defoliator in urban and unmanaged forests |
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288 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Introduced wood borer in plantation and urban environments |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (6) |
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291 | (5) |
| Index |
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