| List of Contributors |
|
xi | |
| Prologue |
|
xv | |
| 1 Introduction |
|
1 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
2 | (4) |
|
|
|
6 | (7) |
|
1.2.1 Case study: Sabalillo Forest Reserve |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
1.2.1.1 White-sand forest and palm forest plot studies |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
1.2.1.2 Black-water flooded forest (igapo) soil and vegetation studies |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
1.2.2 Case study: Area de Conservacion Regional Comunal de Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
1.2.2.1 Plots in terra firme forest and black-water flooded forest (igapo) |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
1.2.2.2 Seed predation studies in terra firme forest and black-water flooded forest (igapo) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
1.2.3 Case study: Centro de Investigacion de Jenaro Herrera |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
1.2.3.1 Soil sampling in various forest types |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
1.2.3.2 Seed rain sampling in various forest types |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
1.2.4 Case study: Yasuni experimental station |
|
|
15 | (4) |
|
1.2.4.1 Yasuni terra firme forest studies |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
1.2.4.2 Yasuni white-water flooded forest (varzea) studies |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
|
19 | (8) |
| 2 A Floristic Assessment of Ecuador's Amazon Tree Flora |
|
27 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
2.4 Herbarium collections |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.5 Floristic inventories |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
2.6.1 Estimation of observed and expected tree species richness |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
|
32 | (5) |
|
2.7.1 Observed patterns of tree species richness |
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
2.7.2 Estimated number of tree species in Ecuadorian Amazonia |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
2.7.3 Floristic relationships and discontinuities at local and regional scales |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
2.8 Aguarico-Putumayo watershed |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
2.10 Pastaza basin region |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.11 Cordillera del Condor lowlands |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
2.12 What factors drive gradients in alpha and beta diversity in Ecuador Amazon forests? |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
2.12.1 Climate and latitudinal and longitudinal gradients |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
2.13 The role of geomorphology and soils on the patterns of floristic change in Ecuadorian Amazonia |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
2.14 Potential evolutionary processes determining differences in tree alpha and beta diversity in Ecuadorian Amazonia |
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
|
48 | (5) |
| 3 Geographical Context of Western Amazonian Forest Use |
|
53 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
3.2 Conditions set by the physical geography |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
3.3 Pre-Colonial human development |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
|
|
59 | (4) |
|
3.5 Liberation and forming of nations |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
3.6 World market integration and changing political regimes |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
3.7 Characteristics of the present forest use |
|
|
67 | (6) |
|
3.8 Present population and regional integration |
|
|
73 | (4) |
|
|
|
77 | (8) |
| 4 Forest Structure, Fruit Production and Frugivore Communities in Terra firme and Varzea Forests of the Medio Jurua |
|
85 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 | (3) |
|
|
|
88 | (3) |
|
4.3 Results and discussion |
|
|
91 | (3) |
|
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
|
94 | (7) |
| 5 Palm Diversity and Abundance in the Colombian Amazon |
|
101 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
|
104 | (14) |
|
5.4.1 Palms in terra firme forests (Figure 5.2) |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
5.4.2 Palms in floodplain and terrace forests (Figure 5.6) |
|
|
104 | (22) |
|
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
5.4.2.2 Palm architecture |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
5.4.2.3 Palm species richness (Table 5.1) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
|
113 | (5) |
|
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
|
121 | (4) |
| 6 Why Rivers Make the Difference: A Review on the Phytogeography of Forested Floodplains in the Amazon Basin |
|
125 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
6.2 The geological history of flood-pulsing wetlands in the Amazon Basin |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
6.2.1 Through the Paleogene |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
6.3 Floodplain environments: why rivers make the difference |
|
|
128 | (7) |
|
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
6.3.2 Trees and dispersal in semi-aquatic habitats |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
6.3.3 Trees and alluvial soils |
|
|
130 | (3) |
|
6.3.4 Trees, hydro-geomorphic disturbance and light regimes |
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
6.3.5 Trees and wetland microclimates |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
136 | (9) |
| 7 A Diversity of Biogeographies in an Extreme Amazonian Wetland Habitat |
|
145 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
7.2.1 Habitat description |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Vegetation sampling |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
7.3 Construction of a biogeographic framework |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
|
150 | (4) |
|
7.5.1 Insights into local assemblies |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
7.5.2 Insights into biogeographic processes |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
|
155 | (4) |
| 8 Forest Composition and Spatial Patterns across a Western Amazonian River Basin: The Influence of Plant-Animal Interactions |
|
159 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
159 | (3) |
|
|
|
162 | (3) |
|
8.2.1 Site description and history |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
8.3.1 Compositional patterns |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
8.3.2.1 Intra-cohort spatial patterns |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
8.3.2.2 Inter-cohort spatial patterns |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
|
166 | (7) |
|
8.4.1 Compositional patterns |
|
|
166 | (5) |
|
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
8.4.2.1 Intra-cohort spatial patterns |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
8.4.3 Inter-cohort spatial patterns |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
|
173 | (4) |
|
|
|
177 | (4) |
| 9 Bird Assemblages in the Terra Firme Forest at Yasuni National Park |
|
181 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
9.3 Results and discussion |
|
|
183 | (8) |
|
|
|
191 | (4) |
| 10 Conclusions, Synthesis and Future Directions |
|
195 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
195 | (3) |
|
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
201 | (2) |
| Index |
|
203 | |