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E-raamat: Forest Structure, Function and Dynamics in Western Amazonia

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  • ISBN-13: 9781119090687
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Dec-2016
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119090687

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The Amazon Basin contains the largest and most diverse tropical rainforest in the world. Besides the Andes and the Atlantic Ocean, the rainforest is bounded to the north by the Guiana crystalline shield and to the south by the Brazilian crystalline shield, marked at their edges by cataracts in the rivers and often dominated by grasslands. This book is motivated not just by the Amazon's scientific interest but also by its role in many ecosystem functions critical to life on Earth. These ecosystems are characterized both by their complexity and their interactive, higher-order linkages among both abiotic and biotic components.

Within Amazonia, the Western Amazon (west of 65 latitude) is the most pristine and. perhaps, the most complex within the Amazon Basin. This Western Amazon may be broadly divided into non-flooded forests (e.g. terra firme. white sand. palm) and forests flooded with white water (generally referred to as varzea) and with black water (generally referred to as igapo). Here, for the first time, is a book devoted entirely to Western Amazonia, containing chapters by scientists at the forefront of their own areas of expertise.

Randall W. Myste, Biology Department, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City, OK USA

Forest Structure, Function and Dynamics in Western Amazonia

The Amazon Basin contains the largest and most diverse tropical rainforest in the world. Besides the Andes and the Atlantic Ocean, the rainforest is bounded to the north by the Guiana crystalline shield and to the south by the Brazilian crystalline shield, marked at their edges by cataracts in the rivers and often dominated by grasslands. This book is motivated not just by the Amazon's scientific interest but also by its role in many ecosystem functions critical to life on Earth. These ecosystems are characterized both by their complexity and their interactive, higher-order linkages among both abiotic and biotic components

Within Amazonia, the Western Amazon (west of 65° latitude) is the most pristine and, perhaps, the most complex within the Amazon Basin. This Western Amazon may be broadly divided into non-flooded forests (e.g. terra firme, white sand, palm) and forests flooded with white water (generally referred to as varzea) and with black water (generally referred to as igapo). Here, for the first time, is a book devoted entirely to Western Amazonia, containing chapters by scientists at the forefront of their own areas of expertise. It should be a valuable resource for all future researchers and scholars who venture into Western Amazonia, as it continues to be one of the most beautiful, mysterious, remote and important ecosystems on Earth

The Amazon basin contains the largest and most diverse tropical rainforest in the world. Besides the Andes and the Atlantic Ocean, the rainforest is bounded to the north by the Guiana crystalline shield and to the south by the Brazilian crystalline shield marked at their edges by cataracts in the rivers often dominated by grasslands. This book is motivated not just by the Amazon's scientific interest but also by its role in many ecostystem functions critical to life on Earth. Those ecosystems are characterized both by their complexity and their interactive, higher-order linkages among both abiotic and biotic components. Within Amazonia, the Western Amazon (west of 65o latitude) is the most pristine and, perhaps the most complex within the Amazon basin. This Western Amazon may be broadly divided into non-flooded forests (e.g., terra forme, white sand, palm) and forests flooded with white-water (generally referred to as varzea) and with black-water (generally referred to as igapo). Here, for the first time, is a book devoted entirely to Western Amazonia containing chapters by scientists on the forefront of their own areas of expertise. It should be a valuable resource for all future researchers and scholars who venture into it, as it continues to be one of the most beautiful, mysterious, remote and important ecosystems on Earth.
List of Contributors xi
Prologue xv
1 Introduction 1(26)
Randall W. Myster
1.1 The Amazon
2(4)
1.2 The Western Amazon
6(7)
1.2.1 Case study: Sabalillo Forest Reserve
8(3)
1.2.1.1 White-sand forest and palm forest plot studies
9(1)
1.2.1.2 Black-water flooded forest (igapo) soil and vegetation studies
10(1)
1.2.2 Case study: Area de Conservacion Regional Comunal de Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo
11(2)
1.2.2.1 Plots in terra firme forest and black-water flooded forest (igapo)
11(2)
1.2.2.2 Seed predation studies in terra firme forest and black-water flooded forest (igapo)
13(1)
1.2.3 Case study: Centro de Investigacion de Jenaro Herrera
13(2)
1.2.3.1 Soil sampling in various forest types
14(1)
1.2.3.2 Seed rain sampling in various forest types
15(1)
1.2.4 Case study: Yasuni experimental station
15(4)
1.2.4.1 Yasuni terra firme forest studies
16(1)
1.2.4.2 Yasuni white-water flooded forest (varzea) studies
17(2)
1.3 About this book
19(1)
Acknowledgements
19(1)
References
19(8)
2 A Floristic Assessment of Ecuador's Amazon Tree Flora 27(26)
Juan E. Guevara
Hugo Mogollon
Nigel C.A. Pitman
Carlos Ceron
Walter A. Palacios
David A. Neill
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 Methods
28(1)
2.3 Study area
29(1)
2.3.1 Yasuni
29(1)
2.3.2 Cuyabeno
29(1)
2.4 Herbarium collections
30(1)
2.5 Floristic inventories
30(1)
2.6 Data analysis
31(1)
2.6.1 Estimation of observed and expected tree species richness
32(1)
2.7 Results
32(5)
2.7.1 Observed patterns of tree species richness
32(2)
2.7.2 Estimated number of tree species in Ecuadorian Amazonia
34(2)
2.7.3 Floristic relationships and discontinuities at local and regional scales
36(1)
2.8 Aguarico-Putumayo watershed
37(1)
2.9 Napo-Curaray basin
37(1)
2.10 Pastaza basin region
38(1)
2.11 Cordillera del Condor lowlands
39(2)
2.12 What factors drive gradients in alpha and beta diversity in Ecuador Amazon forests?
41(2)
2.12.1 Climate and latitudinal and longitudinal gradients
41(2)
2.13 The role of geomorphology and soils on the patterns of floristic change in Ecuadorian Amazonia
43(1)
2.14 Potential evolutionary processes determining differences in tree alpha and beta diversity in Ecuadorian Amazonia
44(3)
2.15 Future directions
47(1)
References
48(5)
3 Geographical Context of Western Amazonian Forest Use 53(32)
Risto Kalliola
Sanna Maki
3.1 Introduction
54(1)
3.2 Conditions set by the physical geography
54(3)
3.3 Pre-Colonial human development
57(2)
3.4 Colonial era
59(4)
3.5 Liberation and forming of nations
63(1)
3.6 World market integration and changing political regimes
64(3)
3.7 Characteristics of the present forest use
67(6)
3.8 Present population and regional integration
73(4)
References
77(8)
4 Forest Structure, Fruit Production and Frugivore Communities in Terra firme and Varzea Forests of the Medio Jurua 85(16)
Joseph E. Hawes
Carlos A. Peres
4.1 Introduction
85(3)
4.2 Methods
88(3)
4.3 Results and discussion
91(3)
4.4 Conclusion
94(1)
References
94(7)
5 Palm Diversity and Abundance in the Colombian Amazon 101(24)
Henrik Balslev
Juan-Carlos Copete
Dennis Pedersen
Rodrigo Bernal
Gloria Galeano
Alvaro Duque
Juan Carlos Berrio
Mauricio Sanchez
5.1 Introduction
101(1)
5.2 Study area
102(1)
5.3 Methods
103(1)
5.4 Results
104(14)
5.4.1 Palms in terra firme forests (Figure 5.2)
104(1)
5.4.2 Palms in floodplain and terrace forests (Figure 5.6)
104(22)
5.4.2.1 Growth forms
111(1)
5.4.2.2 Palm architecture
111(2)
5.4.2.3 Palm species richness (Table 5.1)
113(1)
5.4.2.4 Palm diversity
113(1)
5.4.2.5 Palm abundance
113(5)
5.4.2.6 Palm leaf shape
118(1)
5.5 Discussion
118(3)
Acknowledgements
121(1)
References
121(4)
6 Why Rivers Make the Difference: A Review on the Phytogeography of Forested Floodplains in the Amazon Basin 125(20)
Florian Wittmann
Ethan Householder
6.1 Introduction
125(1)
6.2 The geological history of flood-pulsing wetlands in the Amazon Basin
126(2)
6.2.1 Through the Paleogene
126(1)
6.2.2 The Miocene
126(1)
6.2.3 The Quaternary
127(1)
6.3 Floodplain environments: why rivers make the difference
128(7)
6.3.1 Trees and flooding
128(2)
6.3.2 Trees and dispersal in semi-aquatic habitats
130(1)
6.3.3 Trees and alluvial soils
130(3)
6.3.4 Trees, hydro-geomorphic disturbance and light regimes
133(2)
6.3.5 Trees and wetland microclimates
135(1)
6.4 Conclusions
135(1)
References
136(9)
7 A Diversity of Biogeographies in an Extreme Amazonian Wetland Habitat 145(14)
Ethan Householder
John Janovec
Mathias W. Tobler
Florian Wittmann
7.1 Introduction
145(2)
7.2 Methods
147(2)
7.2.1 Habitat description
147(1)
7.2.2 Vegetation sampling
147(2)
7.3 Construction of a biogeographic framework
149(1)
7.4 Results
150(1)
7.5 Discussion
150(4)
7.5.1 Insights into local assemblies
152(1)
7.5.2 Insights into biogeographic processes
153(1)
7.5.3 Limits of the data
154(1)
Acknowledgements
154(1)
References
155(4)
8 Forest Composition and Spatial Patterns across a Western Amazonian River Basin: The Influence of Plant-Animal Interactions 159(22)
Varun Swamy
8.1 Introduction
159(3)
8.2 Methods
162(3)
8.2.1 Site description and history
162(2)
8.2.2 Study design
164(1)
8.3 Analysis
165(1)
8.3.1 Compositional patterns
165(1)
8.3.2 Spatial patterns
165(1)
8.3.2.1 Intra-cohort spatial patterns
165(1)
8.3.2.2 Inter-cohort spatial patterns
166(1)
8.4 Results
166(7)
8.4.1 Compositional patterns
166(5)
8.4.2 Spatial patterns
171(1)
8.4.2.1 Intra-cohort spatial patterns
171(1)
8.4.3 Inter-cohort spatial patterns
172(1)
8.5 Discussion
173(4)
References
177(4)
9 Bird Assemblages in the Terra Firme Forest at Yasuni National Park 181(14)
Andres Iglesias-Balarezo
Gabriela Toscano-Montero
Tjitte de Vries
9.1 Introduction
181(1)
9.2 Methods
182(1)
9.3 Results and discussion
183(8)
References
191(4)
10 Conclusions, Synthesis and Future Directions 195(8)
Randall W. Myster
10.1 Conclusions
195(3)
10.2 Synthesis
198(2)
10.3 Future directions
200(1)
References
201(2)
Index 203
Randall Myster is a Professor at the Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City. He is a well known tropical forest ecologist and has published more than 50 papers and edited two books previously.