| About the Editors |
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xix | |
| Contributors |
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xxi | |
| Preface |
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xxv | |
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Meloidogyne species - a Diverse Group of Novel and Important Plant Parasites |
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1 | (17) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Current Trends in Species Identification |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (3) |
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Incompatible host reactions |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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Major and Emerging Species |
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8 | (3) |
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Meloidogyne enterolobii (= Meloidogyne mayaguensis) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Meloidogyne fallax and Meloidogyne chitwoodi |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (5) |
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18 | (37) |
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18 | (5) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (14) |
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23 | (10) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (3) |
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Cephalic sensory structures |
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39 | (1) |
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Caudal sensory structures |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Secretory-Excretory System |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Minimum Standards for Describing a New Species |
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44 | (6) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (5) |
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Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species |
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55 | (43) |
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55 | (6) |
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55 | (5) |
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60 | (1) |
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Rate of species descriptions |
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60 | (1) |
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Recent advances in characterization |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Subfamily and Genus Diagnosis |
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61 | (2) |
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List of Species and Synonyms |
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63 | (4) |
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67 | (5) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Scanning electron microscopy |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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Root-knot or cyst-forming nematode? |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (16) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (4) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (10) |
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Biochemical and Molecular Identification |
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98 | (21) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (3) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (8) |
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103 | (1) |
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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) |
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104 | (1) |
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Satellite DNA probes and PCR |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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Sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs) |
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108 | (1) |
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (7) |
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Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogeny |
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119 | (20) |
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119 | (1) |
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The History of Reconstructing Meloidogyne Phylogenetic History |
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119 | (1) |
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Molecular Phylogenetics: Genetic Markers and Evolutionary Relationships |
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120 | (1) |
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Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences |
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120 | (5) |
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18S (small ribosomal subunit) |
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121 | (1) |
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28S (large ribosomal subunit) |
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122 | (1) |
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ITS (internally transcribed spacer region) |
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123 | (2) |
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Orthologous nuclear genes |
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125 | (2) |
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125 | (1) |
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Major sperm protein (msp) |
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125 | (1) |
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Elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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A Meloidogyne Supertree Analysis |
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127 | (3) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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130 | (5) |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (24) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (5) |
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General hatching response |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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Dependence on root exudates |
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142 | (1) |
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Egg numbers and embryogenesis |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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How root-knot juveniles move |
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144 | (1) |
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Factors influencing rate of movement |
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144 | (1) |
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Plant-independent factors influencing the direction of nematode movement |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Uniquely plant-specific compounds |
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148 | (1) |
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Nematode Changes and Responses at the Root-Soil Interface |
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149 | (6) |
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Chemical communication at the root-soil interface |
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149 | (3) |
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Perturbing chemosensory perception |
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152 | (1) |
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Surface cuticle changes in response to environmental signals |
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153 | (2) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (8) |
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Invasion, Feeding and Development |
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163 | (19) |
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Philippe Castagnone-Sereno |
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163 | (1) |
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Root-knot Nematode Life Cycle |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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Compatible Interactions with Resistant Plants: the Case of Virulent Root-knot Nematodes |
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167 | (2) |
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(A)virulence Determinants and Pathogenicity Factors: Root-knot Nematode Effectors with Dual Function? |
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169 | (1) |
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Tools for Molecular and Functional Analysis of Root-knot Nematode Parasitism |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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Cytoskeleton Organization and Cell Cycle Progression During Giant Cell Ontogenesis |
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172 | (1) |
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Extensive Cell Wall Modifications to Build Up Giant Cells |
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173 | (1) |
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Suppression of Plant Defence Associated with Giant Cell Development |
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174 | (1) |
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Major Reprogramming of Plant Metabolism and Transport |
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174 | (1) |
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Comparison between Meloidogyne Parasitism and Symbiotic Rhizobia in Medicago |
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175 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (6) |
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Reproduction, Physiology and Biochemistry |
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182 | (19) |
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182 | (1) |
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Reproduction and Moulting |
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182 | (6) |
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Reproduction mechanisms and cytogenetics |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (3) |
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Evolution of Meloidogyne species |
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186 | (1) |
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Origin and evolution of parthenogenesis |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Effects of osmotic and ionic stress |
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188 | (1) |
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Secretory---excretory products |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Complex carbohydrates and lipids |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Sensory Perception and Neurotransmission |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (7) |
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201 | (22) |
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201 | (1) |
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Dormancy, Diapause and Quiescence |
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202 | (1) |
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Embryonation and the Egg Mass Environment |
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202 | (4) |
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202 | (1) |
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The effect of soil moisture |
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203 | (1) |
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The effect of soil aeration |
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204 | (1) |
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Other roles for the egg mass |
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204 | (1) |
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The egg mass and dormancy |
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205 | (1) |
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Temperature Effects on Development of Eggs and Infective Stages |
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206 | (7) |
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Temperature as an isolated factor |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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The influence of soil type and moisture content on temperature effects |
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209 | (2) |
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A case study investigating factors affecting infectivity of Meloidogyne javanica J2 |
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211 | (1) |
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Overwintering of adult stages |
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212 | (1) |
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Diapause in Meloidogyne naasi |
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212 | (1) |
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A critique of de Guiran's use of `diapause' as an explanation of late-emerging J2 |
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213 | (1) |
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The Effect of Osmotic Stress on Infective Stages in Soil |
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213 | (5) |
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Survival Mechanisms Deployed: Life History Strategies in Meloidogyne Species |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (4) |
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Interactions with Other Pathogens |
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223 | (23) |
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223 | (3) |
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Interactions with Microbial Pathogens |
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226 | (4) |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (2) |
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More recently described disease complexes |
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230 | (1) |
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Interactions with Other Plant-parasitic Nematodes |
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230 | (8) |
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Interactions and parasitic habits |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Interactions between Meloidogyne species |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (6) |
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Population Dynamics and Damage Levels |
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246 | (29) |
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246 | (1) |
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Patterns of Population Dynamics |
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246 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting Population Dynamics |
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248 | (3) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Modelling Population Dynamics |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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Pattern of Nematode Damage to Crop Plants |
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254 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting Nematode Damage |
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256 | (3) |
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Nematode species and population level |
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256 | (1) |
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Soil and environmental conditions |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Implementing Experiments to Assess Nematode Dynamics and Crop Damage |
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260 | (8) |
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Preparation and type of inoculum |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Maintenance of experiments |
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264 | (2) |
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Fitting the models to data |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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Importance of Information on Nematode Damage Levels and Dynamics in Management Strategies |
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268 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (6) |
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Sampling Root-knot Nematodes |
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275 | (26) |
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275 | (1) |
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Nematode Spatial Patterns |
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276 | (2) |
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Characterizing Sample Accuracy and Reliability |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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Extracting Nematodes from Soil |
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281 | (1) |
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Extracting Nematodes from Plant Material |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Research to Optimize Sampling Programmes for Root-knot Nematodes |
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283 | (2) |
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Examples of Results from Sampling Programmes |
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285 | (8) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (8) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (6) |
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Mechanisms and Genetics of Resistance |
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301 | (25) |
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301 | (1) |
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Sources and Inheritance of Root-knot Nematode Resistance |
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302 | (5) |
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Mechanisms of Resistance to Pathogens in Plants |
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307 | (1) |
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Structure and Function of the Nematode Resistance Gene Mi-1 |
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308 | (2) |
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What is Known About Other Nematode R-Genes |
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310 | (1) |
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Nematode Virulence and Durability of Resistance |
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311 | (4) |
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Management of Resistance and Virulence in the Field |
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315 | (2) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (7) |
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Development of Resistant Varieties |
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326 | (12) |
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Introduction - the Plus Side of Resistance |
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326 | (1) |
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Introduction - a Look at the Other Side |
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326 | (1) |
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Successful Use of Resistance - Room for Wider Deployment |
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327 | (1) |
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Planning a Resistance-breeding Programme |
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328 | (3) |
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Identification of the root-knot nematode species present |
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329 | (1) |
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Establishing pure cultures |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Screening Methods, Including Marker-assisted Selection |
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331 | (2) |
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Quality of Candidate Resistant Material |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (3) |
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Plant Biotechnology and Control |
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338 | (25) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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Cry Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis as Biopesticides |
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340 | (2) |
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340 | (1) |
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Activity of Cry proteins against nematodes |
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340 | (1) |
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Activity of Cry6A against Meloidogyne incognita |
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341 | (1) |
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Resistance to Cry proteins in nematodes |
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341 | (1) |
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In planta RNAi to Target Plant-parasitic Nematodes |
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342 | (3) |
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345 | (1) |
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The Mi-1-mediated Resistance Response |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Promoters for Transgenic Control of Meloidogyne |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (3) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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The need for biotechnology to control Meloidogyne in the developing world |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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353 | (3) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Commercial prospects of deployment of transgenic resistance to Meloidogyne |
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354 | (1) |
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Prospects of uptake in support of food security |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (7) |
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The Complete Sequence of the Genomes of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla |
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363 | (17) |
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363 | (1) |
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Meloidogyne incognita Genome |
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364 | (8) |
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A genome constituted by pairs of homologous but divergent segments |
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365 | (2) |
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The gene content of a plant-parasitic nematode |
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367 | (1) |
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Identifying plant parasitism genes |
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368 | (2) |
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A nematode adapted to a privileged plant host environment |
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370 | (1) |
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Does the Caenorhabditis elegans genome reflect nematode lifestyle diversity? |
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370 | (2) |
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Exploration of new anti-parasitic drug targets |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (3) |
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General characterization of the genome |
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372 | (1) |
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Estimation of gene numbers |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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Pathway conservation with free-living nematodes |
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374 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (4) |
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Biological Control Using Microbial Pathogens, Endophytes and Antagonists |
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380 | (32) |
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380 | (1) |
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Bacterial Pathogens and Antagonists |
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381 | (8) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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Mass production, in vivo and in vitro culturing methods |
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382 | (1) |
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Quantification, nematode suppression and the problem of host specificity |
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383 | (1) |
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Mechanism of endospore attachment |
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384 | (1) |
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Potential for root-knot control |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
Fungal Pathogens and Antagonists |
|
|
389 | (6) |
|
|
|
389 | (3) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Commercialization and Future Directions |
|
|
395 | (6) |
|
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
The development of a commercial product |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (11) |
|
Current and Future Management Strategies in Intensive Crop Production Systems |
|
|
412 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Current Control Practices |
|
|
413 | (10) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Trap crops, cover crops and soil amendments |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
Exploitation of phenology |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Steam heat and solarization |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Biological control and host plant resistance |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Current Management Practices |
|
|
423 | (5) |
|
Significance of diagnostic sampling and government regulation |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Implementation of management strategies |
|
|
425 | (3) |
|
Future Opportunities and Challenges |
|
|
428 | (7) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Emerging management options |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Natural resource availability |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
Alternatives to methyl bromide |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Conclusions and Future Directions |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (9) |
|
Current and Future Management Strategies in Resource-poor Farming |
|
|
444 | (33) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction and Definitions |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (4) |
|
Healthy planting material |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
Removal of infected material |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Mulching and soil amendments |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (5) |
|
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Cover crops (improved fallow) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Antagonistic or trap crops |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (7) |
|
Past and current nematicide use |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Glucosinolates in Brassica spp. |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Polythienyls in Tagetes spp. |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Ricin in Ricinus communis |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Monocrotaline in Crotalaria spp. |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Other sources of phytochemicals with nematicidal properties |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
Conclusions and Future Directions |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (11) |
| Gene Index |
|
477 | (2) |
| Nematode Genus and Species Index |
|
479 | (4) |
| General Index |
|
483 | |