Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Root-knot Nematodes [Kõva köide]

Contributions by (University of California, USA), Edited by (Formerly Texas A&M University, USA), Edited by (University of Hertfordshire, UK), Edited by (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Belgium)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 520 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 244x172x36 mm, kaal: 1360 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Oct-2009
  • Kirjastus: CABI Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 184593492X
  • ISBN-13: 9781845934927
  • Formaat: Hardback, 520 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 244x172x36 mm, kaal: 1360 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Oct-2009
  • Kirjastus: CABI Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 184593492X
  • ISBN-13: 9781845934927
Root-knot nematodes are the most economically important group of plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, and their control presents a major global challenge. Advances are being made in understanding their biology, host-parasite interaction and management strategies, and this comprehensive guide with many colour photos and contributions from international experts covers the taxonomy, classification, morphology, life-cycle biology, genomes, resistance, sampling, detection, and management strategies of these pests, providing an essential reference for researchers, students and lecturers in plant nematology, plant pathology, agriculture, and agronomy.
About the Editors xix
Contributors xxi
Preface xxv
Meloidogyne species - a Diverse Group of Novel and Important Plant Parasites
1(17)
Maurice Moens
Roland N. Perry
James L. Starr
Introduction
1(1)
Impact
2(1)
History of the Genus
2(1)
Current Trends in Species Identification
2(1)
Life Cycle
3(3)
Incompatible host reactions
6(1)
Diversity in Biology
6(2)
Concept of host races
7(1)
Major and Emerging Species
8(3)
Meloidogyne enterolobii (= Meloidogyne mayaguensis)
9(1)
Meloidogyne paranaensis
9(1)
Meloidogyne fallax and Meloidogyne chitwoodi
10(1)
Meloidogyne minor
11(1)
Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens
11(1)
Management and Control
11(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
12(1)
References
13(5)
General Morphology
18(37)
Jonathan D. Eisenback
David J. Hunt
General Morphology
18(5)
Second-stage juvenile
19(2)
Male
21(1)
Female
21(1)
Egg
22(1)
Body Wall
23(14)
Cuticle
23(10)
Hypodermis
33(1)
Somatic muscles
34(3)
Nervous System
37(3)
Cephalic sensory structures
39(1)
Caudal sensory structures
40(1)
Digestive System
40(2)
Stoma and pharynx
40(2)
Intestine
42(1)
Rectum
42(1)
Secretory-Excretory System
42(1)
Reproductive System
43(1)
Second-stage juvenile
43(1)
Male
43(1)
Female
44(1)
Morphological Methods
44(1)
Minimum Standards for Describing a New Species
44(6)
The text
45(2)
The figures
47(3)
References
50(5)
Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species
55(43)
David J. Hunt
Zafar A. Handoo
Introduction
55(6)
History
55(5)
Major reference sources
60(1)
Rate of species descriptions
60(1)
Recent advances in characterization
61(1)
Systematic Position
61(1)
Subfamily and Genus Diagnosis
61(2)
List of Species and Synonyms
63(4)
Identification
67(5)
General techniques
67(1)
Perineal pattern
68(1)
Root staining
68(1)
Scanning electron microscopy
68(1)
Diagnostic characters
68(2)
Root-knot or cyst-forming nematode?
70(1)
Differential host test
70(1)
Gall form
70(2)
Isozyme phenotyping
72(1)
Molecular diagnostics
72(1)
Principal Species
72(16)
Meloidogyne armaria
72(2)
Meloidogyne hapla
74(1)
Meloidogyne incognita
74(1)
Meloidogyne javanica
74(3)
Meloidogyne acronea
77(2)
Meloidogyne chitwoodi
79(1)
Meloidogyne enterolobii
80(1)
Meloidogyne ethiopica
80(1)
Meloidogyne exigua
80(4)
Meloidogyne fallax
84(1)
Meloidogyne graminicola
84(1)
Meloidogyne paranaensis
84(4)
Conclusions and Future Directions
88(1)
Acknowledgements
88(1)
References
88(10)
Biochemical and Molecular Identification
98(21)
Vivian C. Blok
Thomas O. Powers
Introduction
98(2)
Biochemical Methods
100(3)
Isozymes
100(2)
Antibodies
102(1)
DNA-based Methods
103(8)
DNA extraction
103(1)
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
104(1)
Satellite DNA probes and PCR
104(1)
Ribosomal DNA PCR
105(1)
Mitochondrial DNA
106(2)
Sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs)
108(1)
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
109(1)
Other PCR targets
110(1)
Real-time PCR
110(1)
Microarrays
110(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
111(1)
Acknowledgements
112(1)
References
112(7)
Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogeny
119(20)
Byron J. Adams
Adler R. Dillman
Camille Finlinson
Introduction
119(1)
The History of Reconstructing Meloidogyne Phylogenetic History
119(1)
Molecular Phylogenetics: Genetic Markers and Evolutionary Relationships
120(1)
Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences
120(5)
18S (small ribosomal subunit)
121(1)
28S (large ribosomal subunit)
122(1)
ITS (internally transcribed spacer region)
123(2)
Orthologous nuclear genes
125(2)
Dystrophin
125(1)
Major sperm protein (msp)
125(1)
Elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α)
125(1)
RNA polymerase 2
126(1)
Mitochondrial DNA
126(1)
Phylogenomics
127(1)
A Meloidogyne Supertree Analysis
127(3)
Conclusions and Future Directions
130(5)
References
135(4)
Hatch and Host Location
139(24)
Rosane H.C. Curtis
A. Forest Robinson
Roland N. Perry
Introduction
139(1)
Hatching
139(5)
General hatching response
140(1)
Hatching mechanism
140(2)
Dependence on root exudates
142(1)
Egg numbers and embryogenesis
143(1)
Movement Through Soil
144(3)
How root-knot juveniles move
144(1)
Factors influencing rate of movement
144(1)
Plant-independent factors influencing the direction of nematode movement
145(2)
Host Location
147(2)
General considerations
147(1)
Heat
147(1)
Soil gases
147(1)
Uniquely plant-specific compounds
148(1)
Nematode Changes and Responses at the Root-Soil Interface
149(6)
Chemical communication at the root-soil interface
149(3)
Perturbing chemosensory perception
152(1)
Surface cuticle changes in response to environmental signals
153(2)
Conclusions and Future Directions
155(1)
References
155(8)
Invasion, Feeding and Development
163(19)
Pierre Abad
Philippe Castagnone-Sereno
Marie-Noelle Rosso
Janice de Almeida Engler
Bruno Favery
Introduction
163(1)
Root-knot Nematode Life Cycle
164(1)
Nematode Parasitism
165(2)
Compatible Interactions with Resistant Plants: the Case of Virulent Root-knot Nematodes
167(2)
(A)virulence Determinants and Pathogenicity Factors: Root-knot Nematode Effectors with Dual Function?
169(1)
Tools for Molecular and Functional Analysis of Root-knot Nematode Parasitism
169(1)
Giant Cell Development
170(2)
Cytoskeleton Organization and Cell Cycle Progression During Giant Cell Ontogenesis
172(1)
Extensive Cell Wall Modifications to Build Up Giant Cells
173(1)
Suppression of Plant Defence Associated with Giant Cell Development
174(1)
Major Reprogramming of Plant Metabolism and Transport
174(1)
Comparison between Meloidogyne Parasitism and Symbiotic Rhizobia in Medicago
175(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
176(1)
Acknowledgements
176(1)
References
176(6)
Reproduction, Physiology and Biochemistry
182(19)
David J. Chitwood
Roland N. Perry
Introduction
182(1)
Reproduction and Moulting
182(6)
Reproduction mechanisms and cytogenetics
182(1)
Mode of reproduction
183(1)
Sex ratios
183(1)
Chromosome complement
183(3)
Evolution of Meloidogyne species
186(1)
Origin and evolution of parthenogenesis
186(1)
Moulting
187(1)
Physiology
188(1)
Respiration
188(1)
Effects of osmotic and ionic stress
188(1)
Secretory---excretory products
189(1)
Biochemistry
189(3)
Enzymes
189(1)
Other proteins
190(1)
Amino acids and sugars
190(1)
Neuropeptides
191(1)
Complex carbohydrates and lipids
191(1)
Steroids
191(1)
Sensory Perception and Neurotransmission
192(1)
Sensory perception
192(1)
Neurotransmission
193(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
193(1)
References
194(7)
Survival Mechanisms
201(22)
Adrian A.F. Evans
Roland N. Perry
Introduction
201(1)
Dormancy, Diapause and Quiescence
202(1)
Embryonation and the Egg Mass Environment
202(4)
The egg mass
202(1)
The effect of soil moisture
203(1)
The effect of soil aeration
204(1)
Other roles for the egg mass
204(1)
The egg mass and dormancy
205(1)
Temperature Effects on Development of Eggs and Infective Stages
206(7)
Temperature as an isolated factor
207(1)
Low temperature survival
208(1)
The influence of soil type and moisture content on temperature effects
209(2)
A case study investigating factors affecting infectivity of Meloidogyne javanica J2
211(1)
Overwintering of adult stages
212(1)
Diapause in Meloidogyne naasi
212(1)
A critique of de Guiran's use of `diapause' as an explanation of late-emerging J2
213(1)
The Effect of Osmotic Stress on Infective Stages in Soil
213(5)
Survival Mechanisms Deployed: Life History Strategies in Meloidogyne Species
214(1)
Meloidogyne javanica
215(1)
Meloidogyne arenaria
216(1)
Meloidogyne incognita
217(1)
Meloidogyne hapla
217(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
218(1)
References
219(4)
Interactions with Other Pathogens
223(23)
Rosa H. Manzanilla-Lopez
James L. Starr
Introduction
223(3)
Interactions with Microbial Pathogens
226(4)
Vascular wilt pathogens
226(2)
Root-rot pathogens
228(2)
More recently described disease complexes
230(1)
Interactions with Other Plant-parasitic Nematodes
230(8)
Interactions and parasitic habits
231(3)
Sequential infections
234(1)
Additive interaction
235(1)
Competition
235(1)
Interactions between Meloidogyne species
236(1)
Effect on host
237(1)
Basis for Interactions
238(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
239(1)
References
240(6)
Population Dynamics and Damage Levels
246(29)
Nicola Greco
Mauro Di Vito
Introduction
246(1)
Patterns of Population Dynamics
246(2)
Factors Affecting Population Dynamics
248(3)
The nematode species
248(1)
Crop and cropping system
249(1)
The season
250(1)
The soil
251(1)
Modelling Population Dynamics
251(2)
Damage Levels
253(1)
Pattern of Nematode Damage to Crop Plants
254(2)
Factors Affecting Nematode Damage
256(3)
Nematode species and population level
256(1)
Soil and environmental conditions
256(3)
Crop and cropping system
259(1)
Modelling Damage Levels
259(1)
Implementing Experiments to Assess Nematode Dynamics and Crop Damage
260(8)
Preparation and type of inoculum
261(2)
Glasshouse experiments
263(1)
Field experiments
263(1)
Microplots
263(1)
Maintenance of experiments
264(2)
Fitting the models to data
266(2)
Yield Loss Assessment
268(1)
Importance of Information on Nematode Damage Levels and Dynamics in Management Strategies
268(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
269(1)
Acknowledgements
269(1)
References
269(6)
Sampling Root-knot Nematodes
275(26)
Larry W. Duncan
Mark S. Phillips
Introduction
275(1)
Nematode Spatial Patterns
276(2)
Characterizing Sample Accuracy and Reliability
278(3)
Sample Processing
281(1)
Extracting Nematodes from Soil
281(1)
Extracting Nematodes from Plant Material
282(1)
Root Gall Indices
282(1)
Other Plant Symptoms
283(1)
Research to Optimize Sampling Programmes for Root-knot Nematodes
283(2)
Examples of Results from Sampling Programmes
285(8)
Surveys
285(1)
Field experimentation
285(8)
Conclusions and Future Directions
293(2)
References
295(6)
Mechanisms and Genetics of Resistance
301(25)
Valerie M. Williamson
Philip A. Roberts
Introduction
301(1)
Sources and Inheritance of Root-knot Nematode Resistance
302(5)
Mechanisms of Resistance to Pathogens in Plants
307(1)
Structure and Function of the Nematode Resistance Gene Mi-1
308(2)
What is Known About Other Nematode R-Genes
310(1)
Nematode Virulence and Durability of Resistance
311(4)
Management of Resistance and Virulence in the Field
315(2)
Conclusions and Future Directions
317(2)
References
319(7)
Development of Resistant Varieties
326(12)
James L. Starr
Chris F. Mercer
Introduction - the Plus Side of Resistance
326(1)
Introduction - a Look at the Other Side
326(1)
Successful Use of Resistance - Room for Wider Deployment
327(1)
Planning a Resistance-breeding Programme
328(3)
Identification of the root-knot nematode species present
329(1)
Establishing pure cultures
329(1)
Nematode variability
329(1)
Screening methods
329(1)
Sources of resistance
330(1)
Mass selection
331(1)
Recurrent selection
331(1)
Screening Methods, Including Marker-assisted Selection
331(2)
Quality of Candidate Resistant Material
333(1)
Engineered Resistance
334(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
335(1)
References
335(3)
Plant Biotechnology and Control
338(25)
Howard J. Atkinson
Peter E. Urwin
Richard S. Hussey
Introduction
338(1)
Proteinase Inhibitors
339(1)
Cry Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis as Biopesticides
340(2)
Cry proteins
340(1)
Activity of Cry proteins against nematodes
340(1)
Activity of Cry6A against Meloidogyne incognita
341(1)
Resistance to Cry proteins in nematodes
341(1)
In planta RNAi to Target Plant-parasitic Nematodes
342(3)
Repellents
345(1)
The Mi-1-mediated Resistance Response
346(1)
Efficacy and Durability
347(2)
Efficacy
347(1)
Durability
348(1)
Promoters for Transgenic Control of Meloidogyne
349(1)
Biosafety
349(3)
Food
349(1)
Environment
350(2)
Developing World Needs
352(1)
The need for biotechnology to control Meloidogyne in the developing world
352(1)
Appropriate technology
353(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
353(3)
Proteinase inhibitors
353(1)
Cry proteins
354(1)
RNAi
354(1)
Commercial prospects of deployment of transgenic resistance to Meloidogyne
354(1)
Prospects of uptake in support of food security
355(1)
Rate of uptake possible
355(1)
References
356(7)
The Complete Sequence of the Genomes of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla
363(17)
Pierre Abad
Charles H. Opperman
Introduction
363(1)
Meloidogyne incognita Genome
364(8)
A genome constituted by pairs of homologous but divergent segments
365(2)
The gene content of a plant-parasitic nematode
367(1)
Identifying plant parasitism genes
368(2)
A nematode adapted to a privileged plant host environment
370(1)
Does the Caenorhabditis elegans genome reflect nematode lifestyle diversity?
370(2)
Exploration of new anti-parasitic drug targets
372(1)
Meloidogyne hapla Genome
372(3)
General characterization of the genome
372(1)
Estimation of gene numbers
373(1)
Gene families
373(1)
Genome organization
373(1)
Pathway conservation with free-living nematodes
374(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
375(1)
Acknowledgements
376(1)
References
376(4)
Biological Control Using Microbial Pathogens, Endophytes and Antagonists
380(32)
Johannes Hallmann
Keith G. Davies
Richard Sikora
Introduction
380(1)
Bacterial Pathogens and Antagonists
381(8)
Endoparasitic bacteria
381(1)
Pasteuria penetrans
382(1)
Mass production, in vivo and in vitro culturing methods
382(1)
Quantification, nematode suppression and the problem of host specificity
383(1)
Mechanism of endospore attachment
384(1)
Potential for root-knot control
385(1)
Rhizosphere bacteria
385(2)
Endophytic bacteria
387(1)
Other bacteria
387(2)
Fungal Pathogens and Antagonists
389(6)
Nematophagous fungi
389(3)
Predacious fungi
392(1)
Saprophagous fungi
393(1)
Endophytic fungi
394(1)
Commercialization and Future Directions
395(6)
Commercial products
395(3)
The development of a commercial product
398(1)
Potential markets
398(1)
Enhancement strategies
399(1)
Transgenic approaches
400(1)
Future prospects
400(1)
References
401(11)
Current and Future Management Strategies in Intensive Crop Production Systems
412(32)
Andrew P. Nyczepir
Stephen H. Thomas
Introduction
412(1)
Current Control Practices
413(10)
Chemical control
413(1)
Fumigant nematicides
414(1)
Non-fumigant nematicides
415(1)
Other compounds
416(1)
Cultural control
416(1)
Crop and fallow rotation
417(1)
Trap crops, cover crops and soil amendments
418(2)
Exploitation of phenology
420(1)
Sanitation
420(1)
Steam heat and solarization
421(1)
Biological control and host plant resistance
422(1)
Current Management Practices
423(5)
Significance of diagnostic sampling and government regulation
424(1)
Implementation of management strategies
425(3)
Future Opportunities and Challenges
428(7)
Emerging control options
429(1)
Chetmical control
429(1)
Cultural control
430(1)
Technological advances
431(1)
Emerging management options
432(1)
Natural resource availability
432(1)
Knowledge gaps
432(2)
Alternatives to methyl bromide
434(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
435(1)
References
435(9)
Current and Future Management Strategies in Resource-poor Farming
444(33)
Danny L. Coyne
Hendrika H. Fourie
Maurice Moens
Introduction and Definitions
444(2)
Options
446(1)
Correct Diagnosis
446(1)
Prevention
447(4)
Healthy planting material
447(1)
Seed and seedling supply
448(1)
Heat treatment
448(2)
Tissue culture
450(1)
Quarantine
450(1)
Cultural Control
451(2)
Removal of infected material
451(1)
Planting date
451(1)
Flooding
451(1)
Mulching and soil amendments
452(1)
Physical methods
453(1)
Cropping Systems
453(5)
Rotation
453(2)
Fallow
455(1)
Cover crops (improved fallow)
455(1)
Antagonistic or trap crops
456(2)
Resistance
458(1)
Biological Control
459(1)
Chemical Control
459(7)
Past and current nematicide use
460(1)
Bionematicides
461(1)
Avermectins
462(1)
Neem products
462(1)
Glucosinolates in Brassica spp.
463(1)
Polythienyls in Tagetes spp.
463(1)
Ricin in Ricinus communis
464(1)
Velvet bean compounds
464(1)
Monocrotaline in Crotalaria spp.
464(1)
Glucoside in cassava
464(1)
Other sources of phytochemicals with nematicidal properties
464(2)
Conclusions and Future Directions
466(1)
References
466(11)
Gene Index 477(2)
Nematode Genus and Species Index 479(4)
General Index 483
Professor Roland Perry is based at the University of Hertfordshire, UK. He graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Zoology from Newcastle University, UK, where he also obtained a PhD in Zoology on physiological aspects of desiccation survival of Ditylenchus spp. After a year's post doctoral research at Newcastle, he moved to Keele University, UK, where he taught Parasitology; after 3 years at Keele, he was appointed to Rothamsted Experimental Station (now Rothamsted Research). His research interests centred primarily on plant-parasitic nematodes, especially focusing on nematode hatching, sensory perception, behaviour and survival physiology, and several of his past PhD and post-doctoral students are currently involved in nematology research. He remained at Rothamsted until 2014, when he moved to the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire. He co-edited The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-living and Plant-parasitic Nematodes (1998), Root-knot Nematodes (2009), Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nematode Survival (2011), the first (2006) and second (2013) editions of the text book, Plant Nematology and Cyst Nematodes (2018) (all CAB International, UK). He is author or co-author of over 40 book chapters and refereed reviews and over 120 refereed research papers. He is joint Editor-in-Chief of Nematology and Chief Editor of the Russian Journal of Nematology. He is joint Editor of the book series Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. In 2001, he was elected Fellow of the Society of Nematologists (USA) in recognition of his research achievements; in 2008 he was elected Fellow of the European Society of Nematologists for outstanding contribution to the science of Nematology; and in 2011 he was elected Honorary Member of the Russian Society of Nematologists. He is a Visiting Professor at Ghent University, Belgium, where he lectures on nematode biology, focusing on physiology and behaviour. - Maurice Moens Professor Maurice Moens is Honorary Director of Research at the Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) at Merelbeke, Belgium and honorary professor at Ghent University, Belgium where he gave a lecture course on Agro-nematology at the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering. He is a past-director of the Post Graduate International Nematology Course (MSc Nematology) and coordinator of the Erasmus Mundus - European Master of Science in Nematology, where he gave five lecture courses on Plant Nematology. The MSc course is organised in the Faculty of Sciences of Ghent University. He graduated as an agricultural engineer from Ghent University and obtained a PhD at the same University on the spread of plant-parasitic nematodes and their management in hydroponic cropping systems. Within the framework of the Belgian Cooperation, he worked from 1972 to 1985 as a researcher in crop protection, including nematology, at two research stations in Tunisia. Upon his return to Belgium, he was appointed as senior nematologist at the Agricultural Research Centre (now ILVO). There, he expanded the research in plant nematology over various areas covering molecular characterization, biology of host-parasite relationships, biological control, resistance and other forms of non-chemical control. He was appointed head of the Crop Protection Department in 2000 and became Director of Research in 2006. He retired from both ILVO and Ghent University in 2012 but continued to supervise PhD students until 2017. In 2001, he was elected Fellow of the Society of Nematologists (USA) for outstanding contributions to Nematology; in the same year he was elected Fellow of the European Society of Nematologists for outstanding contribution to the science of Nematology. In 2012 he was elected Honorary Fellow of the Chinese Society for Plant Nematology, and in 2013 he became Honorary Member of the Russian Society of Nematologists. He supervised 27 PhD students, who are active in nematology all over the world. He is past-president of the European Society of Nematologists (2010-2014). He co-edited Root-knot Nematodes (2009) and the first (2006) and second (2013) editions of the text book, Plant Nematology. He is author or co-author of ten book chapters and refereed reviews and over 150 refereed research papers. He is a member of the editorial board of the Russian Journal of Nematology. Professor James Starr is a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology at Texas A&M University, USA. He obtained a B.S. and a M.S. in Plant Pathology from Cornell University and a PhD in Plant Pathology from Cornell University. After completing his PhD, he moved to North Carolina State University, where he was successively Research Associate in the Department of Plant Pathology and Chief of the Nematode Advisory Section. He moved to Texas A&M University in 1981 where his main research interests are identification, characterization and deployment of resistance to nematodes in important crop species. In 2003 he was elected Fellow of the Society of Nematologists (USA) in recognition of his research achievements and, in 2006, he was elected Fellow of the American Phytopathological Society. He served as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Nematology (2003-2006) and was President of the Society of Nematologists (1996-1997). He has published over 80 refereed scientific papers, overseen the release of five germplasm lines and two cultivars resistant to nematodes, and co-edited two books, Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes (2002) and Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance (2007).