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E-raamat: Static Electricity - Understanding, Controlling, Applying: Understanding, Controlling, Applying [Wiley Online]

Günter Lüttgens, Sylvia Lüttgens, Wolfgang Schubert

Formaat: 312 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 18-Oct-2017
Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
ISBN-10: 3527803335
ISBN-13: 9783527803330

Teised raamatud teemal:

Electricity, electromagnetism & magnetism

Wiley Online
Hind: 153,31 €*
* hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks

Formaat: 312 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 18-Oct-2017
Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
ISBN-10: 3527803335
ISBN-13: 9783527803330

Teised raamatud teemal:

Electricity, electromagnetism & magnetism

Rohkem infot Wiley Online kohta

Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527803330

Written by world-renowned experts on the topic with many years of research and consultancy experience, this invaluable book provides the practitioners' perspective, outlining the dangers and benefits of static electricity in industry.
The first chapter reviews the fundamentals of understanding fires and explosions in general and electricity-induced ignition in particular, while the following chapter is dedicated to the origins of static electricity in industrial settings, such as in flowing gases and the transport of disperse systems. The major part of the text deals with measuring static electricity, elimination of unwanted charges and hazard prevention under different conditions. It concludes with an overview of practical applications in chemical and mechanical engineering. Throughout the book, real-life case studies illustrate the fundamental aspects so as to further an understanding of how to control and apply static electricity and thus reduce material damages as well as increase occupational safety.
Plus additional movie sequences on the dedicated website showing static electricity in action.

About the Authors

xiii

Opening Remark

Preliminary Remark

xvii

Preface

xix

1 Basics of Fire and Explosion: Risk Assessment

(18)

1.1 Basic Considerations on Fire and Explosion (KR T1)

(2)

1.1.1 Fuel

(1)

1.1.2 Heat

(1)

1.1.3 Oxygen

(1)

1.1.4 Inerting Process

(1)

1.1.5 Heat versus Oxygen

(1)

1.2 Explosive Atmosphere

(3)

1.2.1 Explosion Limits with Flammable Liquids

(3)

1.2.1.1 Classification of Flammable Liquids

(1)

1.2.2 Explosion Limits with Combustible Dusts

(1)

1.2.3 Metal Dusts

(1)

1.3 Hybrid Mixtures (P7)

(1)

1.4 Allocation of Explosion-Endangered Areas and Permissible Equipment (P6)

(1)

1.5 Permissible Equipment (Equipment Protection Level)

(2)

1.5.1 Classification of Equipment Protection Level That Is Currently in the Introductory Stage

(1)

1.6 Ignition Sources

(2)

1.6.1 Hot Surfaces

(1)

1.6.2 Flames and Hot Gases (Including Hot Particles)

(1)

1.6.3 Mechanically Generated Sparks (MGS)

(1)

1.6.4 Electrical Apparatus

(1)

1.6.5 Cathodic Protection

(1)

1.6.6 Static Electricity

(1)

1.6.7 Lightning

(1)

1.6.8 Electromagnetic Field

(1)

1.6.9 Electromagnetic Radiation

(1)

1.6.10 Ionizing Radiation

(1)

1.6.11 Ultrasonics

(1)

1.6.12 Adiabatic Compression and Shock Waves

(1)

1.6.13 Chemical Reactions

(1)

1.7 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)

(4)

1.8 Imaginary Experiment to Assess the Hazardous Potential of Flammable Liquids

(3)

PowerPoint Presentations

(1)

References

(1)

2 Principles of Static Electricity

(22)

2.1 Basics

(2)

2.2 Electrostatic Charging of Solids (T2)

(3)

2.3 Triboelectric Series

(1)

2.4 Surface Resistivity

(4)

2.4.1 Influence of Surface Texture on Static Charging

(1)

2.5 Electrostatic Charging of Liquids (T2, T8)

(3)

2.5.1 Charge Relaxation with Liquids

(1)

2.6 Charging by Gases

(2)

2.7 Electric Field

(3)

2.8 Electric Induction (R T3)

(2)

2.8.1 Specification of Electric Induction

(1)

2.8.2 Image Charge

(1)

2.9 Capacitance and Capacitor

(1)

PowerPoint Presentations

(1)

References

(2)

3 Metrology

(48)

3.1 Basics (T7)

(3)

3.1.1 "Walking Test" as a Paradigmatic Example

(3)

3.2 Appropriate Metrology for Electrostatic Safety Measures

(1)

3.3 Comparison: Electrostatics/Electrical Engineering

(1)

3.4 Selecting the Suitable Measurement Methods

(4)

3.4.1 Electrical Resistance

(1)

3.4.2 Fundamental Remarks for the Realization of Resistance Measurements (T4)

(3)

3.4.2.1 Volume Resistance and Deriving Volume Resistivity

(1)

3.4.2.2 Guard Ring Circuit to Measure the Volume Resistance

(1)

3.4.2.3 Surface Resistance and Deriving Surface Resistivity

(1)

3.4.2.4 Guard Ring Circuit to Measure the Surface Resistance

(1)

3.5 Assignment and Summary

(2)

3.5.1 Additive-Depleted Surface

(1)

3.6 Conductivity of Liquids

(1)

3.7 Bulk Materials

(1)

3.8 Concerning the Use of Insulating Material in Endangered Areas

(1)

3.9 Measurement of Electrostatic Charges

(16)

3.9.1 Voltage Measurement with Electrostatic Voltmeters

(1)

3.9.2 Charge Measurement by Means of a Faraday Pail

(2)

3.9.2.1 Faraday Cage

(1)

3.9.2.2 Charge Measurement on Free-Falling Objects

(1)

3.9.3 Measurement of Electric Field Strength

(12)

3.9.3.1 Induction Electric Field Meters

(2)

3.9.3.2 Errors When Measuring Field Strength

(3)

3.9.3.3 Further Types of Electric Field Meters

(4)

3.9.3.4 Further Applications of Induction Electric Field Meters

(3)

3.10 Other Measurement Applications

(9)

3.10.1 Measurement of Surface Charge on Moving Webs

(1)

3.10.2 Analysis of Protective Textile Clothing (Workwear)

(3)

3.10.2.1 Triboelectric Test Procedure

(1)

3.10.2.2 Test Procedures with Electrostatic Influence

(2)

3.10.3 Test Procedure to Determine Discharge Capacity (Charged Plate Monitor)

(2)

3.10.4 Test Procedure for Paper

(1)

3.10.5 Electrostatic Charging of Powdery Bulk Materials

(1)

3.10.6 Electrostatic Charging with Fluids

(1)

3.10.7 Electrostatic Charges in Chemical Production

(1)

3.11 Capacitance

(4)

3.11.1 Capacitance Measurement (Charging Methods)

(1)

3.11.2 Measurement of the Permittivity Value

(1)

3.11.3 Charge Decay Measurement (Relaxation Time)

(2)

3.12 Themes around Air Humidity

(6)

3.12.1 Definitions about Climate

(1)

3.12.2 Fundamental Principles and Definitions

(1)

3.12.3 Methods of Measuring Atmospheric Humidity

(3)

3.12.3.1 Dew Point Hygrometry

(1)

3.12.3.2 Absorption Method

(1)

3.12.3.3 Hair Hygrometer

(1)

3.12.3.4 Psychrometer with Wet- and Dry-Bulb Thermometers

(1)

3.12.3.5 Lithium-Chloride Hygrometer

(1)

3.12.3.6 Capacitive Hygrometer

(1)

3.12.3.7 Resistive Hygrometer

(1)

3.12.4 Monitoring and Calibrating of Hygrometers

(1)

PowerPoint Presentations

(1)

Picture Credits

(1)

References

(1)

4 Gas Discharges

(24)

4.1 Mechanisms of Gas Discharges (T5)

(1)

4.2 Electrostatic Gas Discharges

(4)

4.2.1 Detecting Gas Discharges by Means of Their High-Frequency Emissions

(2)

4.3 Types of Gas Discharges

(8)

4.3.1 Spark Discharge

(1)

4.3.2 One-Electrode Discharges

(8)

4.3.2.1 Corona Discharge

(1)

4.3.2.2 Brush Discharge

(1)

4.3.2.3 Cone Discharge (also Referred to as Powder Heap Discharge)

(1)

4.3.2.4 Propagating Brush Discharge

(4)

4.4 Consequences of Gas Discharges

102

(1)

4.5 Listing of Traces Caused by Gas Discharges (P11; T8)

102

(1)

4.6 How Can Dangerous Gas Discharges Be Avoided?

103

(8)

4.6.1 Spark Discharges (V4.1)

104

(1)

4.6.2 Corona Discharges

104

(1)

4.6.3 Brush Discharges and Super Brush Discharges

104

(2)

4.6.4 Cone Discharges

106

(1)

4.6.5 Propagating Brush Discharges

107

(1)

4.6.5.1 Curiosity When Hydraulic Oil Gradually Flows Out of a Metal Pipe

107

(1)

4.6.5.2 Pores at Enameled Containers

108

(1)

4.6.6 Simplified Overview of the Occurrence of Different Types of Gas Discharges

108

(1)

4.6.7 Assessment of Ignition Dangers Originating from Gas Discharges

108

(3)

4.6.8 Electrostatic Shock

111

(1)

PowerPoint Presentations

111

(1)

Picture Credits

111

(1)

Video Credits

111

(1)

References

111

(2)

5 Preventing Electrostatic Disturbances

113

(26)

5.1 Electrostatics: When Sparks Fly

113

(4)

5.2 Dielectric Strength

117

(1)

5.3 Discharging Charged Surfaces

118

(16)

5.3.1 Discharging on Material Webs

119

(8)

5.3.1.1 Behavior of Composite Materials

125

(2)

5.3.2 Discharging of Sheets

127

(1)

5.3.3 Discharging Other Objects

127

(2)

5.3.4 Discharging Granules and Similar Particles

129

(5)

5.4 Potential Hazards Posed by Discharge Electrodes

134

(2)

Picture Credits

136

(1)

Video Credits

137

(1)

References

137

(1)

Further Reading

137

(2)

6 Description of Demonstration Experiments

139

(38)

6.1 Preliminary Remarks

140

(1)

6.2 Static Voltmeter

141

(1)

6.3 Field Meter

142

(1)

6.4 Van de Graaff Generator

142

(1)

6.5 Explosion Tube

142

(2)

6.6 Electrostatic Force Effects

144

(5)

6.6.1 Rolling Pipes

145

(1)

6.6.2 Hovering Pipes

146

(1)

6.6.3 Electroscope

147

(1)

6.6.4 Depicting Electrical Field Lines (in a Classical Way)

148

(1)

6.7 Charges Caused by Separating Process

149

(1)

6.8 Charging of Particles

150

(3)

6.8.1 Charging of Single Particles

150

(2)

6.8.2 Charging of Many Particles (Granules)

152

(1)

6.9 Electric Induction

153

(4)

6.9.1 Basic Experiment

153

(1)

6.9.2 Chimes

154

(1)

6.9.3 Electric Induction on Isolated Conductive Parts

155

(2)

6.10 Dissipating Properties

157

(1)

6.11 Experiments with the Explosion Tube

158

(2)

6.11.1 Electrostatic Charging of a Person

158

(1)

6.11.2 Ignition Voltage

159

(1)

6.11.3 Charging by Separation

160

(1)

6.12 Gas Discharges

160

(8)

6.12.1 Spark Discharges

160

(1)

6.12.2 Corona Discharges

161

(1)

6.12.3 Brush Discharges

162

(1)

6.12.4 Model Experiment: Ignition by Brush Discharges

162

(1)

6.12.5 Evidence of Ion Wind

163

(1)

6.12.6 Super Brush Discharges

163

(1)

6.12.7 Propagating Brush Discharges

164

(4)

6.12.7.1 Ignition, of Dust

165

(1)

6.12.7.2 Short Circuit of a Double-Layer Charge

166

(2)

6.13 Fire and Explosion Dangers

168

(7)

6.13.1 Flash Point

168

(1)

6.13.2 Effects with Large Surfaces

168

(1)

6.13.3 Rich Mixture

169

(1)

6.13.4 Progressive Flame Front

170

(1)

6.13.5 "Decanting" of Gasoline Vapors

171

(1)

6.13.6 Oxygen Demand

172

(1)

6.13.7 Extinguishing with Water

173

(1)

6.13.8 Burning Handkerchief Does Not Burn Up

174

(1)

6.13.9 Inflaming Solid Combustibles

174

(3)

6.13.9.1 Gasification Process with Wood

174

(1)

6.13.9.2 Inflaming a Dust Heap

175

(1)

Reference

175

(2)

7 Case Studies

177

(46)

7.1 Strategy of Investigation

177

(3)

7.1.1 Ignition Sources

178

(1)

7.1.2 General Approach

179

(1)

7.1.3 Hasty Consequence

179

(1)

7.2 Ignitions Due to Brush Discharges

180

(12)

7.2.1 Pouring Flaked Product into an Agitator Vessel

180

(1)

7.2.2 PE Liner Slipping Out of Paper Bag

181

(1)

7.2.3 Ignition Caused by an Antistatic PE Bag

182

(1)

7.2.4 Shaking Fine Dust Out of a PE Bag (Hybrid Mixture)

183

(2)

7.2.5 Pumping Polluted Toluene

185

(1)

7.2.6 Impregnation of a Glass Fiber Fabric

186

(1)

7.2.7 Filling Pipe Blocked with Sulfur Leading to Ignition of Methanol

187

(1)

7.2.8 Ion Exchanger Resin in Toluene

188

(1)

7.2.9 Two Explosions in Big Storage Tanks

189

(3)

7.2.9.1 Explosion in a Floating Roof Tank Followed by Fire (2014)

189

(1)

7.2.9.2 Explosion Disaster Near Bitburg (1954)

190

(2)

7.3 Case Studies Related to Propagating Brush Discharges

192

(12)

7.3.1 Explosion in a Railcar Bulk Container

192

(1)

7.3.2 Metal Drum with Inner Liner

193

(2)

7.3.3 Plastic Drum with Inner Liner

195

(1)

7.3.4 Failed Attempt to Eliminate Electrostatic Nuisances

195

(2)

7.3.5 Fire in a Spray-Bed Dryer

197

(3)

7.3.6 Ignition in a Micronizer Jet Mill

200

(1)

7.3.7 Explosion During Rotational Molding

201

(1)

7.3.8 Explosion in a Mixing Silo for Plastic Granules

202

(1)

7.3.9 Curiosity During Outflow of Liquid from a Metal Pipe

202

(2)

7.4 Case Histories Related to Spark Discharges

204

(8)

7.4.1 Powder Explosion in a Metal Drum

204

(1)

7.4.2 Dust Removal from Pharmaceutical Pills

205

(1)

7.4.3 Sparks at a Throttle Valve (V4.1)

206

(1)

7.4.4 Filling n-Hexane into Metal Drums (P 15)

207

(1)

7.4.5 Hose Filter

208

(2)

7.4.6 Water Flowing Through PVC Hose

210

(1)

7.4.7 Lost and Found

211

(1)

7.4.8 Miraculous Earthing Clamp

212

(1)

7.5 Ignition Caused by Cone Discharges

212

(1)

7.6 Doubts with Electrostatic Ignitions

213

(6)

7.6.1 Fire in a Polyethylene Drum

213

(2)

7.6.2 Fire in a Solvent Cleaning Area

215

(3)

7.6.3 Burst of a Glass Pipe

218

(1)

7.7 Act with Relevant Experience

219

(1)

7.7.1 Basic Information

219

(1)

PowerPoint Presentations

220

(1)

Video

221

(1)

References

221

(2)

8 Targeted Use of Charges

223

(30)

8.1 Applications

223

(3)

8.2 Examples of the Creative Implementation of Applications

226

(25)

8.2.1 Adhesive Bonding - Blocking

226

(1)

8.2.2 Adhesion of an Insert on a Variable Base

227

(2)

8.2.3 Blocking a Number of Paper Webs or Film Webs in One Ribbon

229

(1)

8.2.4 Adhesion of a Melt Layer on the Chill Roll

230

(1)

8.2.5 Avoiding Telescoping When Winding

231

(1)

8.2.6 In-Mold-Labeling (IML)-In-Mold-Decoration (IMD)

232

(2)

8.2.7 Oil Application on Metal Sheets

234

(1)

8.2.8 Application of Liquid Media on Fast Moving Webs

234

(2)

8.2.9 Drying of Fast Moving Substrates

236

(1)

8.2.10 Gravure Printing and Coating Machine

237

(4)

8.2.11 Reduction of Particle Mist in the Coating Process

241

(2)

8.2.12 Use of Charging for Technical Measurement Processes

243

(1)

8.2.13 Precipitation of Mixed Substances

244

(3)

8.2.14 Electroadhesion

247

(1)

8.2.15 Surface Treatment with Corona Systems

248

(3)

8.3 Summary

251

(1)

Picture Credits

251

(1)

Video Credits

252

(1)

References

252

(1)

M Mathematics Toolbox

253

(22)

M1 Energy W of a Capacitance

255

(1)

M1.1 Minimum Ignition Energy WMIE

255

(1)

M1.2 Power P

255

(1)

M1.3 Electrical Efficiency

256

(1)

M2 Field E; Field Strength E

256

(1)

M2.1 Homogeneous Field between Plane Plates

256

(1)

M2.2 Field of Point Charge

256

(1)

M2.3 Permittivity epsilon

257

(1)

M2.4 Field of Rod (Wire) Charge

257

(1)

M3 Flux Density D (Earlier: Dielectric Displacement)

257

(1)

M4 Frequency f

258

(1)

M4.1 Wavelength lambda

258

(1)

M4.2 Circular Frequency omega

258

(1)

M5 Inductance L

258

(1)

M5.1 Inductance Ls of an Air Coil

259

(1)

M6 Capacitance C

259

(3)

M6.1 Rod (Wire) across a Conductive Area

259

(1)

M6.2 Coaxial Cable/Cylinder Capacitance

260

(1)

M6.3 Conductive Sphere in Space

260

(1)

M6.4 Sphere Across a Conductive Area

260

(1)

M6.5 Shunt of Single Capacitors

261

(1)

M6.6 Plate Capacitor

261

(1)

M6.7 Series of Single Capacitors

261

(1)

M6.7.1 Series of Two Single Capacitors

261

(1)

M7 Force F, F

262

(1)

M7.1 Force between 2 Point Charges (Coulomb's law)

262

(1)

M8 Charge Q

263

(1)

M8.1 Moved Charge Qm

263

(1)

M8.2 Charge of Electron Beam Qe

263

(1)

M8.3 Surface Charge Density sima

263

(1)

M8.3.1 Maximum Surface Charge Density sigmamax

264

(1)

M8.4 Mass Charge Density Q

264

(1)

M8.5 Volume Charge Density rho

264

(1)

M9 Potential phi

264

(1)

M10 Voltage U

265

(2)

M10.1 In a Homogeneous Electric Field

265

(1)

M10.2 Voltage Gradient When Charging a Capacitor

265

(1)

M10.3 Voltage Gradient When Discharging a Capacitor

265

(1)

M10.4 Time Constant tau (of RC Circuit)

266

(1)

M10.5 Kirchhoff's Loop Rule

266

(1)

M10.6 Kirchhoff's Junction Rule

266

(1)

M10.7 Breakdown Voltage of a Discharge Gap (Paschen's Law)

267

(1)

M11 Resistance R (Universal)

267

(8)

M11.1 Resistance Ro (Object or Material)

267

(1)

M11.2 Surface Resistivity rhos (Object or Material)

268

(1)

M11.3 Volume Resistivity rhov (Object or Material)

268

(1)

M11.4 Resistivity pv of a Conductor (Wire)

268

(1)

M11.5 Leakage Resistance RE (Object or Material)

269

(1)

M11.6 Conductance G

269

(1)

M11.7 Conductivity gamma

269

(1)

M11.8 Shunt (of Single Resistors)

270

(1)

M11.8.1 Shunt of Two Single Resistors

270

(1)

M11.9 Series (of Single Resistors)

270

(1)

M11.10 Impedance of a Capacitance RC (AC Resistance)

271

(1)

M11.11 Impedance of a Inductance RL (AC Resistance)

271

(4)

Annex

275

(2)

1 Videos for download from www.wiley-vch.de

275

(1)

2 PowerPoint Presentations

275

(2)

2.1 Theory of Electrostatics (Visualized by Experiments)

275

(1)

2.2 Practical Examples with "Freddy" (Electrostatic Hazards in Plant areas)

276

(1)

Index

277

Günter Lüttgens was born in Berlin, 1933, and holds a master's degree in electrical engineering. Since graduation he mainly worked in the chemical industry in the field of electrostatics. He was primarily responsible for laboratory research, as well as plant safety, in the area of fire and explosion prevention. In 1998 he was nominated by IEC as an expert for electrostatic test methods. Since more than twenty five years he carried out lectures on static electrification and safety measures together with his wife Sylvia. He published several articles and specialist books. In 2013 he received the International Fellow Award by the European Working Party (EFCE) as a researcher and teacher in the field of "Static Electricity in Industry".

Sylvia Lüttgens was born in Geroda, 1946, was graduated a teacher and tried to direct the interest of her students to Music and English. Then she learned about static electrification and that it could be the cause for many a fire or an explosion. So she has been working together with her husband Günter, carrying out experimental lectures (up to 2015) in seminars about electrostatics, giving practical proof of the theory. Besides she is publishing articles and writing specialist books on this topic. Together with Günter she compiled the first encyclopaedia on static electricity fifteen years ago and the third edition was published in 2013.

Wolfgang Schubert was born in 1952. He studied print technology in Leipzig and is a trained printer. He became self-employed in 1997 having previously worked in various managerial roles in the print industry and in sales and marketing for manufacturers of roll fed and sheet fed printing presses. Since then he has also been working in the specialised field of electrostatics, in sales and marketing and also in further education. He has co-authored the specialist publication Static Electricity. In May 2016 he was publicly appointed and inaugurated by the Leipzig Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IHK) as an expert in the fields of printing processes, printing presses, printability, runnability, and packaging printing. He also works as an expert in the field of electrostatics.

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783527803330_pe.html

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