Foreword |
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x | |
Preface |
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xi | |
Task 8 Participants |
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xii | |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xiv | |
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List of Figures, Tables and Boxes |
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xv | |
Executive Summary |
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xxvii | |
Introduction and overview |
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xxvii | |
Objectives |
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xxvii | |
VLS-PV for a sustainable future |
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xxviii | |
VLS-PV and other renewable resources |
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xxix | |
Socio-economic aspects |
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xxix | |
Potential benefits for desert countries |
|
xxx | |
Creation of local markets and industries |
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xxx | |
Sustainable community development |
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xxxi | |
Agricultural development |
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xxxiii | |
Desalination |
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xxxiii | |
Financial aspects |
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xxxii | |
The cost of VLS-PV generation |
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xxxii | |
VLS-PV financing requirements |
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xxxiii | |
Proposal for a VLS-PV business model |
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xxxiii | |
Technical aspects |
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xxv | |
Technology overview |
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xxxv | |
The progress of MW-scale PV systems installation |
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xxxv | |
Advanced technology for VLS-PV systems |
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xxxvi | |
Future technical options |
|
xxxvii | |
Environmental aspects and VLS-PV potential |
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xxxviii | |
The energy payback time and CO2 emission rate of VLS-PV |
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xxxviii | |
The ecological impact of VLS-PV development |
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xxxix | |
Analysis of global potential |
|
xl | |
Case studies |
|
xl | |
A case study on the Sahara desert |
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xlii | |
A case study on the Gobi desert |
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xliii | |
VLS-PV roadmap |
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xliii | |
Future directions |
|
xliv | |
Scenarios on major technology streams |
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xlv | |
VLS-PV roadmap proposal |
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xlvii | |
Conclusions and recommendations |
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xlvii | |
Conclusions |
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xlvii | |
Recommendations |
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xlviii | |
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1 | (5) |
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1 | (1) |
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The concept of a VLS-PV system |
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1 | (4) |
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1 | (2) |
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A synthesized scenario for network evolution |
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3 | (1) |
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A step-by-step approach for project development |
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3 | (1) |
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The potential advantages of VLS-PV |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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World Energy and Environmental Issues |
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6 | (10) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (4) |
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Trends in greenhouse gas emission |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Impacts of climate change |
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7 | (1) |
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Climate change mitigation strategies and renewable energy |
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8 | (2) |
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The response of international politics to climate change |
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10 | (1) |
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Other environmental issues |
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11 | (2) |
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Interaction among environmental issues (the vicious circle) |
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11 | (1) |
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Deforestation and forest degradation |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Water supply and sanitation |
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13 | (1) |
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VLS-PV for a sustainable future |
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13 | (3) |
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PV and Other Renewable Energy Options |
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16 | (5) |
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Solar-thermal technologies |
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16 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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Relative performance record |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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Socio-Economic Considerations |
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21 | (22) |
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21 | (1) |
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Potential benefits and socio-economic aspects |
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21 | (2) |
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Potential benefits for desert countries |
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21 | (1) |
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Creation of a local market |
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22 | (1) |
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Creation of a local industry |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Desert region community development |
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23 | (3) |
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23 | (2) |
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Revegetation by FoE Japan |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Developing agricultural systems with PV |
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26 | (8) |
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Significance of introducing alternative energy sources to and from desert areas |
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26 | (1) |
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Introducing new technology to developing regions |
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27 | (1) |
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Limited water resources at present and in the future |
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27 | (2) |
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Countering freshwater deficits and securing water for food production |
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29 | (1) |
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Example of border irrigation and fall leaching complex in Gansu, China |
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30 | (1) |
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Case study: Access of high-quality fresh water for sustainable irrigation |
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31 | (3) |
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Desalination power by solar energy |
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34 | (9) |
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Water shortage and its socio-economic impact |
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34 | (1) |
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Principles of desalination |
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35 | (2) |
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Solar-powered desalination systems |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (20) |
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Requirements for financing VLS-PV |
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43 | (11) |
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The implications of high capital intensity |
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43 | (1) |
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The main project structures |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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Financing cost to society |
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46 | (8) |
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Proposal for a VLS-PV Business Model |
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54 | (5) |
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Description of a VLS-PV system |
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54 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the investment costs |
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55 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the operating costs |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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Simulation methodology -- calculating the PV electricity price |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Case studies -- preliminary results |
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59 | (4) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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Recent and Future Trends in PV Technology |
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63 | (15) |
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PV cell and module technology for VLS-PV |
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63 | (6) |
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PV cell and module technology |
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63 | (1) |
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Considerations with respect to VLS-PV application |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Plant monitoring and security |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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CPV and tracking technology |
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72 | (6) |
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Tracking technology overview |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (5) |
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MW-Scale PV System Installation Technologies |
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78 | (21) |
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Recent progress of MW-scale PV systems |
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78 | (8) |
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Advanced design of VLS-PV system |
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86 | (4) |
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Some statements describing the typical current situation of VLS-PV |
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87 | (1) |
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From today's to tomorrow's plant architecture |
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87 | (1) |
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VLS-PV in the 50--100MW range: Cooperation with grid owners |
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88 | (1) |
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Components used for VLS-PV applications |
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88 | (1) |
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Safety standards and security |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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System architecture and operation |
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90 | (3) |
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System architecture of MW-scale PV systems |
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90 | (1) |
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Inverters for LS-PV systems |
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91 | (1) |
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Operation of MW-scale PV systems |
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92 | (1) |
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Array structures, civil works and foundations |
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93 | (6) |
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Costs reduction by an new array structure design |
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93 | (2) |
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Civil construction standards with restricted validity |
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95 | (1) |
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Civil works: Conventional foundation systems |
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95 | (1) |
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Civil works: Cost reduction by use of an innovative foundation system |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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Future Technical Development for VLS-PV Systems |
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99 | (13) |
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Matching VLS-PV systems to grid requirements |
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99 | (2) |
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Previous studies for Texas, USA |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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A statistical approach to energy storage |
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101 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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Large storage capacity behaviour |
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102 | (1) |
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Small storage capacity behaviour |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (4) |
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The energetics of hydrogen production |
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105 | (1) |
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The energetics of hydrogen packaging |
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105 | (1) |
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The energetics of hydrogen delivery |
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106 | (1) |
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The energetics of hydrogen transfer |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Expert control systems based on cloud prediction |
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108 | (4) |
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Intermittence of solar power |
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108 | (1) |
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Types of weather: Partial cloudiness, scale of the problem |
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108 | (1) |
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Grid sensitivity to power generators with variable output |
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108 | (1) |
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Control systems for operation of power plant with intermittent resource |
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108 | (1) |
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Predicting the moment of sun shading by clouds |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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Environmental and Ecological Impacts of VLS-PV |
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112 | (11) |
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Lifecycle analysis of various kinds of VLS-PV |
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112 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Estimation of ecological impacts of VLS-PV development in the Gobi desert |
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116 | (5) |
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Overview of ecological footprint and ecological footprint analysis |
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117 | (2) |
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Estimation of possible impacts of VLS-PV development |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (2) |
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Analysis of Global Potential |
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123 | (13) |
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Remote sensing and target areas |
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123 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Definition of suitable areas for the VLS-PV |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (5) |
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Pre-processing of analysis |
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125 | (2) |
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Ground cover classification by maximum likelihood estimation |
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127 | (1) |
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Undulating hills classification |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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A comparison between proposed algorithm and previous algorithm |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (5) |
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Preparation of satellite images |
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130 | (1) |
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Results of the evaluation of six areas |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Case Study on the Sahara Desert |
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136 | (30) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (23) |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (8) |
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147 | (6) |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (5) |
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Economic assumptions for VLS-PV (CPV) construction |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Towards developing projects |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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Case Study on the Gobi Desert |
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166 | (8) |
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Precise cost and financial analysis |
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166 | (5) |
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166 | (4) |
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Calculation of the minimum electricity price |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Possible installation sites in the Gobi desert |
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171 | (1) |
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Preliminary test of PV power systems installed in Naran Soum and Tibet |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (9) |
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Future directions in the 21st century |
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174 | (1) |
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Assumed scenarios in major technology streams |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (3) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Transition of market size and annual expenditure for VLS-PV |
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178 | (2) |
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VLS-PV installation by region |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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Conclusions and Recommendations |
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183 | (3) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (3) |
Index |
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186 | |