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E-raamat: Energy from the Desert: Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Systems: Socio-economic, Financial, Technical and Environmental Aspects

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  • Formaat: 419 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-2007
  • Kirjastus: Earthscan Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781136574634
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  • Formaat: 419 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-2007
  • Kirjastus: Earthscan Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781136574634

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"This 4th volume in the established Energy From The Desert series examines and evaluates the potential and feasibility of Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS-PV) systems, which have capacities ranging from several megawatts to gigawatts, and to develop practical project proposals toward implementing the VLS-PV systems in the future. Comprehensively analysing all major issues involved in such large scale applications, based on the latest scientific and technological developments and by means of close international co-operation with experts from different countries. From the perspective of the global energy situation, global warming, and other environmental issues, it is apparent that VLS-PV systems can: contribute substantially to global energy needs; become economically and technologically feasible soon; contribute significantly to the global environment protection; contribute significantly to socio-economic development. Energy policies around the world are gradually changing direction tofocus less on nuclear energy with the expectation to turn to denuclearization entirely with the negative impacts of nuclear energy, while in parallel the importance of and expectations for renewable energy technologies are increasing drastically as possible energy infrastructure, as well as environmental friendly technology. This book recognises that very large scale solar electricity generation provides economic, social and environmental benefits, security of electricity supply and fair access to affordable and sustainable energy solutions and that VLS-PV systems must be one of the promising options for large-scale deployment of PV systems and renewable energy technologies"--

The world's deserts are sufficiently large that, in theory, covering a fraction of their landmass with PV systems could generate many times the current primary global energy supply.The Energy from the Desert two-volume set details the background and concept of Very Large Scale Photovoltaics (VLS-PC) and examines and evaluates their potential as viable power generation systems. The authors present case studies of both virtual and real projects based on selected regions (including the Mediterranean, Sahara, Chinese Gobi, Mongolian Gobi, Indian Thar, Australian Desert and the US) and their specific socio-economic dynamics, and argue that VLS-PV systems in desert areas will be readily achievable in the near future.

Arvustused

'Never has very large scale photovoltaics received such an exhaustive analysis.' Photon International, from review of the first volume 'If you are interested in this topic- and it's a fascinating one- read this book.' Joy Claridge, Engergy News: Official Jounral of the Australian Institute of Energy, 2010. 'Building on the key concepts and case studies of previous volumes, this will be a key text for policy makers and investors in the field.' Management of Environmental Quality Journal. 'Energy from the Desert has the potential to generate a much-needed change in the direction of development and in the fortunes of a country or company or even an individual...' Renewable Energy and Climate Change

Foreword x
Preface xi
Task 8 Participants xii
List of Contributors
xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
xv
Executive Summary xxvii
Introduction and overview xxvii
Objectives xxvii
VLS-PV for a sustainable future xxviii
VLS-PV and other renewable resources xxix
Socio-economic aspects xxix
Potential benefits for desert countries xxx
Creation of local markets and industries xxx
Sustainable community development xxxi
Agricultural development xxxiii
Desalination xxxiii
Financial aspects xxxii
The cost of VLS-PV generation xxxii
VLS-PV financing requirements xxxiii
Proposal for a VLS-PV business model xxxiii
Technical aspects xxv
Technology overview xxxv
The progress of MW-scale PV systems installation xxxv
Advanced technology for VLS-PV systems xxxvi
Future technical options xxxvii
Environmental aspects and VLS-PV potential xxxviii
The energy payback time and CO2 emission rate of VLS-PV xxxviii
The ecological impact of VLS-PV development xxxix
Analysis of global potential xl
Case studies xl
A case study on the Sahara desert xlii
A case study on the Gobi desert xliii
VLS-PV roadmap xliii
Future directions xliv
Scenarios on major technology streams xlv
VLS-PV roadmap proposal xlvii
Conclusions and recommendations xlvii
Conclusions xlvii
Recommendations xlviii
Introduction
1(5)
Objectives
1(1)
The concept of a VLS-PV system
1(4)
Concept and definition
1(2)
A synthesized scenario for network evolution
3(1)
A step-by-step approach for project development
3(1)
The potential advantages of VLS-PV
4(1)
Project development
5(1)
World Energy and Environmental Issues
6(10)
Energy issues
6(1)
Climate change issues
7(4)
Trends in greenhouse gas emission
7(1)
Future projections
7(1)
Impacts of climate change
7(1)
Climate change mitigation strategies and renewable energy
8(2)
The response of international politics to climate change
10(1)
Other environmental issues
11(2)
Interaction among environmental issues (the vicious circle)
11(1)
Deforestation and forest degradation
11(1)
Desertification
12(1)
The ecosystem
12(1)
Water supply and sanitation
13(1)
VLS-PV for a sustainable future
13(3)
PV and Other Renewable Energy Options
16(5)
Solar-thermal technologies
16(3)
CSP technology features
16(1)
Relative performance record
17(1)
The case for VLS-PV
18(1)
Conclusion
19(2)
Socio-Economic Considerations
21(22)
Introduction
21(1)
Potential benefits and socio-economic aspects
21(2)
Potential benefits for desert countries
21(1)
Creation of a local market
22(1)
Creation of a local industry
22(1)
Education
23(1)
Major stakeholders
23(1)
Desert region community development
23(3)
Concept
23(2)
Revegetation by FoE Japan
25(1)
Agricultural development
26(1)
Developing agricultural systems with PV
26(8)
Significance of introducing alternative energy sources to and from desert areas
26(1)
Introducing new technology to developing regions
27(1)
Limited water resources at present and in the future
27(2)
Countering freshwater deficits and securing water for food production
29(1)
Example of border irrigation and fall leaching complex in Gansu, China
30(1)
Case study: Access of high-quality fresh water for sustainable irrigation
31(3)
Desalination power by solar energy
34(9)
Water shortage and its socio-economic impact
34(1)
Principles of desalination
35(2)
Solar-powered desalination systems
37(4)
Conclusion
41(2)
Financial Aspects
43(20)
Requirements for financing VLS-PV
43(11)
The implications of high capital intensity
43(1)
The main project structures
44(1)
Financing requirements
44(2)
Financing cost to society
46(8)
Proposal for a VLS-PV Business Model
54(5)
Description of a VLS-PV system
54(1)
Evaluation of the investment costs
55(1)
Evaluation of the operating costs
55(1)
The financing scheme
56(2)
Simulation methodology -- calculating the PV electricity price
58(1)
Conclusion
59(1)
Case studies -- preliminary results
59(4)
System configurations
60(1)
Economic analysis
61(2)
Recent and Future Trends in PV Technology
63(15)
PV cell and module technology for VLS-PV
63(6)
PV cell and module technology
63(1)
Considerations with respect to VLS-PV application
64(4)
Summary
68(1)
PV system technology
69(3)
Electric connections
69(1)
Structures
70(1)
Plant monitoring and security
70(1)
Anti-theft methods
71(1)
Energy yield
71(1)
CPV and tracking technology
72(6)
Tracking technology overview
72(1)
CPV technology overview
73(5)
MW-Scale PV System Installation Technologies
78(21)
Recent progress of MW-scale PV systems
78(8)
Advanced design of VLS-PV system
86(4)
Some statements describing the typical current situation of VLS-PV
87(1)
From today's to tomorrow's plant architecture
87(1)
VLS-PV in the 50--100MW range: Cooperation with grid owners
88(1)
Components used for VLS-PV applications
88(1)
Safety standards and security
89(1)
Conclusion
89(1)
System architecture and operation
90(3)
System architecture of MW-scale PV systems
90(1)
Inverters for LS-PV systems
91(1)
Operation of MW-scale PV systems
92(1)
Array structures, civil works and foundations
93(6)
Costs reduction by an new array structure design
93(2)
Civil construction standards with restricted validity
95(1)
Civil works: Conventional foundation systems
95(1)
Civil works: Cost reduction by use of an innovative foundation system
96(2)
Summary
98(1)
Future Technical Development for VLS-PV Systems
99(13)
Matching VLS-PV systems to grid requirements
99(2)
Previous studies for Texas, USA
99(1)
An Israel case study
100(1)
Conclusion
101(1)
A statistical approach to energy storage
101(3)
The model
102(1)
Large storage capacity behaviour
102(1)
Small storage capacity behaviour
103(1)
Conclusion
104(1)
Solar hydrogen
104(4)
The energetics of hydrogen production
105(1)
The energetics of hydrogen packaging
105(1)
The energetics of hydrogen delivery
106(1)
The energetics of hydrogen transfer
106(1)
Conclusion
107(1)
Expert control systems based on cloud prediction
108(4)
Intermittence of solar power
108(1)
Types of weather: Partial cloudiness, scale of the problem
108(1)
Grid sensitivity to power generators with variable output
108(1)
Control systems for operation of power plant with intermittent resource
108(1)
Predicting the moment of sun shading by clouds
109(1)
Conclusion
110(2)
Environmental and Ecological Impacts of VLS-PV
112(11)
Lifecycle analysis of various kinds of VLS-PV
112(4)
Methodology of LCA
112(1)
Assumptions
113(2)
Results
115(1)
Conclusion
116(1)
Estimation of ecological impacts of VLS-PV development in the Gobi desert
116(5)
Overview of ecological footprint and ecological footprint analysis
117(2)
Estimation of possible impacts of VLS-PV development
119(2)
Summary
121(2)
Analysis of Global Potential
123(13)
Remote sensing and target areas
123(2)
About satellite images
123(1)
Analysis areas
124(1)
Definition of suitable areas for the VLS-PV
124(1)
Method of analysis
125(5)
Pre-processing of analysis
125(2)
Ground cover classification by maximum likelihood estimation
127(1)
Undulating hills classification
127(1)
Vegetation index
128(1)
Integration
129(1)
A comparison between proposed algorithm and previous algorithm
130(1)
Analysis
130(5)
Preparation of satellite images
130(1)
Results of the evaluation of six areas
131(1)
The ground truth
132(2)
Solar energy potential
134(1)
Conclusion
135(1)
Case Study on the Sahara Desert
136(30)
Introduction
136(1)
Country studies
136(23)
Morocco
136(3)
Algeria
139(8)
Tunisia
147(6)
Libya
153(3)
Egypt
156(3)
CPV in the Sahara
159(5)
Economic assumptions for VLS-PV (CPV) construction
159(1)
Electricity tariff
160(1)
The case studies
160(3)
Sensitivity analysis
163(1)
Conclusion
164(1)
Towards developing projects
164(1)
Summary and conclusions
164(2)
Case Study on the Gobi Desert
166(8)
Precise cost and financial analysis
166(5)
The project
166(4)
Calculation of the minimum electricity price
170(1)
Conclusion
171(1)
Possible installation sites in the Gobi desert
171(1)
Preliminary test of PV power systems installed in Naran Soum and Tibet
171(2)
Summary
173(1)
VLS-PV Roadmap
174(9)
Future directions in the 21st century
174(1)
Assumed scenarios in major technology streams
175(2)
VLS-PV roadmap proposal
177(3)
Cumulative installation
177(1)
Annual installation
177(1)
Transition of market size and annual expenditure for VLS-PV
178(2)
VLS-PV installation by region
180(1)
Summary and conclusions
180(3)
Global trends
181(1)
VLS-PV trends
181(2)
Conclusions and Recommendations
183(3)
Conclusions
183(1)
Recommendations
183(3)
Index 186
Kosuke Kurokawa has over 30 years' experience in energy systems technology. The contributing authors include a panel of 14 acknowledged international experts from 8 countries (Japan, USA, Israel, Spain, Italy, Korea, the Netherlands and Mongolia).