|
|
|
xi | |
| Preface |
|
xiii | |
|
1 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Concentrating Solar Power Plants |
|
|
1 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.2 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technology |
|
|
2 | (5) |
|
1.2.1 CSP Receiver Concepts |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
1.2.1.1 Parabolic Trough System |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
1.2.1.2 Linear Fresnel Reflector Systems |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.2.1.3 Central Receiver Plants |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.3 Thermal Energy Storage in CSP |
|
|
7 | (19) |
|
1.3.1 Active Two-Tank System |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
1.3.1.1 Active Two-Tank Direct |
|
|
9 | (11) |
|
1.3.2 Active Single-Tank Thermocline |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
1.3.3.1 Packed-Bed Storage System |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
1.3.3.2 Passive Thermal Storage System |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
1.3.4 Types of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
1.3.4.1 Sensible Energy Storage |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
1.3.4.2 Latent Heat Storage |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
1.3.4.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
1.4 Corrosion Problem in TES-CSP System |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
|
26 | (5) |
|
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
2 Solar Thermal Power Plant with Thermal Energy Storage |
|
|
31 | (50) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 | (7) |
|
|
|
39 | (5) |
|
2.2.1 Power Installed Capacity of India |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.2.2 Energy Storage Systems |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Thermal Storage Systems |
|
|
40 | (4) |
|
2.3 Energy Demand of World |
|
|
44 | (4) |
|
|
|
48 | (7) |
|
2.4.1 Description of Experimental Set Ups |
|
|
49 | (6) |
|
2.5 Experimental Data Analysis, Results and Discussions |
|
|
55 | (14) |
|
2.5.1 Performance of Reflector Round the Year (Experimental Set up I) |
|
|
58 | (5) |
|
2.5.1.1 Simulation Results |
|
|
63 | (3) |
|
2.5.1.2 Typical PID of a Solar Module from `India One' Solar Power Plant |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
2.5.1.3 Quantity of Steam to Turbine |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
2.6 Experimental Data Analysis, Results and Discussions |
|
|
69 | (6) |
|
|
|
75 | (6) |
|
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
|
|
77 | (4) |
|
3 Efficient Energy Storage Systems for Wind Power Application |
|
|
81 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
3.2 Energy Storage Devices |
|
|
84 | (9) |
|
3.2.1 Electrical Energy Storage |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
3.2.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
3.2.2.1 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
3.2.2.2 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
3.2.2.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
3.2.3 Chemical Energy Storage |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
3.2.3.1 Battery Storage System (BSS) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
|
90 | (3) |
|
3.2.4 Thermal Energy Storage |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
3.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
3.4 Power Converter Topologies for Hybrid Energy Storage |
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
3.4.2 Semi-Active Topology |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
3.4.4 Comparison of Different Topologies |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
3.5 HESS Energy Management and Control |
|
|
99 | (5) |
|
3.5.1 HESS Control Schemes |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
3.5.1.1 Classical Control Scheme |
|
|
100 | (2) |
|
3.5.1.2 Intelligent Control Schemes |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
3.5.2 Comparison of Different Control Schemes |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
3.6 Applications of the Storage Technologies in Wind Power |
|
|
104 | (6) |
|
3.6.1 Power Fluctuation Mitigation |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
3.6.2 Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
3.6.3 Voltage Control Support |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
3.6.4 Oscillation Damping |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
3.6.8 Transmission Line Curtailment |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (9) |
|
|
|
112 | (7) |
|
4 Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Device: Supercapacitor |
|
|
119 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
4.2 Types of Energy Storage Devices |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
4.3 Overview of Supercapacitor and Its Global Scenario |
|
|
122 | (3) |
|
4.4 Status of Supercapacitor in India |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
4.5 Types of Supercapacitor According to the Energy Storage Mechanism |
|
|
126 | (4) |
|
4.5.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
4.5.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
4.5.3.1 Composite Supercapacitor |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
4.5.3.2 Asymmetric Supercapacitor |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
4.6 Basic Components of Supercapacitor |
|
|
130 | (10) |
|
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
4.6.2 Electrode Materials |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
4.6.2.2 Pseudocapacitive Materials |
|
|
132 | (6) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (9) |
|
|
|
140 | (9) |
|
5 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Cooling and Heating Applications |
|
|
149 | (52) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
5.2 Classification of Storage Systems |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
5.3 Sensible Heat Storage |
|
|
151 | (12) |
|
5.3.1 Water-Based Storage |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
|
|
160 | (3) |
|
|
|
163 | (5) |
|
5.4.1 Enhancement Methods for Thermal Conductivity Enhancement |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
5.4.1.1 Macro and Microencapsulation |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
5.4.1.3 Multiple PCM Technology |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
5.4.1.4 Immersion Through Material Pores |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
5.5 Thermochemical Heat Storage |
|
|
168 | (8) |
|
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
5.6 Application of Thermal Energy Storage Systems |
|
|
176 | (8) |
|
5.6.1 Absorption Refrigeration System |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
5.6.2 Solar Pumps Application in Space Cooling/Heating |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
5.6.3 Solar Pond Integrated Packed-Bed TES System for Space Heating |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
|
184 | (12) |
|
|
|
196 | (5) |
|
|
|
196 | (5) |
|
6 Optimistic Technological Approaches for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices/Materials |
|
|
201 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
6.2 Advancements in Supercapacitor Technology |
|
|
202 | (10) |
|
6.2.1 The Current Global Supercapacitor Market |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
6.2.2 Challenges: From Lab to Market |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
6.2.3 Current Trends and Opportunities |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
6.2.4 Composites and Novel Architectures |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
6.2.5 Microsupercapacitors |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
6.2.6 Hybrid Supercapacitors |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
6.2.7 Flexible, Wearable and Smart Supercapacitors |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
6.3 Advancements in Battery Technology |
|
|
212 | (9) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
6.3.2 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
6.3.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
6.3.4 Lead Storage Battery |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
6.3.5 Sodium Sulphur Battery |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
6.3.7 Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) |
|
|
218 | (3) |
|
6.4 Conclusion and Outlook |
|
|
221 | (8) |
|
|
|
222 | (7) |
|
7 Electro-Chemical Battery Energy Storage Systems- A Comprehensive Overview |
|
|
229 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
7.2 Electro-Chemical Storage Devices |
|
|
231 | (9) |
|
7.2.1 Definition and Types |
|
|
231 | (4) |
|
7.2.2 Energy Storage Landscape and Benefits of Electro-Chemical Storage |
|
|
235 | (5) |
|
7.2.3 Drivers and Barriers in Implementation of Energy Storage Systems |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
7.3 Design and Performance Parameters for Electro-Chemical Storage |
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
7.3.1 Design Basis for Large Storage Application |
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
7.4 Case Study From Industry |
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
7.5 Best Practices in Battery Maintenance |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
7.6 End of Life Cycle of Batteries |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
7.6.1 Major Recyclable Products from the Process |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
7.7 India Energy Storage Mission |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
8 Simulation of Charging and Discharging a Thermal Energy Storage System Involving Phase Change Material |
|
|
253 | (21) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
8.2 Design of Latent Heat Storage (LHS) System |
|
|
256 | (5) |
|
8.2.1 Identification of Suitable PCM |
|
|
256 | (4) |
|
8.2.2 Design of Heat Exchanger |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
8.2.3 Performance Evaluation |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
8.3 Analysis of Phase Change Systems |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
|
|
263 | (6) |
|
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
8.5 Results and Discussion |
|
|
269 | (5) |
|
8.5.1 Scalability of Mesh |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (1) |
| Acknowledgement |
|
274 | (1) |
| Abbreviation |
|
275 | (1) |
| References |
|
275 | (2) |
| Index |
|
277 | |