ENERGY STORAGE Written and edited by a team of well-known and respected experts in the field, this new volume on energy storage presents the state-of-the-art developments and challenges in the field of renewable energy systems for sustainability and scalability for engineers, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, consultants, and designers.

The worlds energy landscape is very complex. Fossil fuels, especially because of hydraulic fracturing, are still a mainstay of global energy production, but renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and others, are increasing in importance for global energy sustainability. Experts and non-experts agree that the next game-changer in this area will be energy storage.

Energy storage is crucial for continuous operation of power plants and can supplement basic power generation sources over a stand-alone system. It can enhance capacity and leads to greater security, including continuous electricity supply and other applications. A dependable energy storage system not only guarantees that the grid will not go down, but also increases efficacy and efficiency of any energy system.

This groundbreaking new volume in this forward-thinking series addresses all of these issues, laying out the latest advances and addressing the most serious current concerns in energy storage. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this latest volume in the series, Advances in Renewable Energy, is a must-have for any library.

This outstanding new volume:

Is practically oriented and provides new concepts and designs for energy storage systems, offering greater benefit to the researcher, student, and engineer Offers a comprehensive coverage of energy storage system design, which is also useful for engineers and other professionals who are working in the field of solar energy, biomass, polygeneration, cooling, and process heat Filled with workable examples and designs that are helpful for practical applications, also offers a thorough, novel case study on hybrid energy systems with storage Is useful as a textbook for researchers, students, and faculty for understanding new ideas in this rapidly emerging field

List of Contributors

Preface

xiii

1 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Concentrating Solar Power Plants

(30)

Dr. Pratibha Biswal

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technology

(5)

1.2.1 CSP Receiver Concepts

(1)

1.2.1.1 Parabolic Trough System

(1)

1.2.1.2 Linear Fresnel Reflector Systems

(1)

1.2.1.3 Central Receiver Plants

(1)

1.2.1.4 Dish System

(1)

1.3 Thermal Energy Storage in CSP

(19)

1.3.1 Active Two-Tank System

(1)

1.3.1.1 Active Two-Tank Direct

(11)

1.3.2 Active Single-Tank Thermocline

(1)

1.3.3 Other TES Systems

(1)

1.3.3.1 Packed-Bed Storage System

(1)

1.3.3.2 Passive Thermal Storage System

(1)

1.3.4 Types of Thermal Energy Storage (TES)

(1)

1.3.4.1 Sensible Energy Storage

(2)

1.3.4.2 Latent Heat Storage

(1)

1.3.4.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage

(1)

1.4 Corrosion Problem in TES-CSP System

(1)

1.5 Conclusion

(5)

References

(4)

2 Solar Thermal Power Plant with Thermal Energy Storage

(50)

Anil Kumar

Umakanta Sahoo

BK Jayasimha Rathod

2.1 Introduction

(7)

2.2 Literature Review

(5)

2.2.1 Power Installed Capacity of India

(1)

2.2.2 Energy Storage Systems

(1)

2.2.3 Thermal Storage Systems

(4)

2.3 Energy Demand of World

(4)

2.4 Experimental Set Up

(7)

2.4.1 Description of Experimental Set Ups

(6)

2.5 Experimental Data Analysis, Results and Discussions

(14)

2.5.1 Performance of Reflector Round the Year (Experimental Set up I)

(5)

2.5.1.1 Simulation Results

(3)

2.5.1.2 Typical PID of a Solar Module from `India One' Solar Power Plant

(1)

2.5.1.3 Quantity of Steam to Turbine

(2)

2.6 Experimental Data Analysis, Results and Discussions

(6)

2.7 Conclusions

(6)

Symbols

(1)

Acknowledgement

(1)

References

(4)

3 Efficient Energy Storage Systems for Wind Power Application

(38)

Pradeep Kumar Sahu

Satyaranjan Jena

Umakanta Sahoo

3.1 Introduction

(2)

3.2 Energy Storage Devices

(9)

3.2.1 Electrical Energy Storage

(1)

3.2.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

(1)

3.2.1.2 Supercapacitors

(1)

3.2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage

(1)

3.2.2.1 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)

(1)

3.2.2.2 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)

(1)

3.2.2.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage

(1)

3.2.3 Chemical Energy Storage

(1)

3.2.3.1 Battery Storage System (BSS)

(1)

3.2.3.2 Fuel Cells

(1)

3.2.3.3 Solar Fuel

(3)

3.2.4 Thermal Energy Storage

(1)

3.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)

(2)

3.4 Power Converter Topologies for Hybrid Energy Storage

(4)

3.4.1 Passive Topology

(2)

3.4.2 Semi-Active Topology

(1)

3.4.3 Active Topology

(1)

3.4.4 Comparison of Different Topologies

(1)

3.5 HESS Energy Management and Control

(5)

3.5.1 HESS Control Schemes

(1)

3.5.1.1 Classical Control Scheme

100

(2)

3.5.1.2 Intelligent Control Schemes

102

(1)

3.5.2 Comparison of Different Control Schemes

103

(1)

3.6 Applications of the Storage Technologies in Wind Power

104

(6)

3.6.1 Power Fluctuation Mitigation

104

(1)

3.6.2 Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT)

105

(1)

3.6.3 Voltage Control Support

105

(1)

3.6.4 Oscillation Damping

106

(1)

3.6.5 Peak Shaving

106

(1)

3.6.6 Spinning Reserve

107

(1)

3.6.7 Time Shifting

108

(1)

3.6.8 Transmission Line Curtailment

108

(1)

3.6.9 Load Following

109

(1)

3.6.10 Unit Commitment

110

(1)

3.7 Conclusion

110

(9)

References

112

(7)

4 Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Device: Supercapacitor

119

(30)

Swagatika Kamila

Bikash Kumar Jena

Suddhasatwa Basu

4.1 Introduction

120

(1)

4.2 Types of Energy Storage Devices

120

(2)

4.3 Overview of Supercapacitor and Its Global Scenario

122

(3)

4.4 Status of Supercapacitor in India

125

(1)

4.5 Types of Supercapacitor According to the Energy Storage Mechanism

126

(4)

4.5.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC)

126

(2)

4.5.2 Pseudocapacitor

128

(1)

4.5.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor

129

(1)

4.5.3.1 Composite Supercapacitor

129

(1)

4.5.3.2 Asymmetric Supercapacitor

130

(1)

4.5.3.3 Battery Type

130

(1)

4.6 Basic Components of Supercapacitor

130

(10)

4.6.1 Current Collector

130

(1)

4.6.2 Electrode Materials

131

(1)

4.6.2.1 EDLC Materials

131

(1)

4.6.2.2 Pseudocapacitive Materials

132

(6)

4.6.3 Electrolytes

138

(1)

4.6.4 Binders

138

(1)

4.6.5 Separators

139

(1)

4.7 Conclusion

140

(9)

References

140

(9)

5 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Cooling and Heating Applications

149

(52)

Pankaj Kalita

Debangsu Kashyap

Urbashi Bordoloi

5.1 Introduction

150

(1)

5.2 Classification of Storage Systems

151

(1)

5.3 Sensible Heat Storage

151

(12)

5.3.1 Water-Based Storage

153

(3)

5.3.2 Packed Beds

156

(2)

5.3.3 Aquifers

158

(2)

5.3.4 Borehole

160

(3)

5.4 Latent Heat Storage

163

(5)

5.4.1 Enhancement Methods for Thermal Conductivity Enhancement

164

(1)

5.4.1.1 Macro and Microencapsulation

165

(1)

5.4.1.2 Addition of Fins

166

(1)

5.4.1.3 Multiple PCM Technology

167

(1)

5.4.1.4 Immersion Through Material Pores

167

(1)

5.5 Thermochemical Heat Storage

168

(8)

5.5.1 Absorption Cycle

172

(1)

5.5.2 Adsorption Cycles

173

(1)

5.5.3 Chemical Reaction

174

(2)

5.6 Application of Thermal Energy Storage Systems

176

(8)

5.6.1 Absorption Refrigeration System

176

(1)

5.6.2 Solar Pumps Application in Space Cooling/Heating

177

(1)

5.6.3 Solar Pond Integrated Packed-Bed TES System for Space Heating

178

(1)

5.6.4 Solar FPC

179

(2)

5.6.5 Solar PV/T

181

(2)

5.6.6 Solar Air Heater

183

(1)

5.7 Design Problems

184

(12)

5.8 Conclusion

196

(5)

References

196

(5)

6 Optimistic Technological Approaches for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices/Materials

201

(28)

Benjamin Raj

Arya Das

Suddhasatwa Basu

Mamata Mohapatra

6.1 Introduction

202

(1)

6.2 Advancements in Supercapacitor Technology

202

(10)

6.2.1 The Current Global Supercapacitor Market

205

(2)

6.2.2 Challenges: From Lab to Market

207

(2)

6.2.3 Current Trends and Opportunities

209

(1)

6.2.4 Composites and Novel Architectures

209

(1)

6.2.5 Microsupercapacitors

210

(1)

6.2.6 Hybrid Supercapacitors

211

(1)

6.2.7 Flexible, Wearable and Smart Supercapacitors

211

(1)

6.3 Advancements in Battery Technology

212

(9)

6.3.1 Challenges

213

(1)

6.3.2 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

213

(1)

6.3.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries

214

(1)

6.3.4 Lead Storage Battery

214

(1)

6.3.5 Sodium Sulphur Battery

215

(2)

6.3.6 Flow Batteries

217

(1)

6.3.7 Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs)

218

(3)

6.4 Conclusion and Outlook

221

(8)

References

222

(7)

7 Electro-Chemical Battery Energy Storage Systems- A Comprehensive Overview

229

(24)

Nikhil P G

G Sivaramakrishnan

7.1 Introduction

229

(2)

7.2 Electro-Chemical Storage Devices

231

(9)

7.2.1 Definition and Types

231

(4)

7.2.2 Energy Storage Landscape and Benefits of Electro-Chemical Storage

235

(5)

7.2.3 Drivers and Barriers in Implementation of Energy Storage Systems

240

(1)

7.3 Design and Performance Parameters for Electro-Chemical Storage

240

(3)

7.3.1 Design Basis for Large Storage Application

240

(3)

7.4 Case Study From Industry

243

(2)

7.5 Best Practices in Battery Maintenance

245

(2)

7.6 End of Life Cycle of Batteries

247

(2)

7.6.1 Major Recyclable Products from the Process

248

(1)

7.6.2 Disposal Measures

248

(1)

7.7 India Energy Storage Mission

249

(2)

7.8 Conclusion

251

(2)

References

251

(2)

8 Simulation of Charging and Discharging a Thermal Energy Storage System Involving Phase Change Material

253

(21)

S. Sanyal

A. Borgohain

S.P. Gupta

8.1 Introduction

253

(3)

8.2 Design of Latent Heat Storage (LHS) System

256

(5)

8.2.1 Identification of Suitable PCM

256

(4)

8.2.2 Design of Heat Exchanger

260

(1)

8.2.3 Performance Evaluation

261

(1)

8.3 Analysis of Phase Change Systems

261

(2)

8.4 Simulation

263

(6)

8.4.1 Equations Involved

263

(2)

8.4.2 Modelling

265

(4)

8.4.3 Transient Analysis

269

(1)

8.5 Results and Discussion

269

(5)

8.5.1 Scalability of Mesh

269

(1)

8.5.2 Melting

270

(1)

8.5.3 Solidification

271

(2)

8.5.4 Performance

273

(1)

8.6 Conclusion

274

(1)

Acknowledgement

274

(1)

Abbreviation

275

(1)

References

275

(2)

Index

277

Umakanta Sahoo, PhD, is a research scientist at the National Institute of Solar Energy, India. He received his PhD in mechanical engineering at Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India. He has vast research experience in the field of solar energy and biomass. He is the author of many research papers in international journals and books in renewable energy and mechanical engineering. He has conducted numerous training on designing, operation and maintenance of solar energy systems, and he is the author of several books on renewable energy also available from Wiley-Scrivener.

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