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E-raamat: Extreme Speech and Democracy [Oxford Scholarship Online e-raamatud]

Edited by (Barrister, Blackstone Chambers), Edited by (Amelia Lewis Professor of Constitutional Law, Arizona State University College of Law)
  • Formaat: 712 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2009
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780199548781
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  • Oxford Scholarship Online e-raamatud
  • Raamatu hind pole hetkel teada
Extreme Speech and DemocracySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 712 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2009
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780199548781
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley OnlineRohkem infot Oxford Scholarship Online e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548781.001.0001/acprof-9780199548781
A commitment to free speech is a fundamental precept of all liberal democracies. However, democracies can differ significantly when addressing the constitutionality of laws regulating certain kinds of speech. In the United States, for instance, the commitment to free speech under the First Amendment has been held by the Supreme Court to protect the public expression of the most noxious racist ideology and hence to render unconstitutional even narrow restrictions on hate speech. In contrast, governments have been accorded considerable leeway to restrict racist and other extreme expression in almost every other democracy, including Canada, the United Kingdom, and other European countries. This book considers the legal responses of various liberal democracies towards hate speech and other forms of extreme expression, and examines the following questions:
What accounts for the marked differences in attitude towards the constitutionality of hate speech regulation?
Does hate speech regulation violate the core free speech principle constitutive of democracy?
Has the traditional US position on extreme expression justifiably not found favor elsewhere?
Do values such as the commitment to equality or dignity legitimately override the right to free speech in some circumstances?
With contributions from experts in a range of disciplines, this book offers an in-depth examination of the tensions that arise between democracy's promises.
Readership: Academics, scholars, and advanced students of Human Rights; Comparative Human Rights; Freedom of Information & Freedom of Speech; Media, Information, & Communication Industries; Censorship; Extreme Speech & Hate Speech
Table of Cases xxvii
Table of Legislation xxxix
Table of Conventions and International Instruments xlix
List of Contributors liii
General Introduction: Free Speech, Democracy, and the Suppression of Extreme Speech Past and Present 1
James Weinstein and Ivan Hare
1. The Enduring yet Troubled Marriage of Free Speech and Democracy
1
2. Is there a Lesson in this History?
5
PART I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1. Freedom of Speech in a Globalized World
11
Dieter Grimm
1. The Meaning of Freedom of Speech
11
(i) Freedom of Expression
11
(ii) Freedom of the Media
14
2. Freedom of Speech Under Globalized Conditions
17
(i) Protecting Religion from Speech?
17
(ii) More Uniformity of Speech-Related Law?
19
2. Extreme Speech, Public Order, and Democracy: Lessons from The Masses
23
James Weinstein
1. Introduction
23
2. The Core Free Speech Right of Democratic Participation
25
(i) Popular Sovereignty
26
(ii) The Individual Right of Political Participation
27
(iii) Public Discourse
29
3. Breaching the Core: Hammond v. DPP
30
(i) Facts and Divisional Court Decision
30
(ii) Identifying the Core Breach
32
(iii) A Countervailing Right Not to be Insulted?
33
(iv) Distinguishing Public Discourse from Personal Abuse
35
(v) What Went Wrong?
37
4. Object Lessons from the US
40
5. Another Core Breach?: Norwood v. DPP
44
(i) Facts and Divisional Court Decision
44
(ii) Excluding Anti-Democratic Speech from Public Discourse
47
(iii) The Perils of Interpreting Ambiguous Political Rhetoric
50
6. Speech at the Periphery of the Core and the Strategy of Overprotection
52
(i) 'Fighting Words'
53
(ii) Advocacy of Law Violation
53
(iii) Expression Offending Civility Norms
55
(iv) Group Defamation
58
7. Conclusion
60
3. Extreme Speech Under International and Regional Human Rights Standards
62
Ivan Hare
1. The History and Structure of International and Regional Human Rights Instruments
62
(i) International Human Rights Instruments
63
(ii) Regional Human Rights Instruments
65
2. Freedom of Expression
69
(i) Freedom of Expression Under the ICCPR
69
(ii) Freedom of Expression Under Regional Human Rights Instruments
72
3. The Effectiveness of International and Regional Human Rights Instruments in Protecting Extreme Speech
74
4. Conclusion
79
4. An Overview of American Free Speech Doctrine and its Application to Extreme Speech
81
James Weinstein
1. The Rule against Content Discrimination
81
2. The Rule against Content Discrimination and its Application to Extreme Speech
84
(i) Hate Speech
84
(ii) Incitement to terrorism, Holocaust denial, and other forms of extreme speech
88
3. Methodological Differences
90
4. Conclusion
91
5. Hate Speech in the United Kingdom: An Historical Overview
92
Sir David Williams QC
6. Extreme Speech and Liberalism
96
Maleiha Malik
1. Introduction
96
2. 'Who are the Extremists?'
97
3. Legal and Non-Legal Responses to Extreme Speech
99
(i) Criminalizing Extreme Speech: The Limits of Legal Regulation
99
(ii) Non-Legal Responses to Hate Speech: Cultural Policy and Media Regulation
105
4. Engaging with Extremists
107
(i) Liberal Democracy as a 'Rational Liberal Consensus': Containing Doctrines that Are 'Irrational, Unreasonable, and Mad'
107
(ii) Agonistic Respect: Creating Political Space for the Extremists
109
(iii) 'Discourse Ethics': What Are the Rules of the Game When 'Engaging with Extremists'?
111
(iv) Engaging with the 'Extremists'
113
(v) Applying the 'Rules of the Game' to Extremists: Classification, Protection, and Critique
115
(vi) Internal and External Critique of Extremists
117
(vii) The Limits of Democratic Discourse
118
5. Conclusion
120
PART II: HATE SPEECH
7. Hate Speech
123
Robert Post
8. Autonomy and Hate Speech
139
C. Edwin Baker
1. Introduction
139
2. Speaker Autonomy and State Legitimacy
142
3. Objections and a Pragmatic Reply
146
4. The Evils Restrictions May Cause
150
5. Conclusion: Democracy's Necessary Faith in People
155
9. Hate Speech, Public Discourse, and the First Amendment
158
Steven J. Heyman
1. The Foundations and Limits of the First Amendment Freedom of Expression
159
2. Should Public Hate Speech be Protected by the First Amendment?
165
(i) The Impact of Public Hate Speech on Other Rights
165
(ii) Should Public Hate Speech be Protected Because of Its Political Character?
169
(iii) Refining the Rights-Based Analysis of Public Hate Speech
177
3. Conclusion
181
10. Wild-West Cowboys versus Cheese-Eating Surrender Monkeys: Some Problems in Comparative Approaches to Hate Speech
182
Eric Heinze
1. Introduction
182
2. The Locus of Comparison
184
3. Informal Power
187
4. Formal Law
189
5. Realism and Essentialism
190
6. Formal and Substantive Freedoms: An Age-Old Dilemma
196
7. Ahistoricism
200
8. Conclusion
203
11. Incitement and the Regulation of Hate Speech in Canada: A Philosophical Analysis
204
L.W. Sumner
1. Mill's Tests
204
2. The Harms of Hate Speech
207
3. Promoting and Inciting
212
4. Conclusion
219
12. Hate Speech, Extreme Speech, and Collective Defamation in French Law
221
Pascal Mbongo
1. Systematic Control of Hate Speech and Extreme Speech
222
(i) Administrative Law
223
(ii) Criminal Law
227
(iii) General Observations
228
2. A Particular Rigour for Certain Types of Speech
229
(i) Overview of Collective Defamations
229
(ii) Religious Abuse and Defamation
231
(iii) Racial Abuse and Defamation
234
13. Towards Improved Law and Policy on 'Hate Speech'—The 'Clear and Present Danger' Test in Hungary
237
Peter Molnar
1. Introduction
237
2. The Social Context of 'Hate Speech' in Hungary
239
3. The Application of the 'Clear and Present Danger Test' in Hungary
247
(i) The 'Hate Speech' Decisions of the Hungarian Constitutional Court
247
(ii) The Hegedus Jr. Case and Its Aftermath: The Failure Properly to Apply the Test
257
(iii) The Prohibition of the Public Display of Certain Totalitarian Symbols
261
4. Conclusion
263
14. Cumulative Jurisprudence and Hate Speech: Sexual Orientation and Analogies to Disability, Age, and Obesity
265
Eric Heinze
1. Introduction
265
2. Sexual Minorities and Cumulative Jurisprudence
266
3. Cumulative or Contradictory?
272
4. Some Objections and Replies
280
5. Conclusion
284
PART III: INCITEMENT TO RELIGIOUS HATRED AND RELATED TOPICS
15. Blasphemy and Incitement to Religious Hatred: Free Speech Dogma and Doctrine
289
Ivan Hare
1. The Historical Relationship between Speech and the Protection of Religion: Blasphemy
289
2. Legislating Against Hate and the Repeal of the Law of Blasphemy
293
(i) Incitement to Religious Hatred
294
(ii) Repeal of the Law of Blasphemy
296
3. Free Speech Principle and the Protection of Religious Sensibilities
300
(i) Blasphemy
301
(ii) Incitement to Religious Hatred
305
4. Conclusion
310
16. The Danish Cartoons, Offensive Expression, and Democratic Legitimacy
311
Ian Cram
1. Introduction
311
2. Offensive Expression in European Convention Jurisprudence—Handyside Rhetoric and Reality
314
3. The Margin of Appreciation and the Absence of Consensus
317
4. A 'Right' to be Protected from Offensive Expression?
319
5. Offence as a Contents-Based Ground for Restricting Expression
321
6. Expression about Islam as 'Political Speech'
323
7. The Problem of Gratuitously Insulting or Gratuitously Offensive Speech
325
8. Putting the Breaks on Offensive Expression: Tipping Points and the Concept of Democratic Legitimacy
327
17. Criminalizing Religiously Offensive Satire: Free Speech, Human Dignity, and Comparative Law
331
Amnon Reichman
1. Introduction
331
2. The Suszkin Case
332
3. Offensive Speech: Diverging Normative Justifications
333
4. Offensive Speech: Is Religion Normatively Special?
337
5. Citizens, State, and Speech
340
6. The Cultural Significance of Speech
342
7. Legal Cultures—Balancing Words
345
8. Beyond Differences: The Doctrine of Fighting Words
348
9. Some Heretical Reflections on Speech Theory and the Role of Passion
350
10. Conclusion
352
PART IV: RELIGIOUS SPEECH AND EXPRESSIVE CONDUCT THAT OFFEND SECULAR VALUES
18. Religious Speech that Undermines Gender Equality
357
Carolyn Evans
1. Introduction
357
2. Religious Speech that Offends against Gender Equality
358
(i) Construction of Gendered Hierarchies
359
(ii) Incitement or Condoning of Violence against Women
360
3. Two Models of Speech
362
(i) The Liberal Model
363
(ii) A Religious Model
364
4. Empowering Religious Women's Speech
368
(i) The Importance of Religious Women's Speech
368
(ii) Practical Strategies for Empowering Religious Women's Speech
370
5. Conclusion
373
19. Homophobic Speech, Equality Denial, and Religious Expression
375
Ian Leigh
1. Introduction
375
2. Laws Prohibiting Homophobic Expression
379
3. International Responses
380
4. The UK Position
381
5. The Status of Religiously-Motivated Speech
388
(i) The Hammond Case
388
(ii) The Ake Green Case
391
6. Adjudicating Rights Conflicts
393
7. Conclusion
398
20. Extreme Religious Dress: Perspectives on Veiling Controversies
400
Dominic McGoldrick
1. Introduction
400
2. Speech and Religious Dress
401
3. Human Rights Perspectives
402
(i) Individual Applications to National Courts
402
(ii) Individual Applications to International Human Rights Bodies
403
(iii) Individual and Group Identities and Rights
405
(iv) Minority Rights and Cultural Rights
406
(v) The Right to Freedom of Religion
407
(vi) Negative and Positive Aspects of a Human Right
408
(vii) The Human Rights Context of Church–State Relations under the ECHR
409
(viii) Limitations on Religious Freedoms on the Basis of the 'protection of public order' and the 'protection of the rights and freedoms of others'
410
4. Educational Contexts
411
(i) Children's Rights
411
(ii) Teachers' Rights and Children's Rights
414
(iii) Universities
416
5. Discrimination
416
(i) Religious Discrimination and Islamophobia
416
(ii) Religious Discrimination and the European Union
418
(iii) Racial Discrimination
419
(iv) Gender Discrimination and Feminist Perspectives
420
(v) Intersecting Discrimination
424
6. Autonomy and Consent
424
7. Explaining Differential Human Rights Outcomes: The Margin of Appreciation
427
8. Locating the Debates on Religious Dress
427
21. Endorsing Discrimination Between Faiths: A Case of Extreme Speech?
430
John Finnis
1. Legitimate, if not Necessary, School Ban on a Garment
430
2. Necessary State Ban on a Party and Government
433
3. A Certain Religion's Unacceptable Political Purposes
437
4. Applying the Findings: Extreme Speech or Belated Warning?
439
PART V: INCITEMENT TO, AND GLORIFICATION OF, TERRORISM
22. Incitement to, and Glorification of, Terrorism
445
Eric Barendt
1. Introduction
445
2. The Terrorism Act 2006
446
3. The Encouragement of Terrorism and Freedom of Speech
447
4. Scanlon's Argument
449
5. A Speaker's Right to Encourage Terrorism?
451
6. Other Arguments
452
7. Brandenburg v. Ohio
454
(i) The Words Used by the Speaker or Writer
455
(ii) Advocacy Directed to Inciting or Producing Unlawful Action
456
(iii) The Requirement of Imminent Unlawful Action
457
(iv) Likely to Incite or Produce Unlawful Action
458
8. The Brandenburg Principle Inapplicable to Threats and Conspiracy
459
9. The Relevance of Terrorism
461
23. The Terrorism Act 2006: Discouraging Terrorism
463
Tuftal Choudhury
1. Introduction
463
2. The CONTEST Strategy
465
3. The Terrorism Act 2006
466
4. The Radicalization Process
473
5. The Counterproductive Potential of Counterterrorism Laws
481
6. Conclusion
486
24. Radical Religious Speech: The Ingredients of a Binary World View
488
Sara Savage and Jose Liht
1. Introduction: The Shaping Power of Language
488
2. Structural Features of Islamist Radical Religious Discourse
489
(i) Narrative
489
(ii) Rhetorical Strategies
492
(iii) Propositional, Word-Based Processing
495
(iv) Intratextuality
496
(v) Integrative Complexity
497
(vi) Thinking as Arguing
498
(vii) The Myth of Pure Evil
499
3. The Appeal of Islamist Extreme Speech
500
4. Implications
504
5. Conclusion
507
PART VI: HOLOCAUST DENIAL
25. 'On the Internet, Nobody Knows You're a Nazi': Some Comparative Legal Aspects of Holocaust Denial on the WIVIV
511
David Fraser
1. Introduction
511
2. The Context of Holocaust Denial
514
3. YAHOO!, the WWW, and French Legal Regulation of Holocaust Denial
521
4. Canada: Zundel, the Web, and the Success (?) of Law
529
5. Australia, the Law, and Holocaust Denial
534
6. Conclusion
536
26. Expanding Holocaust Denial and Legislation Against It
538
Michael Whine
1. Holocaust Denial and the Internet
539
2. International Agreements
541
3. National Legislation
543
4. Successful Prosecution
545
5. The European Common Framework
547
6. Recent Convictions
548
7. The Iranian Government's Initiative
551
8. David Irving
552
9. Future Outcomes
553
10. The Necessity of Holocaust Education
555
27. The Holocaust Denial Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
557
Dieter Grimm
28. The Politics of Memory: Bans and Commemorations
562
Patrick Weil
1. Introduction
562
2. Permanent Elimination of Slavery in 1848
566
3. Consecration of the Republic
568
4. Commemorations and Bans with Respect to the Genocide of the Jews in Europe
571
5. And Slavery...?
575
PART VII: GOVERNMENTAL AND SELF-REGULATION OF THE MEDIA
29. Shouting Fire From the Nanny State to the Heckler's Veto: The New Censorship and How to Counter It
583
David Edgar
30. Extreme Speech and American Press Freedoms
598
David J. Bodney
1. Introduction
598
2. The Sedition Act
600
3. Near, Sullivan, and Brandenburg
600
4. Rhetorical Hyperbole, Vigorous Epithets, and Parody
603
5. Incitement, True Threats, and Fighting Words
604
6. The Marketplace and Evolving Norms of Civility
605
31. Extreme Speech and the Democratic Functions of the Mass Media
608
Jacob Rowbottom
1. Media Freedom and Democracy
609
(i) Public Watchdog
610
(ii) Diverse Information and Ideas
613
2. Extreme Speech and Media Regulation
618
(i) The Broadcast Media
619
(ii) The Press
626
3. Conclusion
629
Index 631
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