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E-raamat: Extreme Speech and Democracy

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Edited by Ivan Hare (Barrister, Blackstone Chambers), Edited by James Weinstein (Amelia Lewis Professor of Constitutional Law, Arizona State University College of Law)

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Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2009
Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780191563485

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2009
Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780191563485

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A commitment to free speech is a fundamental precept of all liberal democracies. However, democracies can differ significantly when addressing the constitutionality of laws regulating certain kinds of speech. In the United States, for instance, the commitment to free speech under the First Amendment has been held by the Supreme Court to protect the public expression of the most noxious racist ideology and hence to render unconstitutional even narrow restrictions on hate speech. In contrast, governments have been accorded considerable leeway to restrict racist and other extreme expression in almost every other democracy, including Canada, the United Kingdom, and other European countries. This book considers the legal responses of various liberal democracies towards hate speech and other forms of extreme expression, and examines the following questions:

What accounts for the marked differences in attitude towards the constitutionality of hate speech regulation?
Does hate speech regulation violate the core free speech principle constitutive of democracy?
Has the traditional US position on extreme expression justifiably not found favour elsewhere?
Do values such as the commitment to equality or dignity legitimately override the right to free speech in some circumstances?

With contributions from experts in a range of disciplines, this book offers an in-depth examination of the tensions that arise between democracy's promises.

Arvustused

What are the appropriate limits to freedom of expression in societies that wish to be democratic, multi-cultural, and committed to the human rights of all? Ivan Hare and James Weinstein, a UK human rights practitioner and a US academic, have assembled a dazzling array of talent from a variety of disciplines, jurisdictions, and viewpoints to explain and debate a controversy that is intellectually complex, politically explosive, and as current as today's news. Extreme Speech and Democracy is a mine of information and argument that will be quarried for years to come. This is quite simply the most sophisticated, penetrating, and ambitious study of these issues available. * Christopher McCrudden, FBA, Professor of Human Rights Law, University of Oxford * The papers in this book bring a penetrating scholarship to the law relating to extreme speech-and to the political philosophy which is the subject's real challenge. Whether you believe in free expression warts and all, or in censorship for the sake of public tranquillity, you will find these contributions a major intellectual resource. * Lord Justice Laws * Compendious, thoughtful, learned and very well produced and laid out. The topic is both provocative and important, being no less than the future of our liberal culture and the task it faces in accommodating itself to the challenge of extremism without destroying all that is good about itself in the process...The book is one to be read through from start to finish or enjoyed in bite-sized chunks grabbed as the opportunity arises...The book's many contributors have various responses to the issue of controlling as well as celebrating speech but it is a tribute both to themselves and to the editors that few deny that the issue is one which needs properly to be addressed. The book is all the better as a defender of free speech (and liberal values) for taking its opponents so seriously. * Conor Gearty, London School of Economics, Entertainment Law Review, Volume 20, issue 8, 2009 * '...the contributors include many of the illustrious names in contemporary free speech scholarship, and the quality of the contributions is on the whole high" * Lawrence R. Douglas, Times Literary Supplement *

Table of Cases

xxvii

Table of Legislation

xxxix

Table of Conventions and International Instruments

xlix

List of Contributors

liii

General Introduction: Free Speech, Democracy, and the Suppression of Extreme Speech Past and Present

(10)

James Weinstein

Ivan Hare

1 The Enduring yet Troubled Marriage of Free Speech and Democracy

(4)

2 Is there a Lesson in this History?

(6)

PART I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1 Freedom of Speech in a Globalized World

(12)

Dieter Grimm

1 The Meaning of Freedom of Speech

(6)

i Freedom of Expression

(3)

ii Freedom of the Media

(3)

2 Freedom of Speech Under Globalized Conditions

(6)

i Protecting Religion from Speech?

(2)

ii More Uniformity of Speech-Related Law?

(4)

2 Extreme Speech, Public Order, and Democracy: Lessons from The Masses

(39)

James Weinstein

1 Introduction

(2)

2 The Core Free Speech Right of Democratic Participation

(5)

i Popular Sovereignty

(1)

ii The Individual Right of Political Participation

(2)

iii Public Discourse

(1)

3 Breaching the Core: Hammond v. DPP

(10)

i Facts and Divisional Court Decision

(2)

ii Identifying the Core Breach

(1)

iii A Countervailing Right Not to be Insulted?

(2)

iv Distinguishing Public Discourse from Personal Abuse

(2)

v What Went Wrong?

(3)

4 Object Lessons from the US

(4)

5 Another Core Breach?: Norwood v. DPP

(8)

i Facts and Divisional Court Decision

(3)

ii Excluding Anti-Democratic Speech from Public Discourse

(3)

iii The Perils of Interpreting Ambiguous Political Rhetoric

(2)

6 Speech at the Periphery of the Core and the Strategy of Overprotection

(8)

i `Fighting Words'

(1)

ii Advocacy of Law Violation

(2)

iii Expression Offending Civility Norms

(3)

iv Group Defamation

(2)

7 Conclusion

(2)

3 Extreme Speech Under International and Regional Human Rights Standards

(19)

Ivan Hare

1 The History and Structure of International and Regional Human Rights Instruments

(7)

i International Human Rights Instruments

(2)

ii Regional Human Rights Instruments

(4)

2 Freedom of Expression

(5)

i Freedom of Expression Under the ICCPR

(3)

ii Freedom of Expression Under Regional Human Rights Instruments

(2)

3 The Effectiveness of International and Regional Human Rights Instruments in Protecting Extreme Speech

(5)

4 Conclusion

(2)

4 An Overview of American Free Speech Doctrine and its Application to Extreme Speech

(11)

James Weinstein

1 The Rule against Content Discrimination

(3)

2 The Rule against Content Discrimination and its Application to Extreme Speech

(6)

i Hate Speech

(4)

ii Incitement to terrorism, Holocaust denial, and other forms of extreme speech

(2)

3 Methodological Differences

(1)

4 Conclusion

(1)

5 Hate Speech in the United Kingdom: An Historical Overview

(4)

Sir David Williams

6 Extreme Speech and Liberalism

(27)

Maleiha Malik

1 Introduction

(1)

2 `Who are the Extremists?'

(2)

3 Legal and Non-Legal Responses to Extreme Speech

(8)

i Criminalizing Extreme Speech: The Limits of Legal Regulation

(6)

ii Non-Legal Responses to Hate Speech: Cultural Policy and Media Regulation

105

(2)

4 Engaging with Extremists

107

(13)

i Liberal Democracy as a `Rational Liberal Consensus': Containing Doctrines that Are `Irrational, Unreasonable, and Mad'

107

(2)

ii Agonistic Respect: Creating Political Space for the Extremists

109

(2)

iii `Discourse Ethics': What Are the Rules of the Game When `Engaging with Extremists'?

111

(2)

iv Engaging with the `Extremists'

113

(2)

v Applying the `Rules of the Game' to Extremists: Classification, Protection, and Critique

115

(2)

vi Internal and External Critique of Extremists

117

(1)

vii The Limits of Democratic Discourse

118

(2)

5 Conclusion

120

(3)

PART II HATE SPEECH

7 Hate Speech

123

(16)

Robert Post

8 Autonomy and Hate Speech

139

(19)

C. Edwin Baker

1 Introduction

139

(3)

2 Speaker Autonomy and State Legitimacy

142

(4)

3 Objections and a Pragmatic Reply

146

(4)

4 The Evils Restrictions May Cause

150

(5)

5 Conclusion: Democracy's Necessary Faith in People

155

(3)

9 Hate Speech, Public Discourse, and the First Amendment

158

(24)

Steven J. Heyman

1 The Foundations and Limits of the First Amendment Freedom of Expression

159

(6)

2 Should Public Hate Speech be Protected by the First Amendment?

165

(16)

i The Impact of Public Hate Speech on Other Rights

165

(4)

ii Should Public Hate Speech be Protected Because of Its Political Character?

169

(8)

iii Refining the Rights-Based Analysis of Public Hate Speech

177

(4)

3 Conclusion

181

(1)

10 Wild-West Cowboys versus Cheese-Eating Surrender Monkeys: Some Problems in Comparative Approaches to Hate Speech

182

(22)

Eric Heinze

1 Introduction

182

(2)

2 The Locus of Comparison

184

(3)

3 Informal Power

187

(2)

4 Formal Law

189

(1)

5 Realism and Essentialism

190

(6)

6 Formal and Substantive Freedoms: An Age-Old Dilemma

196

(4)

7 Ahistoricism

200

(3)

8 Conclusion

203

(1)

11 Incitement and the Regulation of Hate Speech in Canada: A Philosophical Analysis

204

(17)

L. W. Sumner

1 Mill's Tests

204

(3)

2 The Harms of Hate Speech

207

(5)

3 Promoting and Inciting

212

(7)

4 Conclusion

219

(2)

12 Hate Speech, Extreme Speech, and Collective Defamation in French Law

221

(16)

Pascal Mbongo

1 Systematic Control of Hate Speech and Extreme Speech

222

(7)

i Administrative Law

223

(4)

ii Criminal Law

227

(1)

iii General Observations

228

(1)

2 A Particular Rigour for Certain Types of Speech

229

(8)

i Overview of Collective Defamations

229

(2)

ii Religious Abuse and Defamation

231

(3)

iii Racial Abuse and Defamation

234

(3)

13 Towards Improved Law and Policy on `Hate Speech'---The "Clear and Present Danger' Test in Hungary

237

(28)

Peter Molnar

1 Introduction

237

(2)

2 The Social Context of `Hate Speech' in Hungary

239

(8)

3 The Application of the `Clear and Present Danger Test' in Hungary

247

(16)

i The `Hate Speech' Decisions of the Hungarian Constitutional Court

247

(10)

ii The Hegedus Jr. Case and Its Aftermath: The Failure Properly to Apply the Test

257

(4)

iii The Prohibition of the Public Display of Certain Totalitarian Symbols

261

(2)

4 Conclusion

263

(2)

14 Cumulative Jurisprudence and Hate Speech: Sexual Orientation and Analogies to Disability, Age, and Obesity

265

(24)

Eric Heinze

1 Introduction

265

(1)

2 Sexual Minorities and Cumulative Jurisprudence

266

(6)

3 Cumulative or Contradictory?

272

(8)

4 Some Objections and Replies

280

(4)

5 Conclusion

284

(5)

PART III INCITEMENT TO RELIGIOUS HATRED AND RELATED TOPICS

15 Blasphemy and Incitement to Religious Hatred: Free Speech Dogma and Doctrine

289

(22)

Ivan Hare

1 The Historical Relationship between Speech and the Protection of Religion: Blasphemy

289

(4)

2 Legislating Against Hate and the Repeal of the Law of Blasphemy

293

(7)

i Incitement to Religious Hatred

294

(2)

ii Repeal of the Law of Blasphemy

296

(4)

3 Free Speech Principle and the Protection of Religious Sensibilities

300

(10)

i Blasphemy

301

(4)

ii Incitement to Religious Hatred

305

(5)

4 Conclusion

310

(1)

16 The Danish Cartoons, Offensive Expression, and Democratic Legitimacy

311

(20)

Ian Cram

1 Introduction

311

(3)

2 Offensive Expression in European Convention Jurisprudence---Handyside Rhetoric and Reality

314

(3)

3 The Margin of Appreciation and the Absence of Consensus

317

(2)

4 A `Right' to be Protected from Offensive Expression?

319

(2)

5 Offence as a Contents-Based Ground for Restricting Expression

321

(2)

6 Expression about Islam as `Political Speech'

323

(2)

7 The Problem of Gratuitously Insulting or Gratuitously Offensive Speech

325

(2)

8 Putting the Breaks on Offensive Expression: Tipping Points and the Concept of Democratic Legitimacy

327

(4)

17 Criminalizing Religiously Offensive Satire: Free Speech, Human Dignity, and Comparative Law

331

(26)

Amnon Reichman

1 Introduction

331

(1)

2 The Suszkin Case

332

(1)

3 Offensive Speech: Diverging Normative Justifications

333

(4)

4 Offensive Speech: Is Religion Normatively Special?

337

(3)

5 Citizens, State, and Speech

340

(2)

6 The Cultural Significance of Speech

342

(3)

7 Legal Cultures---Balancing Words

345

(3)

8 Beyond Differences: The Doctrine of Fighting Words

348

(2)

9 Some Heretical Reflections on Speech Theory and the Role of Passion

350

(2)

10 Conclusion

352

(5)

PART IV RELIGIOUS SPEECH AND EXPRESSIVE CONDUCT THAT OFFEND SECULAR VALUES

18 Religious Speech that Undermines Gender Equality

357

(18)

Carolyn Evans

1 Introduction

357

(1)

2 Religious Speech that Offends against Gender Equality

358

(4)

i Construction of Gendered Hierarchies

359

(1)

ii Incitement or Condoning of Violence against Women

360

(2)

3 Two Models of Speech

362

(6)

i The Liberal Model

363

(1)

ii A Religious Model

364

(4)

4 Empowering Religious Women's Speech

368

(5)

i The Importance of Religious Women's Speech

368

(2)

ii Practical Strategies for Empowering Religious Women's Speech

370

(3)

5 Conclusion

373

(2)

19 Homophobic Speech, Equality Denial, and Religious Expression

375

(25)

Ian Leigh

1 Introduction

375

(4)

2 Laws Prohibiting Homophobic Expression

379

(1)

3 International Responses

380

(1)

4 The UK Position

381

(7)

5 The Status of Religiously-Motivated Speech

388

(5)

i The Hammond Case

388

(3)

ii The Ake Green Case

391

(2)

6 Adjudicating Rights Conflicts

393

(5)

7 Conclusion

398

(2)

20 Extreme Religious Dress: Perspectives on Veiling Controversies

400

(30)

Dominic McGoldrick

1 Introduction

400

(1)

2 Speech and Religious Dress

401

(1)

3 Human Rights Perspectives

402

(9)

i Individual Applications to National Courts

402

(1)

ii Individual Applications to International Human Rights Bodies

403

(2)

iii Individual and Group Identities and Rights

405

(1)

iv Minority Rights and Cultural Rights

406

(1)

v The Right to Freedom of Religion

407

(1)

vi Negative and Positive Aspects of a Human Right

408

(1)

vii The Human Rights Context of Church--State Relations under the ECHR

409

(1)

viii Limitations on Religious Freedoms on the Basis of the `protection of public order' and the `protection of the rights and freedoms of others'

410

(1)

4 Educational Contexts

411

(5)

i Children's Rights

411

(3)

ii Teachers' Rights and Children's Rights

414

(2)

iii Universities

416

(1)

5 Discrimination

416

(8)

i Religious Discrimination and Islamophobia

416

(2)

ii Religious Discrimination and the European Union

418

(1)

iii Racial Discrimination

419

(1)

iv Gender Discrimination and Feminist Perspectives

420

(4)

v Intersecting Discrimination

424

(1)

6 Autonomy and Consent

424

(3)

7 Explaining Differential Human Rights Outcomes: The Margin of Appreciation

427

(1)

8 Locating the Debates on Religious Dress

427

(3)

21 Endorsing Discrimination Between Faiths: A Case of Extreme Speech?

430

(15)

John Finnis

1 Legitimate, if not Necessary, School Ban on a Garment

430

(3)

2 Necessary State Ban on a Party and Government

433

(4)

3 A Certain Religion's Unacceptable Political Purposes

437

(2)

4 Applying the Findings: Extreme Speech or Belated Warning?

439

(6)

PART V INCITEMENT TO, AND GLORIFICATION OF, TERRORISM

22 Incitement to, and Glorification of, Terrorism

445

(18)

Eric Barendt

1 Introduction

445

(1)

2 The Terrorism Act 2006

446

(1)

3 The Encouragement of Terrorism and Freedom of Speech

447

(2)

4 Scanlon's Argument

449

(2)

5 A Speaker's Right to Encourage Terrorism?

451

(1)

6 Other Arguments

452

(2)

7 Brandenburg v. Ohio

454

(5)

i The Words Used by the Speaker or Writer

455

(1)

ii Advocacy Directed to Inciting or Producing Unlawful Action

456

(1)

iii The Requirement of Imminent Unlawful Action

457

(1)

iv Likely to Incite or Produce Unlawful Action

458

(1)

8 The Brandenburg Principle Inapplicable to Threats and Conspiracy

459

(2)

9 The Relevance of Terrorism

461

(2)

23 The Terrorism Act 2006: Discouraging Terrorism

463

(25)

Tufyal Choudhury

1 Introduction

463

(2)

2 The CONTEST Strategy

465

(1)

3 The Terrorism Act 2006

466

(7)

4 The Radicalization Process

473

(8)

5 The Counterproductive Potential of Counterterrorism Laws

481

(5)

6 Conclusion

486

(2)

24 Radical Religious Speech: The Ingredients of a Binary World View

488

(23)

Sara Savage

Jose Liht

1 Introduction: The Shaping Power of Language

488

(1)

2 Structural Features of Islamist Radical Religious Discourse

489

(11)

i Narrative

489

(3)

ii Rhetorical Strategies

492

(3)

iii Propositional, Word-Based Processing

495

(1)

iv Intratextuality

496

(1)

v Integrative Complexity

497

(1)

vi Thinking as Arguing

498

(1)

vii The Myth of Pure Evil

499

(1)

3 The Appeal of Islamist Extreme Speech

500

(4)

4 Implications

504

(3)

5 Conclusion

507

(4)

PART VI HOLOCAUST DENIAL

25 `On the Internet, Nobody Knows You're a Nazi': Some Comparative Legal Aspects of Holocaust Denial on the WWW

511

(27)

David Fraser

1 Introduction

511

(3)

2 The Context of Holocaust Denial

514

(7)

3 YAHOO!, the WWW, and French Legal Regulation of Holocaust Denial

521

(8)

4 Canada: Zundel, the Web, and the Success (?) of Law

529

(5)

5 Australia, the Law, and Holocaust Denial

534

(2)

6 Conclusion

536

(2)

26 Expanding Holocaust Denial and Legislation Against It

538

(19)

Michael Whine

1 Holocaust Denial and the Internet

539

(2)

2 International Agreements

541

(2)

3 National Legislation

543

(2)

4 Successful Prosecution

545

(2)

5 The European Common Framework

547

(1)

6 Recent Convictions

548

(3)

7 The Iranian Government's Initiative

551

(1)

8 David Irving

552

(1)

9 Future Outcomes

553

(2)

10 The Necessity of Holocaust Education

555

(2)

27 The Holocaust Denial Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany

557

(5)

Dieter Grimm

28 The Politics of Memory: Bans and Commemorations

562

(21)

Patrick Weil

1 Introduction

562

(4)

2 Permanent Elimination of Slavery in 1848

566

(2)

3 Consecration of the Republic

568

(3)

4 Commemorations and Bans with Respect to the Genocide of the Jews in Europe

571

(4)

5 And Slavery ...?

575

(8)

PART VII GOVERNMENTAL AND SELF-REGULATION OF THE MEDIA

29 Shouting Fire From the Nanny State to the Heckler's Veto: The New Censorship and How to Counter It

583

(15)

David Edgar

30 Extreme Speech and American Press Freedoms

598

(10)

David J. Bodney

1 Introduction

598

(2)

2 The Sedition Act

600

(1)

3 Near, Sullivan, and Brandenburg

600

(3)

4 Rhetorical Hyperbole, Vigorous Epithets, and Parody

603

(1)

5 Incitement, True Threats, and Fighting Words

604

(1)

6 The Marketplace and Evolving Norms of Civility

605

(3)

31 Extreme Speech and the Democratic Functions of the Mass Media

608

(23)

Jacob Rowbottom

1 Media Freedom and Democracy

609

(9)

i Public Watchdog

610

(3)

ii Diverse Information and Ideas

613

(5)

2 Extreme Speech and Media Regulation

618

(11)

i The Broadcast Media

619

(7)

ii The Press

626

(3)

3 Conclusion

629

(2)

Index

631

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