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xiii | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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PART I Multivariate analysis of factors and components |
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1 | (354) |
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1 Factor analysis: Research questions it addresses |
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3 | (10) |
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3 | (1) |
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Purposes of factor analysis |
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4 | (1) |
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Limitations of factor analysis |
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5 | (1) |
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Common research questions associated with factor analysis |
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6 | (7) |
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2 Assumptions and limitations of factor analysis |
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13 | (21) |
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13 | (1) |
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Existence of underlying dimensions |
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13 | (3) |
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Proper specification/no selection bias |
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16 | (1) |
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Proper specification of the number of factors |
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16 | (1) |
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Data homogenous on factor structure |
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17 | (1) |
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Valid imputation of factor labels |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (4) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (5) |
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No influential missing data |
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30 | (1) |
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Moderate to moderate-high intercorrelations without multicollinearity |
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31 | (1) |
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Absence of high multicollinearity |
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31 | (1) |
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No perfect multicollinearity |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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3 Fundamental concepts in factor analysis |
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34 | (32) |
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Research modes: EFA vs. CFA |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Data extraction: PCA vs. PFA |
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35 | (3) |
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Other data extraction methods |
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38 | (2) |
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Number of dimensions to extract |
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40 | (8) |
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Item complexity and simple factor structure |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (5) |
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55 | (1) |
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Eigenvectors and factor loadings |
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56 | (2) |
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Communality and uniqueness |
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58 | (3) |
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Factor and component scores |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (3) |
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4 Quick start: Principal factor analysis (PFA) in R |
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66 | (10) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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5 Quick start: Confirmatory factor analysis in R |
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76 | (24) |
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76 | (1) |
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Testing error in the CFA measurement model |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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Modification indices and parameter change coefficients |
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81 | (2) |
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Path significance and critical ratios |
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83 | (1) |
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R packages for CFA and SEM |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Creating the CFA model with lavaan |
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84 | (8) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
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6 Quick start: Principal component analysis (PCA) in R |
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100 | (34) |
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100 | (1) |
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Setup and data for principal components analysis with PCA () |
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100 | (2) |
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Testing factor adequacy with kmo () |
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102 | (1) |
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Bartlett's test for sphericity |
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102 | (1) |
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Determining the number of factors to request |
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103 | (1) |
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Creating the model with PCA () |
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103 | (1) |
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Eigenvalues and the scree plot |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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Exploratory graph analysis of factor memberships |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (5) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (3) |
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Automatic PCA reporting with "Factolnvestigate" |
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126 | (1) |
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Principal Component Analysis |
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126 | (8) |
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7 Oblique and higher-order factor models |
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134 | (31) |
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134 | (12) |
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Oblique PCA with principal () |
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146 | (7) |
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Second-order oblique factor analysis |
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153 | (7) |
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160 | (5) |
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8 Factor analysis for binary, ordinal, and mixed data |
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165 | (102) |
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165 | (8) |
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Heterogeneous PCA with hetcor () |
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173 | (9) |
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Mixed data PCA with PCAmix () |
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182 | (26) |
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Mixed data PCA with FAMD () |
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208 | (9) |
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Mixed data with generalized low-rank models (GLRM) |
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217 | (21) |
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Categorical PCA with princals () |
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238 | (8) |
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PCA for binary variables with logisticPCA () |
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246 | (21) |
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267 | (30) |
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267 | (1) |
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Extension variables with fa() |
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267 | (6) |
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Orthogonal PFA with fact anal () |
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273 | (9) |
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Oblique factor analysis with fa promax () |
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282 | (4) |
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Bayesian factor analysis with BayesFM |
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286 | (6) |
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Regularized factor analysis with fareg () |
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292 | (5) |
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297 | (58) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (40) |
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337 | (14) |
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PCA for R with princomp () |
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351 | (4) |
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PART II Additional tools for dimension reduction |
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355 | (190) |
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11 Sixteen additional methods for dimension reduction (dimRed) |
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357 | (42) |
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Dimension reduction in the dimRed () system |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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The embed () function in dimRed |
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358 | (1) |
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Dimension reduction methods in dimRed |
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359 | (40) |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (3) |
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Classical multidimensional scaling |
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365 | (2) |
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Non-metric multidimensional scaling |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (3) |
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Hessian locally linear embedding |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (3) |
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379 | (5) |
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t-Distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) |
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384 | (1) |
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Independent component analysis (FastICA) |
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385 | (2) |
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Dimensionality reduction via regression (DRR.) |
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387 | (4) |
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Non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (3) |
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396 | (3) |
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12 Metrics for comparing and evaluating dimension reduction models |
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399 | (20) |
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Performance quality metrics for dimRed |
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399 | (7) |
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Multi-method multi-measure comparison |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (6) |
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Package dimRED multi-method multi-measure comparison with custom parameters |
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414 | (5) |
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13 Recipes: An alternative system for dimension reduction |
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419 | (47) |
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419 | (1) |
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The recipes design framework |
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419 | (1) |
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Libraries and setup for this section |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Data levels: a note of caution |
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422 | (1) |
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Illustration of use of the unvotes data |
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423 | (2) |
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PCA: standard deviations, variances, eigenvectors, eigenvalues, contributions, and loadings |
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425 | (10) |
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PCA with the recipes package |
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435 | (14) |
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ICA with the recipes package |
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449 | (5) |
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KPCA with the recipes package |
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454 | (12) |
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14 Factor analysis for neural models |
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466 | (13) |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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PCA in caret pre-processing |
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467 | (5) |
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Use of PCA in the pcaNNET modeling method |
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472 | (6) |
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478 | (1) |
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15 Factor analysis for time series data |
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479 | (66) |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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Visualizing longitudinal data with the "ggplot2" package |
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481 | (1) |
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Visualizing longitudinal data with the "brolgar" package |
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482 | (1) |
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Data preparation for FPCA for longitudinal data |
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483 | (3) |
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486 | (1) |
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Component trends over time |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (2) |
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489 | (2) |
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491 | (1) |
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Other R packages for functional PCA |
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492 | (1) |
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Appendix 1 Datasets used in this volume |
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493 | (4) |
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Appendix 2 Introduction to R and RStudio |
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497 | (43) |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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498 | (2) |
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Quick start: computing a correlation |
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500 | (2) |
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502 | (4) |
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506 | (1) |
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Adding value labels to data |
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507 | (2) |
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509 | (5) |
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514 | (5) |
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519 | (4) |
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Finding useful packages to install |
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523 | (2) |
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525 | (3) |
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528 | (1) |
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Using, saving, and loading packages and sessions |
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529 | (2) |
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Visualization and graphics in R |
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531 | (1) |
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532 | (2) |
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Dealing with error messages |
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534 | (2) |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (2) |
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A note on using the attach () command |
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539 | (1) |
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Appendix 3 Frequently asked questions |
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540 | (5) |
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How to report factor analysis |
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540 | (1) |
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What are "data modes" in factor analysis? |
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540 | (1) |
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What is KMO? What is it used for? |
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541 | (1) |
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Is it necessary to standardize one's variables before applying factor analysis? |
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542 | (1) |
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Can you pool data from two samples together in factor analysis? |
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542 | (1) |
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How does factor comparison of the factor structure of two samples work? |
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542 | (3) |
References |
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545 | (10) |
Index |
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555 | |