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E-raamat: Gas Treating - Absorption Theory and Practice: Absorption Theory and Practice [Wiley Online]

  • Formaat: 448 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Oct-2014
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118877748
  • ISBN-13: 9781118877746
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 163,88 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Formaat: 448 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Oct-2014
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118877748
  • ISBN-13: 9781118877746
Teised raamatud teemal:
Gas Treating: Absorption Theory and Practice provides an introduction to the treatment of natural gas, synthesis gas and flue gas, addressing why it is necessary and the challenges involved. The book concentrates in particular on the absorptiondesorption process and mass transfer coupled with chemical reaction.

Following a general introduction to gas treatment, the chemistry of CO2, H2S and amine systems is described, and selected topics from physical chemistry with relevance to gas treating are presented. Thereafter the absorption process is discussed in detail, column hardware is explained and the traditional mass transfer model mechanisms are presented together with mass transfer correlations. This is followed by the central point of the text in which mass transfer is combined with chemical reaction, highlighting the associated possibilities and problems. Experimental techniques, data analysis and modelling are covered, and the book concludes with a discussion on various process elements which are important in the absorptiondesorption process, but are often neglected in its treatment. These include heat exchange, solution management, process flowsheet variations, choice of materials and degradation of absorbents. The text is rounded off with an overview of the current state of research in this field and a discussion of real-world applications.

This book is a practical introduction to gas treating for practicing process engineers and chemical engineers working on purification technologies and gas treatment, in particular, those working on CO2 abatement processes, as well as post-graduate students in process engineering, chemical engineering and chemistry.
Preface xvii
List of Abbreviations xxi
Nomenclature List xxv
1 Introduction 1(14)
1.1 Definitions
1(2)
1.2 Gas Markets, Gas Applications and Feedstock
3(1)
1.3 Sizes
3(1)
1.4 Units
4(3)
1.5 Ambient Conditions
7(1)
1.6 Objective of This Book
7(1)
1.7 Example Problems
7(6)
1.7.1 Synthesis Gas Plant
8(1)
1.7.2 Natural Gas Treatment
9(1)
1.7.3 Natural Gas Treatment for LNG
9(1)
1.7.4 Flue Gas CO2 Capture from a CCGT Power Plant
9(2)
1.7.5 Flue Gas CO2 Capture from a Coal Based Power Plant
11(1)
1.7.6 CO2 Removal from Biogas
11(1)
1.7.7 CO2 Removal from Landfill Gas
12(1)
1.7.8 Summarising Plant Sizes Just Considered
12(1)
References
13(2)
2 Gas Treating in General 15(34)
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Process Categories
16(21)
2.2.1 Absorption
16(1)
2.2.2 Adsorption
17(2)
2.2.3 Cryogenics
19(11)
2.2.4 LNG Trains
30(6)
2.2.5 Membranes
36(1)
2.3 Sulfur Removal
37(6)
2.3.1 Scavengers
38(1)
2.3.2 Adsorption
39(1)
2.3.3 Direct Oxidation-Liquid Redox Processes
39(2)
2.3.4 Claus Plants
41(2)
2.3.5 Novelties
43(1)
2.4 Absorption Process
43(2)
References
45(4)
3 Rate of Mass Transfer 49(6)
3.1 Introduction
49(1)
3.2 The Rate Equation
50(1)
3.3 Co-absorption and/or Simultaneous Desorption
51(1)
3.4 Convection and Diffusion
51(1)
3.5 Heat Balance
51(1)
3.6 Axially along the Column
52(1)
3.7 Flowsheet Simulators
52(1)
3.8 Rate versus Equilibrium Approaches
53(1)
Further Reading
53(2)
4 Chemistry in Acid Gas Treating 55(32)
4.1 Introduction
55(2)
4.2 'Chemistry'
57(6)
4.3 Acid Character of CO2 and H2S
63(2)
4.4 The H2S Chemistry with any Alkanolamine
65(1)
4.5 Chemistry of CO2 with Primary and Secondary Alkanolamines
65(7)
4.5.1 Zwitterion Mechanism
66(1)
4.5.2 Termolecular Mechanism of Crooks and Donnellan
67(2)
4.5.3 Australian Approach
69(1)
4.5.4 Older Representations
70(2)
4.6 The Chemistry of Tertiary Amines
72(1)
4.7 Chemistry of the Minor Sulfur Containing Gases
73(5)
4.7.1 The COS Chemistry
74(2)
4.7.2 Chemistry of CS2
76(1)
4.7.3 Chemistry of Mercaptans (RSH)
77(1)
4.8 Sterically Hindered Amines
78(2)
4.9 Hot Carbonate Absorbent Systems
80(2)
4.10 Simultaneous Absorption of H2S and CO2
82(1)
4.11 Reaction Mechanisms and Activators-Final Words
82(1)
4.12 Review Questions, Problems and Challenges
82(1)
References
83(4)
5 Physical Chemistry Topics 87(24)
5.1 Introduction
87(1)
5.2 Discussion of Solvents
87(3)
5.3 Acid-Base Considerations
90(8)
5.3.1 Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lewis
90(1)
5.3.2 Weak and Strong Acids and Bases
91(1)
5.3.3 pH
91(1)
5.3.4 Strength of Acids and Bases
92(1)
5.3.5 Titration
93(3)
5.3.6 Buffer Action in the NaOH or KOH Based CO2 Absorbents
96(2)
5.4 The Amine-CO2 Buffer System
98(2)
5.5 Gas Solubilities, Henry's and Raoult's Laws
100(5)
5.5.1 Henry's Law
101(2)
5.5.2 Gas Solubilities
103(1)
5.5.3 Raoult's Law
104(1)
5.6 Solubilities of Solids
105(1)
5.7 N2O Analogy
105(1)
5.8 Partial Molar Properties and Representation
106(1)
5.9 Hydration and Hydrolysis
107(1)
5.10 Solvation
107(1)
References
108(3)
6 Diffusion 111(16)
6.1 Dilute Mixtures
111(3)
6.2 Concentrated Mixtures
114(2)
6.3 Values of Diffusion Coefficients
116(5)
6.3.1 Gas Phase Values
117(2)
6.3.2 Liquid Phase Values
119(2)
6.4 Interacting Species
121(1)
6.5 Interaction with Surfaces
122(1)
6.6 Multicomponent Situations
122(1)
6.7 Examples
122(3)
6.7.1 Gaseous CO2-CH4
122(1)
6.7.2 Gaseous H2O-CH4
123(1)
6.7.3 Liquid Phase Diffusion of H2O in TEG
124(1)
References
125(1)
Further Reading
126(1)
7 Absorption Column Mass Transfer Analysis 127(26)
7.1 Introduction
127(1)
7.2 The Column
128(1)
7.3 The Flux Equations
128(1)
7.4 The Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients and the Interface
129(3)
7.4.1 Overall Gas Side Mass Transfer Coefficient
130(1)
7.4.2 Overall Liquid Side Mass Transfer Coefficient
131(1)
7.5 Control Volumes, Mass and Energy - Balances
132(3)
7.5.1 The Relation between Gas and Liquid Concentrations
132(2)
7.5.2 Height of Column Based on Gas Side Analysis
134(1)
7.5.3 Height of Column Based on Liquid Side Analysis
134(1)
7.6 Analytical Solution and Its Limitations
135(2)
7.7 The NTU-HTU Concept
137(1)
7.8 Operating and Equilibrium Lines - A Graphical Representation
138(1)
7.9 Other Concentration Units
139(1)
7.10 Concentrated Mixtures and Simultaneous Absorption
140(3)
7.11 Liquid or Gas Side Control? A Few Pointers
143(1)
7.12 The Equilibrium Stage Alternative Approach
144(1)
7.13 Co-absorption in a Defined Column
145(1)
7.14 Numerical Examples
146(5)
7.14.1 Ammonia Train CO2 Removal with Sepasolv, NTUs
146(2)
7.14.2 Ammonia Train CO2 Removal with Selexol, NTUs
148(1)
7.14.3 Ammonia Train CO2 Removal with Selexol, NTUs by Numerical Integration
149(2)
References
151(2)
8 Column Hardware 153(28)
8.1 Introduction
153(1)
8.2 Packings
154(8)
8.2.1 Types of Random Packings
155(2)
8.2.2 Types of Structured Packings
157(1)
8.2.3 Fluid Flow Design for Packings
157(5)
8.2.4 Operational Considerations
162(1)
8.3 Packing Auxiliaries
162(3)
8.3.1 Liquid Distributors
162(1)
8.3.2 Liquid Redistributors
163(1)
8.3.3 Packing Support
164(1)
8.3.4 Hold-Down Plate
165(1)
8.4 Tray Columns and Trays
165(5)
8.4.1 Types of Trays
167(1)
8.4.2 Functional Parts of a Tray Column
167(1)
8.4.3 Capacities and Limitations
168(1)
8.4.4 Flow Regimes on Trays
169(1)
8.4.5 Tray Column Efficiencies
170(1)
8.5 Spray Columns
170(1)
8.6 Demisters
170(3)
8.6.1 Knitted Wire Mesh Pads
172(1)
8.6.2 Vanes or Chevrons
172(1)
8.7 Examples
173(5)
8.7.1 The Sepasolv Example from
Chapter 7
173(1)
8.7.2 The Selexol Example from
Chapter 7
174(1)
8.7.3 Natural Gas Treating Example
175(1)
8.7.4 Example, Flue Gas from CCGT
176(2)
References
178(1)
Further Reading
179(2)
9 Rotating Packed Beds 181(12)
9.1 Introduction
181(2)
9.2 Flooding and Pressure Drop
183(1)
9.3 Fluid Flow
184(1)
9.4 Mass Transfer Correlations
184(3)
9.5 Application to Gas Treating
187(2)
9.5.1 Absorption
188(1)
9.5.2 Desorption
188(1)
9.6 Other Salient Points
189(1)
9.7 Challenges Associated with Rotating Packed Beds
189(1)
References
189(4)
10 Mass Transfer Models 193(8)
10.1 The Film Model
193(2)
10.2 Penetration Theory
195(2)
10.3 Surface Renewal Theory
197(1)
10.4 Boundary Layer Theory
198(1)
10.5 Eddy Diffusion, 'Film-Penetration' and More
198(1)
References
199(2)
11 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients 201(22)
11.1 Introduction
201(1)
11.2 Packings: Generic Considerations
201(1)
11.3 Random Packings
202(4)
11.4 Structured Packings
206(1)
11.5 Packed Column Correlations
206(5)
11.6 Tray Columns
211(1)
11.7 Examples
212(6)
11.7.1 Treatment of Natural Gas for CO2 Content
212(1)
11.7.2 Atmospheric Flue Gas CO2 Capture
213(1)
11.7.3 Treatment of Natural Gas for H2O Content
214(1)
11.7.4 Comparison of Correlations
215(3)
References
218(3)
Further Reading
221(2)
12 Chemistry and Mass Transfer 223(32)
12.1 Background
223(1)
12.2 Equilibrium or Kinetics
223(2)
12.3 Diffusion with Chemical Reaction
225(1)
12.4 Reaction Regimes Related to Mass Transfer
226(17)
12.4.1 Absorption with Slow Reaction
226(1)
12.4.2 Fast First Order Irreversible Reaction
227(3)
12.4.3 Instantaneous Irreversible Reaction
230(4)
12.4.4 Instantaneous Reversible Reaction
234(8)
12.4.5 Second Order Irreversible Reaction
242(1)
12.5 Enhancement Factors
243(3)
12.5.1 Transition from Slow to Fast Reaction
245(1)
12.6 Arbitrary, Reversible Reactions and/or Parallel Reactions
246(1)
12.7 Software
247(1)
12.8 Numerical Examples
248(5)
12.8.1 Natural Gas Problem with MEA
248(2)
12.8.2 Flue Gas Problem
250(1)
12.8.3 Natural Gas Problem Revisited with MDEA
251(2)
References
253(1)
Further Reading
254(1)
13 Selective Absorption of H2S 255(12)
13.1 Background
255(1)
13.2 Theoretical Discussion of Rate Based Selectivity
256(2)
13.3 What Fundamental Information is Available in the Literature?
258(2)
13.3.1 Equilibrium Data
258(1)
13.3.2 Rate and Selectivity Research Data
259(1)
13.4 Process Options and Industrial Practice
260(2)
13.5 Key Design Points
262(1)
13.6 Process Intensification
262(1)
13.7 Numerical Example
262(2)
References
264(3)
14 Gas Dehydration 267(16)
14.1 Background
267(1)
14.2 Dehydration Options
268(1)
14.3 Glycol Based Processes
269(4)
14.4 Contaminants and Countermeasures
273(1)
14.5 Operational Problems
274(1)
14.6 TEG Equilibrium Data
274(2)
14.7 Hydrate Inhibition in Pipelines
276(1)
14.8 Determination of Water
276(1)
14.9 Example Problems
277(3)
14.9.1 Example 1: Check for Hydrate Potential
277(1)
14.9.2 Example 2: TEG and Water Balance
277(2)
14.9.3 Example 3: Tower Diameter
279(1)
14.9.4 Example 4: Mass Transfer Resistances
279(1)
References
280(3)
15 Experimental Techniques 283(24)
15.1 Introduction
283(1)
15.2 Experimental Design
283(2)
15.3 Laminar Jet
285(4)
15.3.1 Background
285(1)
15.3.2 Principle and Experimental Layout
286(1)
15.3.3 Mathematics and Practicalities
287(1)
15.3.4 Past Users
288(1)
15.4 Wetted Wall
289(2)
15.4.1 Background
289(1)
15.4.2 Mathematics and Practicalities
290(1)
15.4.3 Past Users
290(1)
15.5 Single Sphere
291(2)
15.5.1 Background
291(1)
15.5.2 Principle and Experimental Layout
291(2)
15.5.3 Mathematics and Practicalities
293(1)
15.5.4 Past Users
293(1)
15.6 Stirred Cell
293(2)
15.6.1 Background
293(1)
15.6.2 Principle and Experimental Layout
293(1)
15.6.3 Mathematics and Practicalities
294(1)
15.6.4 Past Users
295(1)
15.7 Stopped Flow
295(3)
15.7.1 Background
295(1)
15.7.2 Principle and Experimental Layout
295(2)
15.7.3 Mathematics and Practicalities
297(1)
15.7.4 Past Users
297(1)
15.8 Other Mass Transfer Methods Less Used
298(2)
15.8.1 Rapid Mixing
298(1)
15.8.2 Rotating Drum
298(1)
15.8.3 Moving Band
298(1)
15.8.4 Kinetic Measurement Techniques Summarised
298(2)
15.9 Other Techniques in Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer
300(1)
15.10 Equilibrium Measurements
300(3)
15.10.1 Physical Solubilities
300(1)
15.10.2 Chemical Solubilities
301(2)
15.11 Data Interpretation and Sub-Models
303(1)
References
303(4)
16 Absorption Equilibria 307(12)
16.1 Introduction
307(1)
16.2 Fundamental Relations
308(3)
16.3 Literature Data Reported
311(1)
16.4 Danckwerts-McNeil
312(1)
16.5 Kent-Eisenberg
313(1)
16.6 Deshmukh-Mather
313(1)
16.7 Electrolyte NRTL (Austgen-Bishnoi-Chen-Rochelle)
314(1)
16.8 Li-Mather
314(1)
16.9 Extended UNIQUAC
315(1)
16.10 EoS - SAFT
315(1)
16.11 Other Models
316(1)
References
316(3)
17 Desorption 319(14)
17.1 Introduction
319(3)
17.2 Chemistry of Desorption
322(2)
17.2.1 Zwitterion Based Analysis
323(1)
17.2.2 Crooks-Donnellan
323(1)
17.2.3 Alternative Mechanisms
323(1)
17.2.4 For Tertiary Amines
324(1)
17.2.5 H2S Desorption
324(1)
17.3 Kinetics of Reaction
324(1)
17.4 Bubbling Desorption
325(2)
17.5 Desorption Process Analysis and Modelling
327(1)
17.6 Unconventional Approaches to Desorption
328(1)
References
329(4)
18 Heat Exchangers 333(12)
18.1 Introduction
333(1)
18.2 Reboiler
333(4)
18.2.1 Introduction
333(1)
18.2.2 Heat Media
333(1)
18.2.3 Kettle Reboiler Design
334(2)
18.2.4 Reboiler Specifics
336(1)
18.2.5 Alternatives to Kettle Reboiler
336(1)
18.3 Desorber Overhead Condenser
337(1)
18.3.1 Introduction
337(1)
18.3.2 The Reflux System
337(1)
18.3.3 The Condenser Design
337(1)
18.3.4 Alternatives
338(1)
18.4 Economiser or Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
338(3)
18.4.1 Introduction
338(1)
18.4.2 Design Considerations
339(2)
18.5 Amine Cooler
341(1)
18.6 Water Wash Circulation Cooler
341(1)
18.7 Heat Exchanger Alternatives
341(1)
References
342(1)
Further Reading
343(2)
19 Solution Management 345(14)
19.1 Introduction
345(1)
19.2 Contaminant Problem
346(1)
19.3 Feed Gas Pretreatment
346(2)
19.4 Rich Absorbent Flash
348(1)
19.5 Filter
348(3)
19.5.1 Active Carbon Filter
349(1)
19.5.2 Mechanical Filter
350(1)
19.6 Reclaiming
351(2)
19.6.1 Traditional Reclaiming
351(1)
19.6.2 Ion Exchange Reclaiming
352(1)
19.6.3 Electrodialysis Reclaiming
353(1)
19.7 Chemicals to Combat Foaming
353(2)
19.8 Corrosion Inhibitors
355(1)
19.9 Waste Handling
355(1)
19.10 Solution Containment
355(1)
19.11 Water Balance
355(1)
19.12 Cleaning the Plant Equipment
356(1)
19.13 Final Words on Solution Management
356(1)
References
356(3)
20 Absorption-Desorption Cycle 359(12)
20.1 The Cycle and the Dimensioning Specifications
359(3)
20.2 Alternative Cycle Variations
362(2)
20.3 Other Limitations
364(1)
20.4 Matching Process and Treating Demands
365(1)
20.5 Solution Management
366(2)
20.6 Flowsheet Variations to Save Desorption Energy
368(1)
References
369(2)
21 Degradation 371(4)
21.1 Introduction to Degradation
371(1)
21.2 Carbamate Polymerisation
372(1)
21.3 Thermal Degradation
372(1)
21.4 Oxidative Degradation
373(1)
21.5 Corrosion and Degradation
373(1)
21.6 The Effect of Heat Stable Salts (HSSs)
373(1)
21.7 SOx and NOx in Feed Gas
373(1)
21.8 Nitrosamines
374(1)
21.9 Concluding Remarks
374(1)
References
374(1)
22 Materials, Corrosion, Inhibitors 375(8)
22.1 Introduction
375(1)
22.2 Corrosion Basics
376(1)
22.3 Gas Phase
377(1)
22.4 Protective Layers and What Makes Them Break Down (Chemistry)
378(1)
22.5 Fluid Velocities and Corrosion
378(1)
22.6 Stress Induced Corrosion
379(1)
22.7 Effect of Heat Stable Salts (HSS)
379(1)
22.8 Inhibitors
379(1)
22.9 Problem Areas, Observations and Mitigation Actions
380(1)
References
380(3)
23 Technological Fronts 383(6)
23.1 Historical Background
383(1)
23.2 Fundamental Understanding and Absorbent Trends
384(1)
23.3 Natural Gas Treating
385(1)
23.4 Syngas Treating
385(1)
23.5 Flue Gas Treating
386(1)
23.6 Where Are We Heading?
386(1)
References
387(2)
24 Flue Gas Treating 389(8)
24.1 Introduction
389(1)
24.2 Pressure Drop and Size Issues
390(1)
24.3 Absorbent Degradation
390(1)
24.4 Treated Gas as Effluent
390(1)
24.5 CO2 Export Specification
391(1)
24.6 Energy Implications
391(1)
24.7 Cost Issues
392(2)
24.8 The Greenhouse Gas Problem
394(2)
24.8.1 Global Warming and Increased Level of CO2
394(1)
24.8.2 Geological Storage
395(1)
24.8.3 Transport of CO2
395(1)
24.8.4 Political Challenges
395(1)
References
396(1)
Web Sites
396(1)
25 Natural Gas Treating (and Syngas) 397(4)
25.1 Introduction
397(1)
25.2 Gas Export Specification
398(1)
25.3 Natural Gas Contaminants and Foaming
398(1)
25.4 Hydrogen Sulfide
399(1)
25.5 Regeneration by Flash
399(1)
25.6 Choice of Absorbents
399(1)
Further Reading
400(1)
26 Treating in Various Situations 401(4)
26.1 Introduction and Environmental Perspective
401(1)
26.2 End of Pipe Solutions
401(1)
26.3 Sulfur Dioxide
402(1)
26.4 Nitrogen Oxides
402(1)
26.5 Dusts and Aerosols
403(1)
26.6 New Challenges
403(2)
Index 405
Dag A. Eimer Tel-Tek and Telemark University College, Norway