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xi | |
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1 GMOs: History, Economic Status, Risks, and Socio-Economic Regulatory Frameworks |
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1 | (14) |
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1.1 A brief history of genetically modified organisms |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.1 Defining genetically modified organisms |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Major events in the early development of genetically modified organisms |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Global economic status of genetically modified organisms |
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2 | (3) |
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1.3 Genetically modified organisms in the light of science, law, and politics |
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5 | (2) |
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1.4 Risks associated with genetically modified organisms |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Disturbances in ecosystem and biodiversity |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 Politicization of risks |
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9 | (1) |
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1.6 Socioeconomic regulatory frameworks |
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10 | (1) |
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1.7 Cartagena protocol, UN Rio declaration, and genetically modified organisms |
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11 | (4) |
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12 | (3) |
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2 The need of regulations for GM crops and products thereof |
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15 | (16) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.2 Need for the regulation of genetically modified organisms |
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16 | (1) |
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2.3 Public concerns about genetically modified organisms |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.5 Consumers' attitude toward genetically modified foods |
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17 | (1) |
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2.6 Ethical and environmental concerns |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.8 Emergence of resistant pathogens |
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20 | (1) |
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2.9 Harmonization of regulatory procedures |
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20 | (1) |
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2.10 Product-based and process-based regulation of genetically modified organisms |
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21 | (3) |
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2.11 The US approach: focus on the product |
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24 | (1) |
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2.12 The EU approach: focus on the process |
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24 | (1) |
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2.13 Impact of genetically modified organisms regulations on the economy |
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25 | (1) |
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2.14 The debate between two lobbies: pro-GMO and Greenpeace |
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25 | (3) |
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2.15 Conclusions and the way forward |
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28 | (3) |
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28 | (3) |
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3 GMO Regulations in Bangladesh |
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31 | (22) |
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31 | (1) |
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3.2 Adoption of genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh |
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31 | (2) |
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3.2.1 An introduction of the Bangladesh's status on genetically modified organisms |
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32 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Role of biotech sector in economics of the Bangladesh |
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32 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Status of research on genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh |
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32 | (1) |
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3.3 Public perception and acceptability |
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33 | (6) |
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3.3.1 General consumer attitude toward genetically modified food |
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33 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Factors shaping public perception |
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34 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Source of information available to public on genetically modified foods (media, government, NGOs, and biotech companies) |
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35 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Public perception and attitude toward genetically modified policies (global and local) |
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38 | (1) |
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3.4 Role of NGOs in genetically modified organisms perception |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.5.1 National laws specific to genetically modified organisms |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (8) |
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3.6.1 Biosafety certification |
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40 | (8) |
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3.7 General administration of quality supervision, penalties, inspection and quarantine, import and export, and transit |
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48 | (1) |
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3.8 Guidance for safety assessment of genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh |
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48 | (5) |
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3.8.1 General precautions |
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50 | (1) |
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3.8.2 General principles of safety assessment |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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4 Agricultural genetically modified organisms (GMOs) regulation in China |
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53 | (22) |
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53 | (2) |
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4.2 Genetically modified organisms legislation |
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55 | (1) |
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4.2.1 Ministry of agriculture and rural affairs |
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55 | (1) |
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4.2.2 General administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine |
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55 | (1) |
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4.3 Genetically modified organism regulation in China |
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56 | (1) |
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4.4 Genetically modified organism approval and certification |
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57 | (1) |
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4-5 Genetically modified organisms labeling policy |
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58 | (1) |
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4.6 Consumer preferences and political stance |
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59 | (1) |
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4.7 Approved agricultural genetically modified organisms of China |
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60 | (1) |
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4.8 Genetically modified organism liability regime |
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60 | (6) |
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4.9 Genetically modified organisms import legislation |
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66 | (4) |
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4.9.1 Unauthorized genetically modified organism regulation |
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66 | (1) |
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4.9.2 Plant variety rights legislation |
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67 | (1) |
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4.9.3 Plant breeder's right |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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4.9.6 Restrictions on genetically modified organisms in China |
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69 | (1) |
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4.10 Socioeconomic impacts of genetically modified organisms |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (4) |
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71 | (4) |
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5 GMO Regulations in India |
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75 | (18) |
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Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli |
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75 | (1) |
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5.2 Recent scenario of genetically modified organisms in India |
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76 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Guideline of genetically modified organisms in India |
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78 | (3) |
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5.3 Endorsements and preclusions |
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81 | (1) |
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5.4 Patterns in area, production, and productivity of genetically modified crops in India |
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81 | (1) |
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5.5 Monetary, social and environmental impact of genetically modified crops in India |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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5.6.1 Transgenic animals for economic advancements |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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5.8 Uses of genetically modified animals |
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87 | (1) |
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5.9 Agricultural applications |
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88 | (5) |
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89 | (4) |
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6 Adaptation of genetically modified crops in Pakistan |
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93 | (22) |
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6.1 Current status of genetically modified organisms in Pakistan |
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93 | (1) |
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6.2 Role of biotech sector in the economy of Pakistan |
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94 | (1) |
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6.3 Status of research on genetically modified organisms in Pakistan |
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95 | (4) |
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6.4 Status of commercialization of genetically modified organisms |
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99 | (4) |
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6.5 Genetically modified crops in Pakistan |
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103 | (4) |
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107 | (1) |
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6.6.1 National laws specific to genetically modified organisms |
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107 | (1) |
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6.6.2 National Biosafety Committee |
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107 | (1) |
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6.7 Technical Advisory Committee |
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108 | (1) |
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6.8 Institutional Biosafety Committee |
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109 | (3) |
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6.8.1 Relationship of IBC, TAC and NBC |
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109 | (1) |
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6.8.2 Regulatory authority |
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110 | (2) |
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6.8.3 General administration of quality supervision, penalties, inspection, and quarantine |
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112 | (1) |
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6.9 Types of import and export |
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112 | (1) |
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6.10 Regulatory laws for monitoring and testing |
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113 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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7 Genetically modified organisms in Korea: state of affairs, policy, and regulation |
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115 | (14) |
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115 | (1) |
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7.2 Genetically modified organisms in Korea |
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116 | (3) |
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7.2.1 Definition of and criteria for genetically modified organisms in Korea |
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116 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Genetically modified organism cultivation and imports in Korea |
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117 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Genetically modified organism consumption and awareness in Korea |
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117 | (2) |
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7.2.4 Genetically modified organism research in Korea |
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119 | (1) |
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7.3 Genetically modified organism policy in Korea |
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119 | (4) |
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7.3.1 Management of genetically modified organism safety in Korea |
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119 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Genetically modified organism damage relief |
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122 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Biosafety information center |
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122 | (1) |
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7.4 Genetically modified organism regulation in Korea |
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123 | (6) |
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7.4.1 Genetically modified organism labeling in Korea |
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123 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Criteria for mixing of genetically modified organisms |
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124 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Process for genetically modified organisrr R&D in Korea |
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125 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Import, product, and processing of genetically modified organisms |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (2) |
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8 Genetically modified organism status, regulation, approval, labeling, and consumer perception in ASEAN |
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129 | (22) |
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129 | (1) |
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8.2 Genetically modified organism commercialization and economic importance |
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130 | (3) |
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8.3 Status of regulation on genetically modified organism biosafety |
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133 | (7) |
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8.4 Approval genetically modified organism status |
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140 | (1) |
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8.5 Genetically modified organism R&D status |
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141 | (3) |
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8.6 Labeling of genetically modified organisms |
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144 | (1) |
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8.7 Public perception, awareness, and acceptance of genetically modified organism products |
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144 | (3) |
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147 | (4) |
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147 | (4) |
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9 Current and future perspectives of genetically modified organisms in North America |
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151 | (14) |
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151 | (1) |
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9.2 Regulation of genetically modified organisms |
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152 | (3) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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9.3 Principles and roles of genetically modified organism labeling |
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155 | (1) |
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9.4 Labeling policies of genetically modified organisms |
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155 | (1) |
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9.5 Consumer interest in information and consequence for food security |
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156 | (1) |
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9.6 Consumers attitude and preference for genetically modified organisms |
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157 | (2) |
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9.7 Guidance for safety assessment of genetically modified organisms |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (5) |
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160 | (5) |
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10 Genetically modified organisms in Europe: state of affairs, birth, research, and the regulatory process(es) |
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165 | (8) |
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10.1 State of genetically modified organism affairs in Europe |
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165 | (1) |
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10.2 Birth and growth of genetically modified organism research in the Europe |
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166 | (1) |
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10.3 Highlights of the EC-sponsored research on genetically modified organisms (and their safety) |
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166 | (2) |
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10.4 Politics and regulation of genetically modified organisms in the Europe |
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168 | (5) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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10.4.3 European Food Safety Authority |
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169 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Genetically modified organism labeling |
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169 | (1) |
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10.4.5 Need for genetically modified organism reforms in the regulatory framework in the Europe |
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170 | (1) |
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10.4.6 Approaches for reforming the genetically modified organisms legislation in the Europe |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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11 Genetically modified organisms in Russia: state of affairs, politics, and regulation |
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173 | (20) |
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11.1 Genetically modified organisms in Russia: state of affairs |
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173 | (3) |
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11.1.1 History of genetically modified organism development in Russia |
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173 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Role of biotech sector in the economy of Russia |
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174 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Status of the genetically modified organism research in Russia |
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174 | (1) |
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11.1.4 Status of genetically modified organism commercialization in Russia |
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175 | (1) |
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11.2 Genetically modified organism interest group politics in Russia |
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176 | (7) |
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11.2.1 General characteristics of the Russian genetically modified organism interest group politics |
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176 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Common public concerns about genetically modified organisms |
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177 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Position of the scientific community |
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178 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Position of antigenetically modified organism groups |
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178 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Position of the media |
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179 | (1) |
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11.2.6 Position of the religious groups |
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180 | (1) |
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11.2.7 Position of the environmentalist groups |
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180 | (1) |
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11.2.8 Position of the business groups |
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181 | (1) |
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11.2.9 Position of the government |
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182 | (1) |
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11.3 Genetically modified organism policy in Russia |
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183 | (4) |
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11.3.1 History of the national genetically modified organism policy formulation |
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183 | (1) |
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11.3.2 National genetically modified organism development programs |
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183 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Laws and regulations that apply to genetically modified organisms |
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184 | (3) |
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11.4 Genetically modified organism regulation in Russia |
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187 | (6) |
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11.4.1 Government agencies responsible for genetically modified organism regulation in Russia |
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187 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Biosafety certification of genetically modified products |
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187 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Registration of genetically modified organism products |
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188 | (1) |
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11.4.4 Labeling of genetically modified organism products |
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189 | (1) |
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11.4.5 Regulations of emerging gene editing technologies |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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12 An overview of regulations of genetically modified organisms in Turkiye |
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193 | (38) |
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193 | (2) |
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12.2 Present genetically modified organisms status and their maintenance policies in Turkiye |
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195 | (8) |
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12.3 Genetically modified organisms legislation in Tiirkiye |
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203 | (1) |
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12.4 Basic principles on different aspects of current genetically modified organisms legislation in Turkiye |
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204 | (24) |
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12.4.1 Inspection system legislation |
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218 | (3) |
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12.4.2 Certificate of genetically modified organisms or nongenetically modified organisms |
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221 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Documents taken into account in genetically modified organisms controls |
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222 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Conformity for import |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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12.4.7 Export control of genetically modified organisms and products thereof |
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225 | (1) |
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12.4.8 Transit pass controls of genetically modified organisms and products thereof |
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226 | (1) |
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12.4.9 Domestic control of genetically modified organisms |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
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13 GMOs in Mediterranean & Balkan countries: state of affairs, research, and regulation |
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231 | (26) |
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13.1 Public perception and acceptability |
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231 | (7) |
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232 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Characterization of public opposition to genetically modified crops and foods |
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232 | (1) |
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13.1.3 Industry responses to public attitudes |
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233 | (1) |
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13.1.4 Role of education and scientific knowledge |
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234 | (2) |
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13.1.5 Experiment in public engagement and education |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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13.1.7 Evidence of health risks |
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237 | (1) |
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13.2 Role of NGOs in public perception of genetically modified organisms in the EU |
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238 | (5) |
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13.2.1 Direct action against genetically modified crops |
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239 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Scientific evidence on genetically modified organisms represents various conclusions |
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239 | (1) |
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13.2.3 NGOs' use of science |
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240 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Considerations beyond science |
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241 | (1) |
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13.2.5 Differing evaluations of risk and need for policy change |
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241 | (1) |
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13.2.6 NGOs' role in the progress of genetically modified golden rice |
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241 | (1) |
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13.2.7 The gene editing debate |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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13.5 General administration of quality, supervision, penalties, inspection, and quarantine. Import and export transit |
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246 | (11) |
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249 | (8) |
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14 Genetically modified crops in Africa: constraints, prospects, and policies |
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257 | (4) |
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14.1 Constraints and prospects for African food security |
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257 | (1) |
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14.2 African genetic resources and their potential |
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258 | (1) |
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14.3 Public perception of biotechnology and African policies on genetically modifies crops |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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15 Regulation of CRISPR edited food and feed: legislation and future |
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261 | (21) |
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261 | (2) |
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15.2 Genetically modified crops and their potential benefits |
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263 | (3) |
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15.2.1 Regulatory perspectives of genetically modified organisms |
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264 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Process-based regulations for genetically modified organisms |
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264 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Product-based regulations for genetically modified organisms |
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265 | (1) |
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15.2.4 Plants with novel traits |
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265 | (1) |
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15.3 Existing GMOs regulations: can we apply GMOs regulation to Gen Ed crops? |
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266 | (1) |
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15.4 Modern biotechnology techniques: GenEd toolbox |
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267 | (2) |
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15.5 Risks associated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology |
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269 | (1) |
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15.6 Current regulations of GenEd crops in different countries |
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270 | (7) |
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270 | (3) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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15.7 One solution to all regulatory problems: a scalable regulation system |
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277 | (1) |
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15.8 Public perception and acceptance of GenEd crops |
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278 | (1) |
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15.9 Ethical issue of regulation |
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278 | (1) |
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15.10 Social concerns about genome editing |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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15.12 Governance of GenEd crops |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
| References |
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282 | (7) |
| Index |
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289 | |