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E-raamat: GMOs and Political Stance: Global GMO Regulation, Certification, Labeling, and Consumer Preferences

Edited by (Emeritus Research Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea), Edited by (Professor, Rus), Edited by , Edited by (Senior Researcher, Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, Russia)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Dec-2022
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128239049
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Dec-2022
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128239049

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GMOS and Political Stance: Global GMO Regulation, Certification, Labeling, and Consumer Preferences provides a foundational-to-current challenges resource for those involved in developing and applying regulations to these important resources. Beginning with basics of GMOs, the book first familiarizes the reader with the history, economic status, associated risks, global politics, and socio-economics of GMOs. From exploring the necessity of GMO regulations with the existing GMO technology as well as new gene editing technologies to discussion by GMO regulations experts from different continents and countries, readers will find the information necessary to understand the laws, rules, regulations and policies at domestic and international scale. A last chapter delivers an update and future look on gene-edited food and feed and discusses the possibilities on the future risk assessment, legislation and regulation of gene-edited products. GMOS and Political Stance provides a unique and applicable synchronization of all regulatory information on GMOs to facilitate effective and efficient regulatory development and adherence.
  • Guides law and policy makers particularly from developing countries toward sound policies in line with international regulations
  • Presents a global overview of genetic modification of organisms and their emerging role in food supply
  • Provides insights into future risk assessment strategies and potential for new legislative process development
List of contributors
xi
1 GMOs: History, Economic Status, Risks, and Socio-Economic Regulatory Frameworks
1(14)
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
Muhammad Amjad Ali
Kirill S. Golokhvast
Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
Gyuhwa Chung
1.1 A brief history of genetically modified organisms
1(1)
1.1.1 Defining genetically modified organisms
1(1)
1.1.2 Major events in the early development of genetically modified organisms
2(1)
1.2 Global economic status of genetically modified organisms
2(3)
1.3 Genetically modified organisms in the light of science, law, and politics
5(2)
1.4 Risks associated with genetically modified organisms
7(2)
1.4.1 Human health
7(1)
1.4.2 Disturbances in ecosystem and biodiversity
8(1)
1.5 Politicization of risks
9(1)
1.6 Socioeconomic regulatory frameworks
10(1)
1.7 Cartagena protocol, UN Rio declaration, and genetically modified organisms
11(4)
References
12(3)
2 The need of regulations for GM crops and products thereof
15(16)
Aqsa Parvaiz
Sadam Munawar
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
Ghulam Mustafa
Muhammad Sarwar Khan
Faiz Ahmad Joyia
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Need for the regulation of genetically modified organisms
16(1)
2.3 Public concerns about genetically modified organisms
17(1)
2.4 Global scenario
17(1)
2.5 Consumers' attitude toward genetically modified foods
17(1)
2.6 Ethical and environmental concerns
18(1)
2.7 Health issues
19(1)
2.8 Emergence of resistant pathogens
20(1)
2.9 Harmonization of regulatory procedures
20(1)
2.10 Product-based and process-based regulation of genetically modified organisms
21(3)
2.11 The US approach: focus on the product
24(1)
2.12 The EU approach: focus on the process
24(1)
2.13 Impact of genetically modified organisms regulations on the economy
25(1)
2.14 The debate between two lobbies: pro-GMO and Greenpeace
25(3)
2.15 Conclusions and the way forward
28(3)
References
28(3)
3 GMO Regulations in Bangladesh
31(22)
Nusrat Sultana
Md. Imdadul Hoquc
3.1 Summary
31(1)
3.2 Adoption of genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
31(2)
3.2.1 An introduction of the Bangladesh's status on genetically modified organisms
32(1)
3.2.2 Role of biotech sector in economics of the Bangladesh
32(1)
3.2.3 Status of research on genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
32(1)
3.3 Public perception and acceptability
33(6)
3.3.1 General consumer attitude toward genetically modified food
33(1)
3.3.2 Factors shaping public perception
34(1)
3.3.3 Source of information available to public on genetically modified foods (media, government, NGOs, and biotech companies)
35(3)
3.3.4 Public perception and attitude toward genetically modified policies (global and local)
38(1)
3.4 Role of NGOs in genetically modified organisms perception
39(1)
3.5 Legislation
39(1)
3.5.1 National laws specific to genetically modified organisms
39(1)
3.6 Agency regulations
40(8)
3.6.1 Biosafety certification
40(8)
3.7 General administration of quality supervision, penalties, inspection and quarantine, import and export, and transit
48(1)
3.8 Guidance for safety assessment of genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
48(5)
3.8.1 General precautions
50(1)
3.8.2 General principles of safety assessment
50(1)
References
51(2)
4 Agricultural genetically modified organisms (GMOs) regulation in China
53(22)
Usman Babar
Ruqiang Xu
4.1 Introduction
53(2)
4.2 Genetically modified organisms legislation
55(1)
4.2.1 Ministry of agriculture and rural affairs
55(1)
4.2.2 General administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine
55(1)
4.3 Genetically modified organism regulation in China
56(1)
4.4 Genetically modified organism approval and certification
57(1)
4-5 Genetically modified organisms labeling policy
58(1)
4.6 Consumer preferences and political stance
59(1)
4.7 Approved agricultural genetically modified organisms of China
60(1)
4.8 Genetically modified organism liability regime
60(6)
4.9 Genetically modified organisms import legislation
66(4)
4.9.1 Unauthorized genetically modified organism regulation
66(1)
4.9.2 Plant variety rights legislation
67(1)
4.9.3 Plant breeder's right
67(1)
4.9.4 Food safety law
68(1)
4.9.5 Seed law
69(1)
4.9.6 Restrictions on genetically modified organisms in China
69(1)
4.10 Socioeconomic impacts of genetically modified organisms
70(1)
4.11 Conclusion
71(4)
References
71(4)
5 GMO Regulations in India
75(18)
Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli
Yashika Pusam
5.1 Introduction
75(1)
5.2 Recent scenario of genetically modified organisms in India
76(5)
5.2.1 Guideline of genetically modified organisms in India
78(3)
5.3 Endorsements and preclusions
81(1)
5.4 Patterns in area, production, and productivity of genetically modified crops in India
81(1)
5.5 Monetary, social and environmental impact of genetically modified crops in India
82(1)
5.6 Biosafety concerns
83(2)
5.6.1 Transgenic animals for economic advancements
84(1)
5.7 Benefits of mouse
85(2)
5.8 Uses of genetically modified animals
87(1)
5.9 Agricultural applications
88(5)
References
89(4)
6 Adaptation of genetically modified crops in Pakistan
93(22)
Hafiza Iqra Almas
Muhammad Tchsccn Azhar
Rana Muhammad Atif
Muhammad Ahsan Iqbal
Azeem Iqbal Khan
Iqrar Ahmad Rana
6.1 Current status of genetically modified organisms in Pakistan
93(1)
6.2 Role of biotech sector in the economy of Pakistan
94(1)
6.3 Status of research on genetically modified organisms in Pakistan
95(4)
6.4 Status of commercialization of genetically modified organisms
99(4)
6.5 Genetically modified crops in Pakistan
103(4)
6.6 Legislation
107(1)
6.6.1 National laws specific to genetically modified organisms
107(1)
6.6.2 National Biosafety Committee
107(1)
6.7 Technical Advisory Committee
108(1)
6.8 Institutional Biosafety Committee
109(3)
6.8.1 Relationship of IBC, TAC and NBC
109(1)
6.8.2 Regulatory authority
110(2)
6.8.3 General administration of quality supervision, penalties, inspection, and quarantine
112(1)
6.9 Types of import and export
112(1)
6.10 Regulatory laws for monitoring and testing
113(2)
References
113(1)
Further reading
114(1)
7 Genetically modified organisms in Korea: state of affairs, policy, and regulation
115(14)
Ik-Young Choi
Tacyoung Urn
Gyuhwa Chung
7.1 Summary
115(1)
7.2 Genetically modified organisms in Korea
116(3)
7.2.1 Definition of and criteria for genetically modified organisms in Korea
116(1)
7.2.2 Genetically modified organism cultivation and imports in Korea
117(1)
7.2.3 Genetically modified organism consumption and awareness in Korea
117(2)
7.2.4 Genetically modified organism research in Korea
119(1)
7.3 Genetically modified organism policy in Korea
119(4)
7.3.1 Management of genetically modified organism safety in Korea
119(3)
7.3.2 Genetically modified organism damage relief
122(1)
7.3.3 Biosafety information center
122(1)
7.4 Genetically modified organism regulation in Korea
123(6)
7.4.1 Genetically modified organism labeling in Korea
123(1)
7.4.2 Criteria for mixing of genetically modified organisms
124(1)
7.4.3 Process for genetically modified organisrr R&D in Korea
125(1)
7.4.4 Import, product, and processing of genetically modified organisms
125(2)
References
127(2)
8 Genetically modified organism status, regulation, approval, labeling, and consumer perception in ASEAN
129(22)
Bahagiawari Aniirhusin
8.1 Introduction
129(1)
8.2 Genetically modified organism commercialization and economic importance
130(3)
8.3 Status of regulation on genetically modified organism biosafety
133(7)
8.4 Approval genetically modified organism status
140(1)
8.5 Genetically modified organism R&D status
141(3)
8.6 Labeling of genetically modified organisms
144(1)
8.7 Public perception, awareness, and acceptance of genetically modified organism products
144(3)
8.8 Conclusions
147(4)
References
147(4)
9 Current and future perspectives of genetically modified organisms in North America
151(14)
Usman Ijaz
Aimcn Shafiquc
Nayah Hasnain
Naccm Iqbal Babar
Roshan Zamccr
Farrukh Azcem
9.1 Introduction
151(1)
9.2 Regulation of genetically modified organisms
152(3)
9.2.1 Canada
152(1)
9.2.2 Mexico
153(1)
9.2.3 The United States
154(1)
9.3 Principles and roles of genetically modified organism labeling
155(1)
9.4 Labeling policies of genetically modified organisms
155(1)
9.5 Consumer interest in information and consequence for food security
156(1)
9.6 Consumers attitude and preference for genetically modified organisms
157(2)
9.7 Guidance for safety assessment of genetically modified organisms
159(1)
9.8 Conclusion
160(5)
References
160(5)
10 Genetically modified organisms in Europe: state of affairs, birth, research, and the regulatory process(es)
165(8)
Allah Bakhsh
Rida Zainah
Muhammad Amjad Ali
Gyuhwa Chung
Kirill S. Golokhvast
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
10.1 State of genetically modified organism affairs in Europe
165(1)
10.2 Birth and growth of genetically modified organism research in the Europe
166(1)
10.3 Highlights of the EC-sponsored research on genetically modified organisms (and their safety)
166(2)
10.4 Politics and regulation of genetically modified organisms in the Europe
168(5)
10.4.1 Background
168(1)
10.4.2 Legal framework
169(1)
10.4.3 European Food Safety Authority
169(1)
10.4.4 Genetically modified organism labeling
169(1)
10.4.5 Need for genetically modified organism reforms in the regulatory framework in the Europe
170(1)
10.4.6 Approaches for reforming the genetically modified organisms legislation in the Europe
171(1)
References
171(2)
11 Genetically modified organisms in Russia: state of affairs, politics, and regulation
173(20)
Ivan Pisarcv
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
Kirill S. Golokhvast
11.1 Genetically modified organisms in Russia: state of affairs
173(3)
11.1.1 History of genetically modified organism development in Russia
173(1)
11.1.2 Role of biotech sector in the economy of Russia
174(1)
11.1.3 Status of the genetically modified organism research in Russia
174(1)
11.1.4 Status of genetically modified organism commercialization in Russia
175(1)
11.2 Genetically modified organism interest group politics in Russia
176(7)
11.2.1 General characteristics of the Russian genetically modified organism interest group politics
176(1)
11.2.2 Common public concerns about genetically modified organisms
177(1)
11.2.3 Position of the scientific community
178(1)
11.2.4 Position of antigenetically modified organism groups
178(1)
11.2.5 Position of the media
179(1)
11.2.6 Position of the religious groups
180(1)
11.2.7 Position of the environmentalist groups
180(1)
11.2.8 Position of the business groups
181(1)
11.2.9 Position of the government
182(1)
11.3 Genetically modified organism policy in Russia
183(4)
11.3.1 History of the national genetically modified organism policy formulation
183(1)
11.3.2 National genetically modified organism development programs
183(1)
11.3.3 Laws and regulations that apply to genetically modified organisms
184(3)
11.4 Genetically modified organism regulation in Russia
187(6)
11.4.1 Government agencies responsible for genetically modified organism regulation in Russia
187(1)
11.4.2 Biosafety certification of genetically modified products
187(1)
11.4.3 Registration of genetically modified organism products
188(1)
11.4.4 Labeling of genetically modified organism products
189(1)
11.4.5 Regulations of emerging gene editing technologies
189(1)
References
190(3)
12 An overview of regulations of genetically modified organisms in Turkiye
193(38)
Allah Bakhsh
Md Jakir Hossain
Bayram Ali Ycrlikaya
Sefa Aytcn
Schahattin Ozcan
12.1 Background
193(2)
12.2 Present genetically modified organisms status and their maintenance policies in Turkiye
195(8)
12.3 Genetically modified organisms legislation in Tiirkiye
203(1)
12.4 Basic principles on different aspects of current genetically modified organisms legislation in Turkiye
204(24)
12.4.1 Inspection system legislation
218(3)
12.4.2 Certificate of genetically modified organisms or nongenetically modified organisms
221(1)
12.4.3 Documents taken into account in genetically modified organisms controls
222(1)
12.4.4 Conformity for import
223(1)
12.4.5 Labeling
223(1)
12.4.6 Sampling
224(1)
12.4.7 Export control of genetically modified organisms and products thereof
225(1)
12.4.8 Transit pass controls of genetically modified organisms and products thereof
226(1)
12.4.9 Domestic control of genetically modified organisms
226(1)
12.4.10 Traceability
227(1)
12.5 Conclusion
228(3)
References
229(2)
13 GMOs in Mediterranean & Balkan countries: state of affairs, research, and regulation
231(26)
Kokkinakis Emmanouil
Antoniou Michael
Robinson Claire
Vardavas Alexander
Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
13.1 Public perception and acceptability
231(7)
13.1.1 Labeling
232(1)
13.1.2 Characterization of public opposition to genetically modified crops and foods
232(1)
13.1.3 Industry responses to public attitudes
233(1)
13.1.4 Role of education and scientific knowledge
234(2)
13.1.5 Experiment in public engagement and education
236(1)
13.1.6 Consumers' views
236(1)
13.1.7 Evidence of health risks
237(1)
13.2 Role of NGOs in public perception of genetically modified organisms in the EU
238(5)
13.2.1 Direct action against genetically modified crops
239(1)
13.2.2 Scientific evidence on genetically modified organisms represents various conclusions
239(1)
13.2.3 NGOs' use of science
240(1)
13.2.4 Considerations beyond science
241(1)
13.2.5 Differing evaluations of risk and need for policy change
241(1)
13.2.6 NGOs' role in the progress of genetically modified golden rice
241(1)
13.2.7 The gene editing debate
242(1)
13.3 Legislation
243(2)
13.4 Agency regulations
245(1)
13.5 General administration of quality, supervision, penalties, inspection, and quarantine. Import and export transit
246(11)
References
249(8)
14 Genetically modified crops in Africa: constraints, prospects, and policies
257(4)
Ndiko Ludidi
14.1 Constraints and prospects for African food security
257(1)
14.2 African genetic resources and their potential
258(1)
14.3 Public perception of biotechnology and African policies on genetically modifies crops
258(2)
14-4 Conclusion
260(1)
References
260(1)
15 Regulation of CRISPR edited food and feed: legislation and future
261(21)
Muhammad Zubair Ghouri
Nayla Munawar
Sycd Ovais Aftab
Aftab Ahmad
15.1 Background
261(2)
15.2 Genetically modified crops and their potential benefits
263(3)
15.2.1 Regulatory perspectives of genetically modified organisms
264(1)
15.2.2 Process-based regulations for genetically modified organisms
264(1)
15.2.3 Product-based regulations for genetically modified organisms
265(1)
15.2.4 Plants with novel traits
265(1)
15.3 Existing GMOs regulations: can we apply GMOs regulation to Gen Ed crops?
266(1)
15.4 Modern biotechnology techniques: GenEd toolbox
267(2)
15.5 Risks associated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology
269(1)
15.6 Current regulations of GenEd crops in different countries
270(7)
15.6.1 United States
270(3)
15.6.2 European Union
273(2)
15.6.3 India
275(1)
15.6.4 Australia
275(1)
15.6.5 Canada
275(2)
15.6.6 Argentina
277(1)
15.7 One solution to all regulatory problems: a scalable regulation system
277(1)
15.8 Public perception and acceptance of GenEd crops
278(1)
15.9 Ethical issue of regulation
278(1)
15.10 Social concerns about genome editing
279(1)
15.11 Cost of regulation
280(1)
15.12 Governance of GenEd crops
280(2)
15.13 Future perspective
282(1)
References 282(7)
Index 289
Dr. Nawazs research interests are primarily in the area of genetically modified plants with the emphasis on the environmental impacts of GM plants (food and feed). His insights on the concerns over the fate of DNA derived from GM food in the human body has also received much attention. His current research focuses on the elucidation of biomineralization pathway in vascular plants with a focus on phytoliths. The Korean Society of Crop Science and Genetics Society of Korea has bestowed him with best presenter awards. Furthermore, his research interests also lie in the field of legume (soybean) genetics and genomics to delineate genetic architecture, population structure, genetic diversity, origin, and secondary metabolite pathways. Gyuhwa Chung is a distinguished emeritus research professor at the Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea. He is a renowned ex-situ legume germplasm conservationist and holds largest wild soybean collection in the word known as Chungs Wild Legume Germplasm Collection”. He has authored over 60 research/review articles and book chapters. He is holder of several patents and has an extensive array of citations and reads /downloads to his papers. He has coordinated as a PI in over many scientific research and technology projects and has established worldwide collaborations. His interests in the field of biotechnology lies in genetically modified plants and the associated risks to biodiversity, environment and GM food and feed consumers. Dr. Chung is a renowned wild soybean expert and has been very active for wild soybean conservation due to disturbances in agroecological zones in South East Asia. Kirill S. Golokhvast (MD, MS, PhD, DSc, ERT) is a member of the Russian Academy of Education and Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He holds specialist status in toxicology and environmental issues and is the deputy director of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. Additionally he is professor at the Department of Life Safety in the Technosphere, scientific director of the Nanotechnology Research and Education Center, at Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Leading Researcher of the Laboratory of Ecology and Animal Protection in the Pacific Institute of Geography of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Medical Ecology in the Research Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitation. He is the associate editor of Toxicology Reports (Elsevier) and editorial board member of numerous journals. Aristidis Tsatsakis is Director of the Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences of the Medical School at the University of Crete and the University Hospital of Heraklion. He has more than 1000 publications, including 700 in ISI journals and is extensively cited. He was EUROTOX President (201416) and still an Emeritus Professor for the Federal Institute of Hygiene and Toxicology in Moscow. He is Doctor Honoris Causa of the Mendeleev Moscow University, the Far East Federal University (FEFU), Vladivostok, and the Carol Davila in Bucharest. He is a Foreign Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Russia (FMRAS) and a Fellow of the Academy of Toxicological Sciences (FATS, United States). He is the creator, founder, and chief scientific officer of ToxPlus SA. He developed numerous biomarkers of exposure and of effects for the pesticide and chemical toxicology field, uncovering the mechanistic understanding of the mode of actions, adverse outcome pathways, and clinical affects. He is currently the Editor of Food Chemical Toxicology, Editor-in-Chief of Toxicology Reports, Guest Editor of four special issues in Toxicology Letters, Toxicology and Food and Chemical Toxicology journals, Guest Editor of the RIFM-Food and Chemical Toxicology issue, Associate Editor, and member of the Editorial Boards in several other ISI indexed journals. He has also been recognized as Highly Cited Researcher 2020 in the field of PharmacologyToxicology (Publons).