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E-raamat: GPU Pro: Advanced Rendering Techniques [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

Edited by Wolfgang Engel

Formaat: 740 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jun-2010
Kirjastus: A K Peters
ISBN-13: 9780429108426

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Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Formaat: 740 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jun-2010
Kirjastus: A K Peters
ISBN-13: 9780429108426

Teised raamatud teemal:

Rohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta

Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429108426

This first book in the new GPU Pro series covers essential tools and techniques for programming the graphics processing unit. Brought to you by Wolfgang Engel and the same team of editors who made the ShaderX series a success, this volume will cover advanced rendering techniques, engine design, GPGPU techniques, related mathematical techniques, and game postmortems. A special emphasis is placed on handheld programming to account for the increased importance of graphics on mobile devices, especially the iPhone and iPod touch.

Brought to you by Wolfgang Engel and the same team of editors who made the Shader X series a success. this volume covers advanced rendering techniques, engine design, GPGPU techniques, related mathematical techniques, and game postmortems. A special emphasis is placed on handheld programming to account for the increased importance of graphics on mobile devices, especially the iPhone and IPod touch. Contributing editors include Wessam Bahnassi, Kristof Beets, Carsten Dachsbacher, Sam Martin, Christopher Oat, Sebastien St-Laurent, and Natasha Tatarchuk.

"Any professional programmer in the field will find something of interest in this volume. I'm thrilled to see that this collection is in color---it's about time! A wide range of topics are covered, from global illumination to image processing to mobile devices. I particularly like the fact that the book doesn't go the scholarly researcher route; the articles are written in a straightforward way to help with implementation of the idea, and code is often provided."---Eric Haines, co-author of Real-Time Rendering

Acknowledgments

xxi

Web Materials

xxiii

I Mathematics

(30)

Sam Martin

1 GPU Color Quantization

(12)

Chi Sing Leung

Tze-Yui Ho

Yi Xiao

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 The Self-Organizing Map

(2)

1.3 Color Quantization with SOM

(1)

1.4 Implementation

(3)

1.5 Results and Discussion

(2)

1.6 Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

2 Visualize Your Shadow Map Techniques

(16)

Fan Zhang

Chong Zhao

Adrian Egli

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Article Overview

(1)

2.3 Scope of Analysis

(1)

2.4 Aliasing Revisited

(2)

2.5 A Representation of Aliasing Errors

(2)

2.6 Visualization

(4)

2.7 Mismatch of View Direction and Warping Direction

(2)

2.8 Conclusion

(1)

2.9 Supplementary Materials

(1)

2.10 Acknowledgments

(1)

Bibliography

(3)

II Geometry Manipulation

(84)

Natalya Tatarchuk

1 As Simple as Possible Tessellation for Interactive Applications

(8)

Tamy Boubekeur

1.1 Basic Phong Tessellation Operator

(2)

1.2 Extension to Quads

(2)

1.3 Results and Discussion

(1)

Bibliography

(3)

2 Rule-Based Geometry Synthesis in Real-Time

(26)

Milan Magdics

Gergely Klar

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Building Up the Scene with Procedures

(1)

2.3 L-systems and the PGI

(2)

2.4 Model Details and Implementation

(15)

2.5 Interaction with the Procedural Scene

(3)

2.6 Results

(3)

2.7 Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

3 GPU-Based NURBS Geometry Evaluation and Rendering

(20)

Graham Hemingway

3.1 A Bit of NURBS Background

(4)

3.2 Related Work

(1)

3.3 NURBS Surface and Curve Evaluation

(5)

3.4 Trimmed NURBS Surface Evaluation

(5)

3.5 Results and Conclusion

(2)

Bibliography

(3)

4 Polygonal-Functional Hybrids for Computer Animation and Games

(28)

D. Kravtsov

O. Fryazinov

V. Adzhiev

A. Pasko

P. Comninos

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Background

(6)

4.3 Working with FRep Models Using the GPU

(9)

4.4 Applications

103

(7)

4.5 Tools

110

(1)

4.6 Limitations

111

(1)

4.7 Conclusion

112

(1)

4.8 Source Code

112

(1)

Bibliography

113

(2)

III Rendering Techniques

115

(82)

Wessam Bahnassi

1 Quadtree Displacement Mapping with Height Blending

117

(32)

Michal Drobot

1.1 Overview

117

(2)

1.2 Introduction

119

(1)

1.3 Overview of Ray-Tracing Algorithms

120

(5)

1.4 Quadtree Displacement Mapping

125

(9)

1.5 Self-Shadowing

134

(4)

1.6 Ambient Occlusion

138

(1)

1.7 Surface Blending

139

(7)

1.8 General Advice

146

(1)

1.9 Conclusion

147

(1)

Bibliography

148

(1)

2 NPR Effects Using the Geometry Shader

149

(18)

Pedro Hermosilla

Pere-Pau Vazquez

2.1 Introduction

149

(1)

2.2 Previous Work

149

(2)

2.3 Silhouette Rendering

151

(8)

2.4 Pencil Rendering

159

(5)

2.5 Acknowledgments

164

(1)

Bibliography

164

(3)

3 Alpha Blending as a Post-Process

167

(18)

Benjamin Hathaway

3.1 Introduction

167

(1)

3.2 The Alternatives

168

(1)

3.3 The Source Artwork

169

(1)

3.4 Initial Attempts

170

(1)

3.5 The Screen-Space Alpha Mask

170

(9)

3.6 Alpha Reference Issues

179

(2)

3.7 Rendering Pipeline Integration

181

(1)

3.8 Conclusion

181

(1)

3.9 Demo

182

(1)

3.10 Acknowledgments

183

(1)

3.11 Source Code

183

(1)

Bibliography

183

(2)

4 Virtual Texture Mapping 101

185

(12)

Matthaus G. Chajdas

Christian Eisenacher

Marc Stamminger

Sylvain Lefebvre

4.1 Introduction

185

(1)

4.2 Virtual Texture Mapping

185

(4)

4.3 Implementation Details

189

(4)

4.4 Conclusion

193

(1)

4.5 Shader Code

193

(1)

4.6 Acknowledgments

194

(1)

Bibliography

194

(3)

IV Global Illumination

197

(48)

Carsten Dachsbacher

1 Fast, Stencil-Based Multiresolution Splatting for Indirect Illumination

199

(16)

Chris Wyman

Greg Nichols

Jeremy Shopf

1.1 Quick Review: Instant Radiosity

200

(1)

1.2 Quick Review: Reflective Shadow Maps

201

(1)

1.3 Multiresolution Splatting

202

(4)

1.4 Fast STencil-Based Multiresolution Splatting

206

(4)

1.5 Results and Analysis

210

(2)

1.6 Conclusion

212

(1)

1.7 Demo and Source

212

(1)

Bibliography

213

(2)

2 Screen-Space Directional Occlusion

215

(16)

Thorsten Grosch

Tobias Ritschel

2.1 Introduction

215

(1)

2.2 Screen-Space Ambient Occlusion

216

(2)

2.3 Screen-Space Directional Occlusion

218

(9)

2.4 Interleaved Sampling

227

(1)

2.5 Discussion

228

(1)

2.6 Concluion

229

(1)

Bibliography

229

(2)

3 Real-Time Multi-Bounce Ray-Tracing with Geometry Impostors

231

(14)

Peter Dancsik

Laszlo Szecsi

3.1 Geometry Impostors

232

(2)

3.2 Intersection Computation with an Environment Distance Impostor

234

(2)

3.3 Ray-Object Intersection Using Distance Impostors

236

(1)

3.4 Ray-Object Intersection Using Height Maps

236

(2)

3.5 Tracing Multiple Refractions within a Single Object

238

(1)

3.6 Multiple Ray Bounces with Object Impostors Only

238

(1)

3.7 Mulitple Ray Bounces with Environment Distance Impostors Only

238

(1)

3.8 Combination of Environment and Object Impostors

239

(1)

3.9 Caustics and Shadows

240

(1)

3.10 Example Application: Glass Chess

241

(1)

3.11 Example Application: Alien Pool

242

(1)

3.12 Conclusion

243

(1)

Bibliography

243

(2)

V Image Space

245

(108)

Christopher Oat

1 Anisotropic Kuwahara Filtering on the GUP

247

(18)

Jan Eric Kyprianidis

Henry Kang

Jurgen Dollner

1.1 Introduction

247

(1)

1.2 Kuwahara Filtering

248

(3)

1.3 Genearlized Kuwahara Filtering

251

(4)

1.4 Anisotropic Kuwahara Filtering

255

(8)

1.5 Conclusion

263

(1)

Bibliography

263

(2)

2 Edge Anti-aliasing by Post-processing

265

(26)

Hugh Malan

2.1 Intorduction

265

(3)

2.2 Finding the Nearest Silhouette Edge

268

(3)

2.3 The Post-Process

271

(2)

2.4 Refinements

273

(2)

2.5 GPU Implementaion and Resluts

275

(3)

2.6 Resluts

278

(2)

2.7 Other Applications

280

(8)

2.8 Conclusion

288

(1)

Bibliography

289

(2)

3 Environemnt Mapping with Floyd-Steinberg halftoning

291

(14)

Laszlo Szirmay-Kalos

Laszlo Szecsi

Anton Penzov

3.1 Parametrization of the Environment Map

292

(2)

3.2 Importance Sampling

294

(2)

3.3 Proposed Solution

296

(7)

3.4 Conclsion

303

(1)

Bibliography

303

(2)

4 Hierarchical Item Buffers for Granular Occlusion Culling

305

(10)

Thomas Engelhardt

Carsten Dachsbacher

4.1 Introduction

305

(1)

4.2 Hierarchical Item Buffers

306

(5)

4.3 Application

311

(1)

4.4 Results

312

(2)

4.5 Conclusion

314

(1)

Bibliography

314

(1)

5 Realistic Depth of field in Postproduction

315

(12)

David Illes

Peter Horvath

5.1 Depth-of-Field Equations

315

(2)

5.2 Camera Lens Simulation

317

(1)

5.3 Exposure Simulation

317

(4)

5.4 CUDA-Acceleratd Computation

321

(2)

5.5 Results

323

(2)

5.6 Conclusion

325

(1)

Bibliography

325

(2)

6 Real-Time Screen Space Cloud Lighting

327

(8)

Kaori Kubota

6.1 Introduction

327

(1)

6.2 Implementation

328

(3)

6.3 Resluts

331

(1)

6.4 Extensions

332

(1)

6.5 Conclusion

333

(1)

Bibliography

333

(2)

7 Screen-Space Subsurface Scattering

335

(18)

Jorge Jimeez

Diego Gutierrez

7.1 Introductions

335

(1)

7.2 The Texture-Space Approach

336

(3)

7.3 The Screen-Space Approach

339

(8)

7.4 Model Preparation

347

(1)

7.5 Discussion of Resluts

347

(3)

7.6 Conclusion

350

(1)

7.7 Acknowledgments

351

(1)

Bibliography

351

(2)

VI Handheld Devices

353

(60)

Kristof Beets

1 Migration to OpenGL ES 2.0

355

(20)

Ken Caterall

1.1 Introduction

355

(1)

1.2 Key API Differences

356

(4)

1.3 The Shader Language

360

(2)

1.4 Initialization

362

(1)

1.5 Basic Shaders: Implementaing the Fixed-Function Pipeline

363

(5)

1.6 Advanced Effects Made Easy

368

(5)

1.7 Conclusion

373

(1)

1.8 Acknowledgments

373

(2)

2 Touchscreen-Based User Interaction

375

(10)

Andrea Bizzotto

2.1 Introduction

375

(1)

2.2 Motion Estimation

375

(3)

2.3 Postion Prediction

378

(1)

2.4 Application: Controlling a Camera in a Spherical Coordinate System

379

(2)

2.5 Algorithm Overview

381

(2)

2.6 Conclusion

383

(1)

2.7 Acknowledgments

383

(2)

3 iPhone 3GS Graphics Development and Optimization Strategies

385

(12)

Andrew Senior

3.1 Software Development Kits

385

(4)

3.2 General Optimization Strategies

389

(6)

3.3 Conclusion

395

(1)

Bibliography

395

(2)

4 Optimizing a 3D UI Engine for Mobile Devices

397

(16)

Hyunwoo Ki

4.1 Overview

398

(1)

4.2 Optimization Methods

399

(11)

4.3 Conclusion

410

(1)

Bibliograpy

410

(3)

VII Shadows

413

(80)

Wolfgang Engel

1 Fast Conventional Shadow Filtering

415

(32)

Hologer Gruen

1.1 Overview

415

(1)

1.2 Inroduction

415

(1)

1.3 Uniform Shadow Filtering

416

(4)

1.4 Separable Shadow Filters

420

(8)

1.5 Nonseparable Unique Weights per PCF Reslut

428

(2)

1.6 Advanced Shadow Filtering Techniques

430

(15)

Bibliography

445

(2)

2 Hybird Min/Max Plnae-Based Shadow Maps

447

(8)

Holger Gruen

2.1 Overview

447

(1)

2.2 Introduction

447

(1)

2.3 Construction of an HPSM

448

(5)

2.4 Using an HPSM

453

(1)

2.5 Other Uses for the HPSM

454

(1)

Bibliography

454

(1)

3 Shadow Mapping for Omindirectional Light Using Tetrahedron Mapping

455

(22)

Hung-Chien Liao

3.1 Shadow Mapping

455

(1)

3.2 Tetrahedron Shadow Mapping

455

(9)

3.3 Optimization

464

(1)

3.4 Lookup Map

465

(5)

3.5 Conclusion

470

(5)

Bibliography

475

(2)

4 Screen Space Soft Shadows

477

(16)

Jesus Gumbau

Miguel Chover

Mateu Sbert

4.1 Introduction

477

(2)

4.2 Previous Work

479

(1)

4.3 Screen Space Soft Shadows

480

(5)

4.4 Results

485

(3)

4.5 Conclusion

488

(2)

Biblioraphy

490

(3)

VII 3D Engine Design

493

(54)

Wolfgang Engel

1 Multi-Fragment Effects on the GPU Using Bucket Sort

495

(14)

Meng-Cheng Huang

Fang Liu

Xue-Hui Liu

En-Hua Wu

1.1 Introduction

495

(1)

1.2 Design of Bucket Array

496

(1)

1.3 The Algorithm

497

(1)

1.4 Mulit-pass Approach

498

(1)

1.5 The Adaptive Scheme

498

(5)

1.6 Applications

503

(4)

1.7 Conclusions

507

(1)

Biblioraphy

507

(2)

2 Parallelized Light Pre-Pass Rendering with the Cell Broadband Engine

509

(20)

Steven Tovey

Stephen McAuley

2.1 Introduction

509

(1)

2.2 Light Pre-Pass Rendering

510

(2)

2.3 The Playstation3 adn the CBE

512

(1)

2.4 GPU/SPE Synchronization

513

(2)

2.5 The Pre-Pass

515

(1)

2.6 The Lighting SPE Program

516

(7)

2.7 The Main Pass

523

(1)

2.8 Conclusion

524

(1)

2.9 Further Work

524

(2)

2.10 Acknowledgments

526

(1)

Biblioraphy

526

(3)

3 Proting Code between Direct3D9 and OpenGL 2.0

529

(12)

Sojciech Sterma

3.1 Introduction

529

(1)

3.2 General Issues

529

(4)

3.3 Resoruces Management

533

(5)

3.4 Notes on Debugging

538

(1)

3.5 A Word on Sample Application

539

(1)

3.6 Conclusion

540

(1)

Bibliography

540

(1)

4 Practical Thread Rendering for DirectX 9

541

(6)

David Pangerl

4.1 Abstract

541

(1)

4.2 Introduction

541

(1)

4.3 Solution

542

(4)

4.4 Conclusion

546

(1)

4.5 Future Work

546

(1)

IX Game Postmortems

547

(64)

Mathias Wloka

1 Stylized Rendering in Spore

549

(12)

Shalin Shodhan

Andrew Willmott

1.1 Filter Chain Sytem

549

(5)

1.2 Fun with Filters

554

(6)

1.3 Cheats

560

(1)

2 Rendering Techniques in Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood

561

(10)

Pawel Rohleder

Maciej Jamrozik

2.1 Introduction

561

(1)

2.2 Deferred Shading

561

(2)

2.3 Signle Frame of CoJ: BiB, The Black Magic

563

(4)

2.4 What Else Do We Have?

567

(1)

2.5 Conclusion

568

(1)

2.6 Acknowledgments

569

(1)

Bibliography

569

(2)

3 Making it Large, Beautiful, Fast, and Consistent: Lessons Learned Developing Just Cause 2

571

(26)

Emil Persson

3.1 Introduction

571

(1)

3.2 Making it Large and Beautiful

571

(14)

3.3 Making it Consistent

585

(6)

3.4 Making it Fast

591

(4)

3.5 Conclusion and Future Work

595

(1)

3.6 Acknowledgments

595

(1)

Bibliography

596

(1)

4 Destructible Volumetric Terrain

597

(14)

Marek Rosa

4.1 Introduction

597

(1)

4.2 Converting Custom 3D Models into Voxel Representations

598

(2)

4.3 Memory Requirements for Large Voxel Maps

600

(1)

4.4 Polygonization from Voxels to Traiangles

601

(1)

4.5 Seamless Texture-Mapping for Free-Form Surfaces

602

(1)

4.6 Reducing Repeated Texture Patterns

603

(1)

4.7 Tangent Space Calculation in the Pixle Shader

604

(1)

4.8 Multi-material Voxel Maps

604

(2)

4.9 Level of Detail

606

(1)

4.10 Ambient Light

607

(1)

4.11 Conclusion

608

(1)

Bibliograpy

608

(3)

X Beyong Pixels and Triangles

611

(96)

Sebastien St-Laurent

1 Parallelized Implementation of Universal Visual Computer

613

(10)

Tze-Yui Ho

Ping-Man Lam

Chi-Sing Leung

1.1 Introduction

613

(1)

1.2 Background

614

(1)

1.3 CNN Implementation

615

(5)

1.4 Results

620

(2)

1.5 Conclusion

622

(1)

1.6 Acknowledgments

622

(1)

Bibliography

622

(1)

2 Accelerating Virtual Texturing Using CUDA

623

(20)

Charles-Frederik Hollemeersch

Bart Pieters

Peter Lambert

Rik Van de Walle

2.1 Introduction

624

(2)

2.2 Implementing Virtual Texturing

626

(2)

2.3 Rendering with Virtual Texturing

628

(3)

2.4 GPU-Based Acceleration

631

(9)

2.5 Results

640

(1)

2.6 Conclusion

641

(1)

2.7 Acknowledgments

641

(1)

Bibliography

641

(2)

3 Efficient Rendering of Highly Detailed Volumetric Scenes with Giga Voxels

643

(36)

Cyrill Crassin

Fabice Neyret

Miguel Sainz

Elmar Eisemann

3.1 Introduction

643

(1)

3.2 Voxel Representations

644

(1)

3.3 The Giga Voxels Approach

645

(1)

3.4 Data Structure

646

(4)

3.5 Rendering

650

(6)

3.6 Out-of-Core Data Management

656

(14)

3.7 Octree-Based Synthesis

670

(2)

3.8 Voxel Object Instancing

672

(1)

3.9 MipMap-Based Blur Effects

673

(3)

3.10 Conclusion

676

(1)

Biblioraphy

677

(2)

4 Spatial Binning on the GPU

679

(14)

Christopher Oat

Joshua Barczak

Jeremy Shopf

4.1 Introduction

679

(1)

4.2 Binning

680

(4)

4.3 Applications

684

(3)

4.4 Results

687

(3)

4.5 Conclusion

690

(1)

4.6 Acknowledgments

691

(1)

Bibliography

691

(2)

5 Real-time Interaction between Particles and the Dynamic Mesh on the CPU

693

(14)

Vlad Alexandrov

5.1 Introduction

693

(1)

5.2 Process Overview

693

(1)

5.3 Sorting the Triangles

694

(5)

5.4 Building the Buffer Map

699

(3)

5.5 Addressing the Buffer

702

(3)

5.6 Performance

705

(1)

5.7 Conclusion

705

(1)

Bibliography

706

(1)

Section Editors

707

(2)

Contributors

709

Wolfgang Engel is the CTO & Co-Founder of Confetti Special Effects Inc. He worked for more than four years in Rockstar's core technology group as the lead graphics programmer. He is the editor of the ShaderX books, the author of several other books, and loves to talk about graphics programming. He is also a MVP DirectX since July 2006 and is active in several advisory boards in the industry.

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780429108426_pe.html

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